<?xml version="1.0"?>
<feed xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" xml:lang="en">
	<id>https://blackwiki.org/api.php?action=feedcontributions&amp;feedformat=atom&amp;user=Al</id>
	<title>blackwiki - User contributions [en]</title>
	<link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="https://blackwiki.org/api.php?action=feedcontributions&amp;feedformat=atom&amp;user=Al"/>
	<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Special:Contributions/Al"/>
	<updated>2026-05-15T09:36:11Z</updated>
	<subtitle>User contributions</subtitle>
	<generator>MediaWiki 1.34.2</generator>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Aunt_Jemima&amp;diff=7318811</id>
		<title>Aunt Jemima</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Aunt_Jemima&amp;diff=7318811"/>
		<updated>2021-03-30T12:42:31Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Al: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[File:Aunt Jemima logo.png|220px|thumb]]&lt;br /&gt;
'''Aunt Jemima''' is a brand of breakfast foods that contains pancake mix, syrup, and others owned by PepsiCo. In 1889, Aunt Jemima pancake mix was marketed as the first ready-mixed pancake mix. It had been one of the most well-known brands in American history by 1915, and it had inspired US trademark law.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Racial Issue==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Aunt Jemima.jpg|220px|thumb]]&lt;br /&gt;
At the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, Nancy Green played Aunt Jemima, one of the first Black business models in the United States. Following that, dozens of actors were recruited by publicity companies to play the part of the first coordinated promotional marketing program.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Aunt Jemima is modeled after the enslaved &amp;quot;Mammy&amp;quot; stereotype. The character has been chastised for being an example of oppressed African American women and a racist stereotype since its release. &amp;quot;Aunt Jemima&amp;quot; is a feminine variant of the offensive epithet &amp;quot;Uncle Tom&amp;quot; that is often used.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aunt_Jemima Aunt Jemima]. Retrieved December 26, 2020.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Aunt Jemima Old.png|220px|thumb]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Aunt Jemima new package.png|220px|thumb]]&lt;br /&gt;
==Rebranding==&lt;br /&gt;
On June 17, 2020, PepsiCo revealed that the Aunt Jemima brand, which has been around for over 130 years, will be phased out &amp;quot;to make strides toward racial equality.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
PepsiCo will delete Aunt Jemima's logo and change the brand name as part of its effort to reform and recognize that the brand's roots were based on an ethnic stereotype. However, efforts have been made over the years to update the brand fittingly and respectfully.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;PepsiCo was founded on the belief that we excel because of our diversity and that we succeed together when we accept the full spectrum of humanity.&amp;quot; Our reforms are in step with PepsiCo's attempts to promote racial equality, and they will help the 130-year-old company succeed in the future. These efforts are part of PepsiCo's more significant commitment to walk the lead company's talk and contribute to structural progress. People, Industry, and Societies are the three foundations on which the operations are focused. &amp;quot;Learn more about PepsiCo's racial equality initiatives here,&amp;quot; PepsiCo said in a tweet about the rebranding of Aunt Jemima.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://contact.pepsico.com/auntjemima/article/why-is-aunt-jemima-removing-image-from-packaging-and-changing-it PepsiCo]. Retrieved December 26, 2020.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
According to PepsiCo, the image of Aunt Jemima has been deleted from the current packaging, and the new name will be introduced in 2021.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Support to Black Community==&lt;br /&gt;
PepsiCo was founded on the belief that &amp;quot;we excel because of our diversity and that we succeed together because we accept humanity's broad spectrum.&amp;quot; In that vein, the Aunt Jemima brand will donate a minimum of $5 million over the next five years to help and involve the Black community in positive ways.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/aunt-jemima-brand-to-remove-image-from-packaging-and-change-brand-name-301078593.html Aunt Jemima Brand To Remove Image From Packaging And Change Brand Name], prnewswire.com, 27 June 2020. Retrieved December 26, 2020.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When the nation recognizes structural bias in industry and culture, some of America's oldest and most well-known luxury products are being scrutinized. Following the demonstrations triggered by the police killing of George Floyd in Minneapolis in May 2020, several businesses have contributed funds, vowed to increase hiring of Black employees, and taken other measures to help the Black community.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/consumer/syrup-brand-aunt-jemima-to-get-new-name-as-pepsico-concedes-racial-stereotype Syrup brand Aunt Jemima to get new name as PepsiCo concedes 'racial stereotype'], The Business Times, 18 June 2020. Retrieved Decemeber 26, 2020.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External Link==&lt;br /&gt;
Read official announcement from [https://contact.pepsico.com/auntjemima/article/why-is-aunt-jemima-removing-image-from-packaging-and-changing-it PepsiCo]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category: Black-Targeted Racism in Commercials]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Al</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Aunt_Jemima&amp;diff=7318660</id>
		<title>Aunt Jemima</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Aunt_Jemima&amp;diff=7318660"/>
		<updated>2021-03-30T11:40:48Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Al: /* References */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[File:Aunt Jemima logo.png|220px|thumb]]&lt;br /&gt;
'''Aunt Jemima''' is brand of breakfast foods contains pancake mix, syrup, and others owned by PepsiCo. In 1889, Aunt Jemima pancake mix was marketed as the first ready-mixed pancake mix. It had been one of the most well-known brands in American history by 1915, and it had inspired US trademark law.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Racial Issue==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Aunt Jemima.jpg|220px|thumb]]&lt;br /&gt;
At the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, Nancy Green played Aunt Jemima, one of the first Black business models in the United States. Following that, dozens of actors were recruited by publicity companies to play the part of the first coordinated promotional marketing program.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Aunt Jemima is modeled after the enslaved &amp;quot;Mammy&amp;quot; stereotype. The character has been chastised for being an example of oppressed African American women and a racist stereotype since its release. &amp;quot;Aunt Jemima&amp;quot; is a feminine variant of the offensive epithet &amp;quot;Uncle Tom&amp;quot; that is often used.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aunt_Jemima Aunt Jemima]. Retrieved December 26, 2020.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Aunt Jemima Old.png|220px|thumb]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Aunt Jemima new package.png|220px|thumb]]&lt;br /&gt;
==Rebranding==&lt;br /&gt;
PepsiCo revealed on June 17, 2020 that the Aunt Jemima brand, which has been around for over 130 years, will be phased out &amp;quot;to make strides toward racial equality.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
PepsiCo will delete the logo of Aunt Jemima and change the brand name as part of its effort to reform and recognize that the brand's roots were based on an ethnic stereotype. Although efforts have been made over the years to update the brand in a way that is both fitting and respectful.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;PepsiCo was founded on the belief that we excel because of our diversity, and that we succeed together when we accept the full spectrum of humanity.&amp;quot; Our reforms are in step with PepsiCo's attempts to promote racial equality, and they will help the 130-year-old company succeed in the future. These efforts are part of PepsiCo's larger commitment to walk the talk of a leading company and contribute to structural progress. People, Industry, and Societies are the three foundations on which the operations are focused. &amp;quot;Learn more about PepsiCo's racial equality initiatives here,&amp;quot; PepsiCo said in a tweet about the rebranding of Aunt Jemima.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://contact.pepsico.com/auntjemima/article/why-is-aunt-jemima-removing-image-from-packaging-and-changing-it PepsiCo]. Retrieved December 26, 2020.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The image of Aunt Jemima has been deleted from the current packaging, and the new name will be introduced in 2021, according to PepsiCo.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Support to Black Community==&lt;br /&gt;
PepsiCo was founded on the belief that we excel because of our diversity, and that we succeed together because we accept the broad spectrum of humanity. In that vein, the Aunt Jemima brand will donate a minimum of $5 million over the next five years to help and involve the Black community in positive ways.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/aunt-jemima-brand-to-remove-image-from-packaging-and-change-brand-name-301078593.html Aunt Jemima Brand To Remove Image From Packaging And Change Brand Name], prnewswire.com, 27 June 2020. Retrieved December 26, 2020.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When the nation recognizes structural bias in industry and culture, some of America's oldest and most well-known luxury products are being scrutinized. Following the demonstrations triggered by the police killing of George Floyd in Minneapolis in May 2020, several businesses have contributed funds, vowed to increase hiring of Black employees, and taken other measures to help the Black community.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/consumer/syrup-brand-aunt-jemima-to-get-new-name-as-pepsico-concedes-racial-stereotype Syrup brand Aunt Jemima to get new name as PepsiCo concedes 'racial stereotype'], The Business Times, 18 June 2020. Retrieved Decemeber 26, 2020.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External Link==&lt;br /&gt;
Read official announcement from [https://contact.pepsico.com/auntjemima/article/why-is-aunt-jemima-removing-image-from-packaging-and-changing-it PepsiCo]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category: Black-Targeted Racism in Commercials]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Al</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Aunt_Jemima&amp;diff=7318659</id>
		<title>Aunt Jemima</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Aunt_Jemima&amp;diff=7318659"/>
		<updated>2021-03-30T11:40:36Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Al: /* Anti-Black Racism Empowerment */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[File:Aunt Jemima logo.png|220px|thumb]]&lt;br /&gt;
'''Aunt Jemima''' is brand of breakfast foods contains pancake mix, syrup, and others owned by PepsiCo. In 1889, Aunt Jemima pancake mix was marketed as the first ready-mixed pancake mix. It had been one of the most well-known brands in American history by 1915, and it had inspired US trademark law.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Racial Issue==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Aunt Jemima.jpg|220px|thumb]]&lt;br /&gt;
At the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, Nancy Green played Aunt Jemima, one of the first Black business models in the United States. Following that, dozens of actors were recruited by publicity companies to play the part of the first coordinated promotional marketing program.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Aunt Jemima is modeled after the enslaved &amp;quot;Mammy&amp;quot; stereotype. The character has been chastised for being an example of oppressed African American women and a racist stereotype since its release. &amp;quot;Aunt Jemima&amp;quot; is a feminine variant of the offensive epithet &amp;quot;Uncle Tom&amp;quot; that is often used.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aunt_Jemima Aunt Jemima]. Retrieved December 26, 2020.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Aunt Jemima Old.png|220px|thumb]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Aunt Jemima new package.png|220px|thumb]]&lt;br /&gt;
==Rebranding==&lt;br /&gt;
PepsiCo revealed on June 17, 2020 that the Aunt Jemima brand, which has been around for over 130 years, will be phased out &amp;quot;to make strides toward racial equality.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
PepsiCo will delete the logo of Aunt Jemima and change the brand name as part of its effort to reform and recognize that the brand's roots were based on an ethnic stereotype. Although efforts have been made over the years to update the brand in a way that is both fitting and respectful.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;PepsiCo was founded on the belief that we excel because of our diversity, and that we succeed together when we accept the full spectrum of humanity.&amp;quot; Our reforms are in step with PepsiCo's attempts to promote racial equality, and they will help the 130-year-old company succeed in the future. These efforts are part of PepsiCo's larger commitment to walk the talk of a leading company and contribute to structural progress. People, Industry, and Societies are the three foundations on which the operations are focused. &amp;quot;Learn more about PepsiCo's racial equality initiatives here,&amp;quot; PepsiCo said in a tweet about the rebranding of Aunt Jemima.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://contact.pepsico.com/auntjemima/article/why-is-aunt-jemima-removing-image-from-packaging-and-changing-it PepsiCo]. Retrieved December 26, 2020.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The image of Aunt Jemima has been deleted from the current packaging, and the new name will be introduced in 2021, according to PepsiCo.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Support to Black Community==&lt;br /&gt;
PepsiCo was founded on the belief that we excel because of our diversity, and that we succeed together because we accept the broad spectrum of humanity. In that vein, the Aunt Jemima brand will donate a minimum of $5 million over the next five years to help and involve the Black community in positive ways.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/aunt-jemima-brand-to-remove-image-from-packaging-and-change-brand-name-301078593.html Aunt Jemima Brand To Remove Image From Packaging And Change Brand Name], prnewswire.com, 27 June 2020. Retrieved December 26, 2020.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When the nation recognizes structural bias in industry and culture, some of America's oldest and most well-known luxury products are being scrutinized. Following the demonstrations triggered by the police killing of George Floyd in Minneapolis in May 2020, several businesses have contributed funds, vowed to increase hiring of Black employees, and taken other measures to help the Black community.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/consumer/syrup-brand-aunt-jemima-to-get-new-name-as-pepsico-concedes-racial-stereotype Syrup brand Aunt Jemima to get new name as PepsiCo concedes 'racial stereotype'], The Business Times, 18 June 2020. Retrieved Decemeber 26, 2020.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External Link==&lt;br /&gt;
Read official announcement from [https://contact.pepsico.com/auntjemima/article/why-is-aunt-jemima-removing-image-from-packaging-and-changing-it PepsiCo]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category: Black-Targeted Racism in Commercials]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category: Anti-Black Racism in Commercials]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Al</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Skin_Whitening&amp;diff=7242061</id>
		<title>Skin Whitening</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Skin_Whitening&amp;diff=7242061"/>
		<updated>2021-03-27T16:58:17Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Al: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;According to the World Health Organization (WHO), skin whitening is an industry that is growing at the fastest pace. It's estimated to worth $31.2 billion U.S. by 2024.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thestar&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Starr, Staf. [https://www.thestar.com/podcasts/thismatters/2020/09/02/the-truth-behind-the-racist-message-in-skin-whitening-creams.html The truth behind the racist message in skin ‘whitening’ creams]. Sept 2, 2020. ''thestar.com''. Retrieved Mar 27, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Due to the widespread colonialism in the 1800s, European societal norms lingered in societies that took away their own values of beauty.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.germmagazine.com/eurocentric-beauty-standards-a-global-disease/ Eurocentric Beauty Standards: A Global Disease]. Jun 15, 2015. ''germmagazine.com''. Retrieved Mar 27, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Women who have white skin, blonde hair, and facial features close to the European are seen as beauty while women outside of that standard are considered less beautiful. Black and brown women who have similar face and body features to European — lighter skin, straight hair, skinnier waist— are praised for their 'difference' and 'exotic.' Yet, women of color with &amp;quot;unfamiliar features&amp;quot; are exposed to more prejudice and discrimination.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;friktion&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Karla, Priyanka.[https://friktionmagasin.dk/the-ugly-refugee-brown-skin-and-white-beauty-standards-38d0246ec2bd “The ugly refugee” — brown skin and white beauty standards]. Sep 10, 2017. ''friktionmagasin.dk''. Retrieved Mar 27, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Eurocentric Beauty Standard ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category: Racism in Skin Care]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Al</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Skin_Whitening&amp;diff=7242060</id>
		<title>Skin Whitening</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Skin_Whitening&amp;diff=7242060"/>
		<updated>2021-03-27T16:57:19Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Al: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;According to the World Health Organization (WHO), skin whitening is an industry that is growing at the fastest pace. It's estimated to worth $31.2 billion U.S. by 2024.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thestar&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Starr, Staf. [https://www.thestar.com/podcasts/thismatters/2020/09/02/the-truth-behind-the-racist-message-in-skin-whitening-creams.html The truth behind the racist message in skin ‘whitening’ creams]. Sept 2, 2020. ''thestar.com''. Retrieved Mar 27, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Due to the widespread colonialism in the 1800s, European societal norms lingered in societies that took away their own values of beauty.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.germmagazine.com/eurocentric-beauty-standards-a-global-disease/ Eurocentric Beauty Standards: A Global Disease]. Jun 15, 2015. ''germmagazine.com''. Retrieved Mar 27, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Women who have white skin, blonde hair, and facial features close to the European are seen as beauty while women outside of that standard are considered less beautiful. Black and brown women who have similar face and body features to European — lighter skin, straight hair, skinnier waist— are praised for their 'difference' and 'exotic.' Yet, women of color with &amp;quot;unfamiliar features&amp;quot; are exposed to more prejudice and discrimination.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;friktion&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Karla, Priyanka.[https://friktionmagasin.dk/the-ugly-refugee-brown-skin-and-white-beauty-standards-38d0246ec2bd “The ugly refugee” — brown skin and white beauty standards]. Sep 10, 2017. ''friktionmagasin.dk''. Retrieved Mar 27, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category: Racism in Skin Care]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Al</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Skin_Whitening&amp;diff=7242058</id>
		<title>Skin Whitening</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Skin_Whitening&amp;diff=7242058"/>
		<updated>2021-03-27T16:56:25Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Al: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;According to the World Health Organization (WHO), skin whitening is an industry that is growing at the fastest pace. It's estimated to worth $31.2 billion U.S. by 2024.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thestar&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Starr, Staf. [https://www.thestar.com/podcasts/thismatters/2020/09/02/the-truth-behind-the-racist-message-in-skin-whitening-creams.html The truth behind the racist message in skin ‘whitening’ creams]. Sept 2, 2020. ''thestar.com''. Retrieved Mar 27, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Through globalization, the Euro and US standard of beauty have spread around the world. Due to the widespread colonialism in the 1800s, European societal norms lingered in societies that took away their own values of beauty.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.germmagazine.com/eurocentric-beauty-standards-a-global-disease/ Eurocentric Beauty Standards: A Global Disease]. Jun 15, 2015. ''germmagazine.com''. Retrieved Mar 27, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Women who have white skin, blonde hair, and facial features close to the European are seen as beauty while women outside of that standard are considered less beautiful. Black and brown women who have similar face and body features to European — lighter skin, straight hair, skinnier waist— are praised for their 'difference' and 'exotic.' Yet, women of color with &amp;quot;unfamiliar features&amp;quot; are exposed to more prejudice and discrimination.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;friktion&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Karla, Priyanka.[https://friktionmagasin.dk/the-ugly-refugee-brown-skin-and-white-beauty-standards-38d0246ec2bd “The ugly refugee” — brown skin and white beauty standards]. Sep 10, 2017. ''friktionmagasin.dk''. Retrieved Mar 27, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category: Racism in Skin Care]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Al</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Skin_Whitening&amp;diff=7242027</id>
		<title>Skin Whitening</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Skin_Whitening&amp;diff=7242027"/>
		<updated>2021-03-27T16:06:39Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Al: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;According to the World Health Organization (WHO), skin whitening is an industry that is growing at the fastest pace. It's estimated to worth $31.2 billion U.S. by 2024.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thestar&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Starr, Staf. [https://www.thestar.com/podcasts/thismatters/2020/09/02/the-truth-behind-the-racist-message-in-skin-whitening-creams.html The truth behind the racist message in skin ‘whitening’ creams]. Sept 2, 2020. ''thestar.com''. Retrieved Mar 27, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  White has become a beauty standard for a long time. Women who have white skin, blonde hair, and facial features close to the European are seen as beauty while women outside of that standard are considered less beautiful. Black and brown women who have the similar face and body features to European — lighter skin, straight hair, skinnier waist— are praised for their 'difference' and 'exotic.' Yet, women of color with &amp;quot;unfamiliar features&amp;quot; are exposed to more prejudice and discrimination.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;friktion&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Karla, Priyanka.[https://friktionmagasin.dk/the-ugly-refugee-brown-skin-and-white-beauty-standards-38d0246ec2bd “The ugly refugee” — brown skin and white beauty standards]. Sep 10, 2017. ''friktionmagasin.dk''. Retrieved Mar 27, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category: Racism in Skin Care]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Al</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Skin_Whitening&amp;diff=7242024</id>
		<title>Skin Whitening</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Skin_Whitening&amp;diff=7242024"/>
		<updated>2021-03-27T16:03:07Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Al: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;According to the World Health Organization (WHO) skin whitening is an industry that is growing at the fastest pace. It’s estimated to worth $31.2 billion U.S. by 2024.&amp;lt;ref name=thestar&amp;gt;Starr, Staf. [https://www.thestar.com/podcasts/thismatters/2020/09/02/the-truth-behind-the-racist-message-in-skin-whitening-creams.html The truth behind the racist message in skin ‘whitening’ creams]. Sept 2, 2020. ''thestar.com''. Retrieved Mar 27, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; White has become a beauty standard for a long time. Women who has white skin, blonde hair, and facial features close to the European are seen as beauty while women outside of that standard is considered less beautiful. Black and brown women who have similar face and body features to European — lighter skin, straight hair, skinnier waist— are praised for their 'difference' and become 'exotic', yet women of color who are having &amp;quot;unfamiliar features&amp;quot; are exposed to more prejudice and discrimination.&amp;lt;ref name=friktion&amp;gt;Karla, Priyanka.[https://friktionmagasin.dk/the-ugly-refugee-brown-skin-and-white-beauty-standards-38d0246ec2bd “The ugly refugee” — brown skin and white beauty standards]. Sep 10, 2017. ''friktionmagasin.dk''. Retrieved Mar 27, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category: Racism in Skin Care]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Al</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Skin_Whitening&amp;diff=7242014</id>
		<title>Skin Whitening</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Skin_Whitening&amp;diff=7242014"/>
		<updated>2021-03-27T15:49:04Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Al: Created page with &amp;quot;Category: Racism in Skin Care&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[Category: Racism in Skin Care]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Al</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Dangerous_and_Untouched_Africans&amp;diff=7240307</id>
		<title>Dangerous and Untouched Africans</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Dangerous_and_Untouched_Africans&amp;diff=7240307"/>
		<updated>2021-03-27T14:27:39Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Al: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;==Blackface and Black Characters Over Time==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Birth of a Nation.jpg|thumb|Actors in the Ku Klux Klan's garb chase down a white actor in blackface, in a still from The Birth of a Nation. Hulton Archive/Getty Images]]&lt;br /&gt;
In the early days of Hollywood, black roles were not often played by black actors, just as Asians did not always play Asian characters. They didn't appear at all, except as caricatures performed by white actors in blackface. This trend has its origins in the American theater tradition of minstrelsy, which featured several racial myths about black people.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After a long period of backlash, blackface is now much less common: in Dear White People, for example, college fraternity members throw a blackface-themed party, which the film, as well as the Netflix series of the same name, use as a springboard for a discussion of racism at colleges throughout the United States. On the contrary, ''Scary Black Man'' and[[Black Characters Die First | ''Black Dude Die First'']] characters in Hollywood soar from 1960 to 2000.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;dw&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[https://www.dw.com/en/hollywood-movies-stereotypes-prejudice-data-analysis/a-47561660 ''What Hollywood movies do to perpetuate racial stereotypes'']. dw.com. Retrieved March 17, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Before movies had even existed, the entertainment industry had been dehumanizing black people. In the 1830s, white performers imitated enslaved people by coloring their masks, wearing ripped clothing, and imitating them. Only offensive caricatures are depicting black people: poor, ignorant, hypersexual, and criminal.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Morton, Ke’Asia. [https://thewilsonbeacon.com/17349/magazine/a-history-of-black-representation-in-hollywood-progress-of-appropriate-portrayal/ ''A history of Black representation in Hollywood: progress of appropriate portrayal'']. The Beacon. 27 October 2020. Retrieved March 17, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Stereotype in Entertainment==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Getout2017.png|thumb|Daniel Kaluuya stars in Get Out (2017)]]&lt;br /&gt;
However, as Hollywood has featured more black characters and cast more black stars, other myths have become more prominent. To this day, black men are frequently depicted as scary or furious, and black women are commonly described as loudmouthed and sassy. The black best friend is almost always the token black character in a film. Besides, if characters in a movie disappear, the black actor is expected to die first. And as public awareness of racial stereotypes increases, Hollywood continues to use them. Africa is always portrayed as dangerous and untouched by civilization. In the film, black characters are often cast in stereotype stereotypes (thugs, pimps, gangsters), reinforcing the crime reputation that African-Americans and their culture have earned.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;blake&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Edwards, Blake. [https://aquila.usm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1718&amp;amp;context=masters_theses ''Acting Black: An Analysis of Blackness and Criminality in Film'']. aquila.usm.edu. Retrieved March 17, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The negative portrayals of black people in Hollywood often apply to black Americans. African-themed stereotypes are more unusual, partially because few Hollywood films feature African characters. The most popular trope about Africa, according to TVTropes users, is &amp;quot;Darkest Africa,&amp;quot; which portrays the continent as a remote and dangerous remote land with only intermittent links to &amp;quot;modern&amp;quot; society. However, the representation is becoming less popular.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;dw&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The movie Birth of a Nation, DW Griffith’s film released on 8 February 1915&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Brook, Tom. [https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20150206-the-most-racist-movie-ever-made ''The Birth of a Nation: The most racist movie ever made?'']. BBC. 6 February 2015. Retrieved March 17, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;, depicted African-American men as uneducated, vicious brutes preyed on vulnerable white women. It portrayed African Americans in such a negative light that the stigma associated with this depiction continues to afflict the black community today&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;blake&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==The False Assumptions==&lt;br /&gt;
Mary Beth Oliver is an associate professor of communication that teaches media effects, communication research, quantitative research methods, and interpersonal communication at Penn State University. She wrote a Journal of African American Studies titled ''&amp;quot;African American Men as &amp;quot;Criminal and Dangerous&amp;quot;: Implications of Media Portrayals of Crime on the &amp;quot;Criminalization&amp;quot; of African American Men&amp;quot;'' back in September 2003. The study mentioned the correlation of African American men with danger and crime represents several causes and a long tradition of racism and stereotyping. According to this journal, the way the media (especially the news media) portrays race and crime plays a significant role in stereotyping, black males as violent and dangerous. The racial biases and racial prejudice to African Americans who are &amp;quot;assumed&amp;quot; to be threatening and violent come with the price, such as innocent men shooting by the police officers that happen at an alarming rate. Nonetheless, the great extent to which black men have become the object of wrongfully targeted police brutality illustrates the apparent influence that race plays in misguided perceptions of risk and crime. Of course, the mistaken assumptions are manifested in the law-enforcement field and in several aspects, such as storekeepers/salespeople who always keep an eye for black customers in-store, even using racial profiling or specific racist code name for black people. (see also: [[:Category:Shopping While Black|Shopping While Black]])&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Oliver, Mary Beth. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41819017?seq=1 ''African American Men as &amp;quot;Criminal and Dangerous&amp;quot;: Implications of Media Portrayals of Crime on the &amp;quot;Criminalization&amp;quot; of African American Men'']. jstor.org. September 2003. Retrieved March 17, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See Also==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Get out (2017)]]&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[:Category:Shopping While Black | Shopping While Black]]&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[:Category:Black-Targeted Racism in Brand |Black-Targeted Racism in Brand]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Racism in Folklore]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Al</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Aunt_Jemimah&amp;diff=7240305</id>
		<title>Aunt Jemimah</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Aunt_Jemimah&amp;diff=7240305"/>
		<updated>2021-03-27T14:24:55Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Al: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[Category:Racism in Folklore]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:B53482cc-8a1a-4763-9549-e2c50eb80836.jpg|thumb|Aunt Jemima|alt=|379x379px]]&lt;br /&gt;
The generalization of Aunt Jemima developed out of the Mammy picture. She contrasts with Mammy in that her obligations were limited to cooking. Through Aunt Jemima, the African-American lady's domestic work relationship, particularly cooking, got fixed in society's personalities. Accordingly, many Aunt Jemima collectibles discovered their way into the American kitchens. These black collectibles included staple rundown holders, salt and pepper shakers, spoon holders, burner sets, flour scoops, spatulas, blending bowls, match holders, tea kettles, hot-cushion holders, and substantially more.   &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Maybe Aunt Jemimah's most acclaimed picture is in the pancake promotion crusade. In St. Joseph, Mo., in 1889, Chris Rutt picked&amp;quot;'''[[Aunt Jemima]]'''&amp;quot; as the name for his new self-rising pancake mix since ''&amp;quot;it just normally made me consider great cooking.&amp;quot;'' Others concurred because the mission was a momentous achievement. Rutt offered his organization to Davis Milling Co., which picked Nancy Green as the Aunt Jemima items representative. This character built up a steadfast after of the two blacks and whites. To these individuals, Aunt Jemima had become a reality. Her face actually can be found on the pancake boxes today. Even though her picture has changed somewhat, the generalization lives on.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.ferris.edu/HTMLS/news/jimcrow/links/essays/vcu.htm Negative Racial Stereotypes and Their Effect on Attitudes Toward African-Americans]. Ferris.edu. Retrieved March 18, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Aunt Jemima brand pancake mix has been a piece of American life for over a century now, an overwhelmingly well-known selection of purchasers. The lady has gone through various makeovers. However, she stays as before critically, an image of some implicit relationship among black worker ladies, the kitchen, and great food. This image remains too solid a promoting apparatus for its proprietors, the Quaker Oats Organization, to surrender. Aunt Jemima's story might be interesting for several reasons. She may be the first trademark to walk and talk, and the product she promoted was the first in a wave of so-called labor-saving products at the beginning of this century.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Maurice M. Manring. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/26235388?read-now=1&amp;amp;seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents Aunt Jemima Explained: The Old South, the Absent Mistress, and the Slave in a Box]. Jstor.org. Retrieved March 18, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Nancy Green==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Aunt-jemima.jpg|left|thumb|400x400px|Nancy Green as Aunt Jemima Illustration]]&lt;br /&gt;
In 1890, a previous slave named '''Nancy Green''' was an employee representing Aunt Jemima brand food items.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Nancy Green was naturally introduced to slavery in 1834 in Montgomery Region, Kentucky. In 1889, Aunt Jemima's creators, Charles Rutt and Charles Underwood, offered the organization to R.T Davis, who discovered Nancy Green in Chicago before long. The past proprietors had effectively settled upon her 'look' of a bandana and apron. Davis consolidated Aunt Jemima's appearance with lively tunes from the Vaudeville circuit, thus creating the Aunt Jemima brand. &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://blackamericaweb.com/2013/03/28/little-known-black-history-fact-the-history-of-aunt-jemima/ Little Known Black History Fact: The History of Aunt Jemima.] Blackamericaweb.com. Retrieved March 18, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The entertainers wore covers and red bandannas, impersonating the southern M''ammy'' in the kitchen. She was persistent, fat, and stupid, a buddy of the country idiot Jim Crow and his fashionable city cousin, Zip Coon. An odd character, she was terrified and confounded by any development in innovation; for example, the phone and her powerlessness to adapt made her the aim of the joke for white crowds. Yet, in the kitchen, she was an unchallenged master, the cook for an admired adaptation of the Old South, a place known for acceptable food, delightful yet delicate white lady, warm climate, sophistication, and recreation.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Maurice M. Manring. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/26235388?read-now=1&amp;amp;seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents Aunt Jemima Explained: The Old South, the Absent Mistress, and the Slave in a Box]. Jstor.org. Retrieved March 18, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
She imitated Aunt Jemima until she died in 1923. Nancy Green, standing next to the basket, dressed as Aunt Jemima, sang, cooked pancakes, and told stories about the Old South. These stories made the South as happy as black and white local. She achieved great success. At the end of the trade fair, she had already sent thousands of pancakes. Her victory made her a national celebrity. The Company posts her photo on billboards across the country with the headline. Green, who imitated Aunt Jemima, has appeared in countless country fairs, flea markets, food exhibitions, and local grocery stores. By the turn of the century, Aunt Jemima and Armor Meat Chef were the two most trusted American housewives' business symbols. In 1910 more than 120 million breakfasts were provided to Aunt Jemima each year. Aunt Jemima's prevalence has inspired many gifts and postal gifts, including dolls, breakfast club pins, tableware, and recipe manuals.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
R.T. Davis Mill Company changed its name to Aunt Jemima Company in 1914 and finally sold to '''Quaker Oats Company''' in 1926. In 1933, Anna Robinson, who weighed 350 pounds, became the second Aunt Jemima. Her complexion is much heavier and darker than Nancy Green. The third Aunt Jemima is Edith Wilson. Edith Wilson is mainly known for her role as Aunt Jemima on radio and TV shows from 1948 to 1966. By the 1960s, Quaker Oats Company became the market leader in the frozen food industry, and Aunt Jemima was the American icon. In recent years, Aunt Jemima has gotten a makeover: her skin has turned pale, and the handkerchief removes from her head. Now she looked like a charming maid, not a Mammy from Jim Crow's time.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.ferris.edu/jimcrow/mammies/ The Mammy Caricature.] Ferris.edu. Retrieved March 18, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Black Stereotype==&lt;br /&gt;
Desire to transform the conflict between the Civil War and the pre-war slavery world into a human, laid-back old South's fictional memory, the white creator of Aunt Jemima reinterpreted the black and white planting life, usually based on the black stereotype. Center women and men and their roles in the life of the white plantation. Manring asserts that Aunt Jemima's image is an exciting expression of pre-war and post-war prostitute shows. A ready-made Mammy meets the race, gender, and class expectations of the white middle class and learns how to deal with a fewer servant and a modern kitchen. However, for African Americans, this image of a nanny used to be and is still particularly painful. As a subordinate symbol of black women under slavery and as a houseworker after liberation, the overweight, joyful mothers covered in scarves have constantly been reminding whites of oppression. Manring also believes that this racialized nursery stereotype seemed out of place in the 1990s. However, Aunt Jemima insisted on it because the concept of race and gender is still deeply rooted in our national culture.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
By studying a century of advertising copy created by various advertising agencies and the company records of companies that own the product and its advertising images, especially Quaker Oats Company, Manring reveals deliberate manipulation by the public under careful circumstances. A hundred years of large-scale marketing activities have aroused colossal consumer demand for ready-made products. By fusing concepts about race, class, and gender, these advertising strategies attracted national white consciousness committed to reconciliation after the civil war and reconstruction.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kate Clifford Larson. [https://networks.h-net.org/node/11634/reviews/14707/larson-manring-slave-box-strange-career-aunt-jemima Larson on Manring, 'Slave in a Box: The Strange Career of Aunt Jemima'.] Networks.h-net.org. Retrieved March 18, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Based on [https://www.chicagotribune.com/ ''CHICAGO TRIBUNE''] Aunt Jemima was invented to sell a ready-made pancake mix. She is based on a character in a bard performance. As with all advertisements, her role is conceived for consumers (in this case, white consumers). For them, Aunt Jemima represented a peaceful and relaxed life. Thanks to the joyous service of black women, they were &amp;quot;respected,&amp;quot; with forced intimacy and fictitious titles of relatives.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;'''JOHN MARK HANSEN.''' [https://www.chicagotribune.com/opinion/commentary/ct-opinion-aunt-jemima-brand-real-women-20200619-5wkt2euhrbcjdokrh5qvu6r7te-story.html Commentary: The real stories of the Chicago women who portrayed Aunt Jemima.] Chicagotribune.com. June 19, 2020. Retrieved March 18, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''&amp;lt;code&amp;gt;&amp;quot;For many African American women, on the other hand, Aunt Jemima represented the reality of life in the racialized order of America, a life of servitude imposed on women who had no real choices in life.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt;''&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Al</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Feel_Better_Doll&amp;diff=7240237</id>
		<title>Feel Better Doll</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Feel_Better_Doll&amp;diff=7240237"/>
		<updated>2021-03-27T12:49:41Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Al: Created page with &amp;quot;Category: Racism in Dolls&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[Category: Racism in Dolls]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Al</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Black_People_Run_the_Fastest&amp;diff=7240051</id>
		<title>Black People Run the Fastest</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Black_People_Run_the_Fastest&amp;diff=7240051"/>
		<updated>2021-03-27T11:22:18Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Al: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[Category: Racism in Mythology]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category: Racism in Sports]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Al</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Black_People_Run_the_Fastest&amp;diff=7240050</id>
		<title>Black People Run the Fastest</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Black_People_Run_the_Fastest&amp;diff=7240050"/>
		<updated>2021-03-27T11:21:01Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Al: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[Category: Racism in Mythology]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category: Racism in Sport]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Al</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Black_People_Run_the_Fastest&amp;diff=7240048</id>
		<title>Black People Run the Fastest</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Black_People_Run_the_Fastest&amp;diff=7240048"/>
		<updated>2021-03-27T11:20:40Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Al: Created page with &amp;quot;Category: Racism in Myhtology Category: Racism in sport&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[Category: Racism in Myhtology]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category: Racism in sport]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Al</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=The_Magical_Negro&amp;diff=7240019</id>
		<title>The Magical Negro</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=The_Magical_Negro&amp;diff=7240019"/>
		<updated>2021-03-27T10:39:48Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Al: Created page with &amp;quot;Category:Racism in Folklore&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[Category:Racism in Folklore]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Al</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Dangerous_and_Untouched_Africans&amp;diff=7233454</id>
		<title>Dangerous and Untouched Africans</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Dangerous_and_Untouched_Africans&amp;diff=7233454"/>
		<updated>2021-03-26T16:13:52Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Al: /* Stereotype in Entertainment */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;==Blackface and Black Characters Over Time==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Birth of a Nation.jpg|thumb|Actors in the garb of the Ku Klux Klan chase down a white actor in blackface, in a still from The Birth of a Nation. Hulton Archive/Getty Images]]&lt;br /&gt;
In the early days of Hollywood, black roles were not often played by black actors, just as Asians did not always play Asian characters. They didn't appear at all, except as caricatures performed by white actors in blackface. This trend has its origins in the American theater tradition of minstrelsy, which featured several racial myths about black people.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After a long period of backlash, blackface is now much less common: in Dear White People, for example, college fraternity members throw a blackface-themed party, which the film, as well as the Netflix series of the same name, use as a springboard for a discussion of racism at colleges throughout the United States. On the contrary, ''Scary Black Man'' and[[Black Characters Die First | ''Black Dude Die First'']] characters in Hollywood soar from 1960 to 2000.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;dw&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[https://www.dw.com/en/hollywood-movies-stereotypes-prejudice-data-analysis/a-47561660 ''What Hollywood movies do to perpetuate racial stereotypes'']. dw.com. Retrieved March 17, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Before movies had even existed, the entertainment industry had been dehumanizing black people. In the 1830s, white performers imitated enslaved people by coloring their masks, wearing ripped clothing, and imitating them. Only offensive caricatures are depicting black people: poor, ignorant, hypersexual, and criminal.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Morton, Ke’Asia. [https://thewilsonbeacon.com/17349/magazine/a-history-of-black-representation-in-hollywood-progress-of-appropriate-portrayal/ ''A history of Black representation in Hollywood: progress of appropriate portrayal'']. The Beacon. 27 October 2020. Retrieved March 17, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Stereotype in Entertainment==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Getout2017.png|thumb|Daniel Kaluuya stars in Get Out (2017)]]&lt;br /&gt;
However, as Hollywood has featured more black characters and cast more black stars, other myths have become more prominent. To this day, black men are frequently depicted as scary or furious, and black women are commonly described as loudmouthed and sassy. The black best friend is almost always the token black character in a film. Besides, if characters in a movie disappear, the black actor is expected to die first. And as public awareness of racial stereotypes increases, Hollywood continues to use them. Africa is always portrayed as dangerous and untouched by civilization. In the film, black characters are often cast in stereotype stereotypes (thugs, pimps, gangsters), reinforcing the crime reputation that African-Americans and their culture have earned.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;blake&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Edwards, Blake. [https://aquila.usm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1718&amp;amp;context=masters_theses ''Acting Black: An Analysis of Blackness and Criminality in Film'']. aquila.usm.edu. Retrieved March 17, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The negative portrayals of black people in Hollywood often apply to black Americans. African-themed stereotypes are more unusual, partially because few Hollywood films feature African characters. The most popular trope about Africa, according to TVTropes users, is &amp;quot;Darkest Africa,&amp;quot; which portrays the continent as a remote and dangerous remote land with only intermittent links to &amp;quot;modern&amp;quot; society. However, the representation is becoming less popular.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;dw&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The movie Birth of a Nation, DW Griffith’s film released on 8 February 1915&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Brook, Tom. [https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20150206-the-most-racist-movie-ever-made ''The Birth of a Nation: The most racist movie ever made?'']. BBC. 6 February 2015. Retrieved March 17, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;, depicted African-American men as uneducated, vicious brutes preyed on vulnerable white women. It portrayed African Americans in such a negative light that the stigma associated with this depiction continues to afflict the black community today&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;blake&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==The False Assumptions==&lt;br /&gt;
Mary Beth Oliver is an associate professor of communication that teaches media effects, communication research, quantitative research methods, and interpersonal communication at Penn State University. She wrote a Journal of African American Studies titled ''&amp;quot;African American Men as &amp;quot;Criminal and Dangerous&amp;quot;: Implications of Media Portrayals of Crime on the &amp;quot;Criminalization&amp;quot; of African American Men&amp;quot;'' back in September 2003. The study mentioned the correlation of African American men with danger and crime represents several causes and a long tradition of racism and stereotyping. According to this journal, the way the media (especially the news media) portrays race and crime plays a significant role in stereotyping, black males as violent and dangerous. The racial biases and racial prejudice to African Americans who are &amp;quot;assumed&amp;quot; to be threatening and violent come with the price, such as innocent men shooting by the police officers that happen at an alarming rate. Nonetheless, the great extent to which black men have become the object of wrongfully targeted police brutality illustrates the apparent influence that race plays in misguided perceptions of risk and crime. Of course, the mistaken assumptions are manifested in the law-enforcement field and in several aspects, such as storekeepers/salespeople who always keep an eye for black customers in-store, even using racial profiling or specific racist code name for black people. (see also: [[:Category:Shopping While Black|Shopping While Black]])&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Oliver, Mary Beth. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41819017?seq=1 ''African American Men as &amp;quot;Criminal and Dangerous&amp;quot;: Implications of Media Portrayals of Crime on the &amp;quot;Criminalization&amp;quot; of African American Men'']. jstor.org. September 2003. Retrieved March 17, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See Also==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Get out (2017)]]&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[:Category:Shopping While Black | Shopping While Black]]&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[:Category:Black-Targeted Racism in Brand |Black-Targeted Racism in Brand]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Racism in Folklore]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Al</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Dangerous_and_Untouched_Africans&amp;diff=7233451</id>
		<title>Dangerous and Untouched Africans</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Dangerous_and_Untouched_Africans&amp;diff=7233451"/>
		<updated>2021-03-26T16:13:04Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Al: /* The False Assumptions */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;==Blackface and Black Characters Over Time==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Birth of a Nation.jpg|thumb|Actors in the garb of the Ku Klux Klan chase down a white actor in blackface, in a still from The Birth of a Nation. Hulton Archive/Getty Images]]&lt;br /&gt;
In the early days of Hollywood, black roles were not often played by black actors, just as Asians did not always play Asian characters. They didn't appear at all, except as caricatures performed by white actors in blackface. This trend has its origins in the American theater tradition of minstrelsy, which featured several racial myths about black people.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After a long period of backlash, blackface is now much less common: in Dear White People, for example, college fraternity members throw a blackface-themed party, which the film, as well as the Netflix series of the same name, use as a springboard for a discussion of racism at colleges throughout the United States. On the contrary, ''Scary Black Man'' and[[Black Characters Die First | ''Black Dude Die First'']] characters in Hollywood soar from 1960 to 2000.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;dw&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[https://www.dw.com/en/hollywood-movies-stereotypes-prejudice-data-analysis/a-47561660 ''What Hollywood movies do to perpetuate racial stereotypes'']. dw.com. Retrieved March 17, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Before movies had even existed, the entertainment industry had been dehumanizing black people. In the 1830s, white performers imitated enslaved people by coloring their masks, wearing ripped clothing, and imitating them. Only offensive caricatures are depicting black people: poor, ignorant, hypersexual, and criminal.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Morton, Ke’Asia. [https://thewilsonbeacon.com/17349/magazine/a-history-of-black-representation-in-hollywood-progress-of-appropriate-portrayal/ ''A history of Black representation in Hollywood: progress of appropriate portrayal'']. The Beacon. 27 October 2020. Retrieved March 17, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Stereotype in Entertainment==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Getout2017.png|thumb|Daniel Kaluuya stars in Get Out (2017)]]&lt;br /&gt;
However, as Hollywood has featured more black characters and cast more black stars, other myths have become more prominent. To this day, black men are frequently depicted as scary or furious, and black women are commonly described as loudmouthed and sassy. The black best friend is almost always the token black character in a film. Besides, if characters in a movie disappear, the black actor is expected to die first. And as public awareness of racial stereotypes increases, Hollywood continues to use them. If Africa is mentioned, it is portrayed as dangerous and untouched by civilization. In the film, black characters are often cast in stereotype stereotypes (thugs, pimps, gangsters), reinforcing the crime reputation that African-Americans and their culture have earned.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;blake&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Edwards, Blake. [https://aquila.usm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1718&amp;amp;context=masters_theses ''Acting Black: An Analysis of Blackness and Criminality in Film'']. aquila.usm.edu. Retrieved March 17, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The negative portrayals of black people in Hollywood often apply to black Americans. African-themed stereotypes are more unusual, partially because few Hollywood films feature African characters. The most popular trope about Africa, according to TVTropes users, is &amp;quot;Darkest Africa,&amp;quot; which portrays the continent as a remote and dangerous remote land with only intermittent links to &amp;quot;modern&amp;quot; society. However, the representation is becoming less popular.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;dw&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The movie Birth of a Nation, DW Griffith’s film released on 8 February 1915&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Brook, Tom. [https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20150206-the-most-racist-movie-ever-made ''The Birth of a Nation: The most racist movie ever made?'']. BBC. 6 February 2015. Retrieved March 17, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;, depicted African-American men as uneducated, vicious brutes preyed on vulnerable white women. It portrayed African Americans in such a negative light that the stigma associated with this depiction continues to afflict the black community today&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;blake&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==The False Assumptions==&lt;br /&gt;
Mary Beth Oliver is an associate professor of communication that teaches media effects, communication research, quantitative research methods, and interpersonal communication at Penn State University. She wrote a Journal of African American Studies titled ''&amp;quot;African American Men as &amp;quot;Criminal and Dangerous&amp;quot;: Implications of Media Portrayals of Crime on the &amp;quot;Criminalization&amp;quot; of African American Men&amp;quot;'' back in September 2003. The study mentioned the correlation of African American men with danger and crime represents several causes and a long tradition of racism and stereotyping. According to this journal, the way the media (especially the news media) portrays race and crime plays a significant role in stereotyping, black males as violent and dangerous. The racial biases and racial prejudice to African Americans who are &amp;quot;assumed&amp;quot; to be threatening and violent come with the price, such as innocent men shooting by the police officers that happen at an alarming rate. Nonetheless, the great extent to which black men have become the object of wrongfully targeted police brutality illustrates the apparent influence that race plays in misguided perceptions of risk and crime. Of course, the mistaken assumptions are manifested in the law-enforcement field and in several aspects, such as storekeepers/salespeople who always keep an eye for black customers in-store, even using racial profiling or specific racist code name for black people. (see also: [[:Category:Shopping While Black|Shopping While Black]])&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Oliver, Mary Beth. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41819017?seq=1 ''African American Men as &amp;quot;Criminal and Dangerous&amp;quot;: Implications of Media Portrayals of Crime on the &amp;quot;Criminalization&amp;quot; of African American Men'']. jstor.org. September 2003. Retrieved March 17, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See Also==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Get out (2017)]]&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[:Category:Shopping While Black | Shopping While Black]]&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[:Category:Black-Targeted Racism in Brand |Black-Targeted Racism in Brand]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Racism in Folklore]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Al</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Dangerous_and_Untouched_Africans&amp;diff=7233449</id>
		<title>Dangerous and Untouched Africans</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Dangerous_and_Untouched_Africans&amp;diff=7233449"/>
		<updated>2021-03-26T16:11:44Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Al: /* The False Assumptions */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;==Blackface and Black Characters Over Time==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Birth of a Nation.jpg|thumb|Actors in the garb of the Ku Klux Klan chase down a white actor in blackface, in a still from The Birth of a Nation. Hulton Archive/Getty Images]]&lt;br /&gt;
In the early days of Hollywood, black roles were not often played by black actors, just as Asians did not always play Asian characters. They didn't appear at all, except as caricatures performed by white actors in blackface. This trend has its origins in the American theater tradition of minstrelsy, which featured several racial myths about black people.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After a long period of backlash, blackface is now much less common: in Dear White People, for example, college fraternity members throw a blackface-themed party, which the film, as well as the Netflix series of the same name, use as a springboard for a discussion of racism at colleges throughout the United States. On the contrary, ''Scary Black Man'' and[[Black Characters Die First | ''Black Dude Die First'']] characters in Hollywood soar from 1960 to 2000.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;dw&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[https://www.dw.com/en/hollywood-movies-stereotypes-prejudice-data-analysis/a-47561660 ''What Hollywood movies do to perpetuate racial stereotypes'']. dw.com. Retrieved March 17, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Before movies had even existed, the entertainment industry had been dehumanizing black people. In the 1830s, white performers imitated enslaved people by coloring their masks, wearing ripped clothing, and imitating them. Only offensive caricatures are depicting black people: poor, ignorant, hypersexual, and criminal.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Morton, Ke’Asia. [https://thewilsonbeacon.com/17349/magazine/a-history-of-black-representation-in-hollywood-progress-of-appropriate-portrayal/ ''A history of Black representation in Hollywood: progress of appropriate portrayal'']. The Beacon. 27 October 2020. Retrieved March 17, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Stereotype in Entertainment==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Getout2017.png|thumb|Daniel Kaluuya stars in Get Out (2017)]]&lt;br /&gt;
However, as Hollywood has featured more black characters and cast more black stars, other myths have become more prominent. To this day, black men are frequently depicted as scary or furious, and black women are commonly described as loudmouthed and sassy. The black best friend is almost always the token black character in a film. Besides, if characters in a movie disappear, the black actor is expected to die first. And as public awareness of racial stereotypes increases, Hollywood continues to use them. If Africa is mentioned, it is portrayed as dangerous and untouched by civilization. In the film, black characters are often cast in stereotype stereotypes (thugs, pimps, gangsters), reinforcing the crime reputation that African-Americans and their culture have earned.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;blake&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Edwards, Blake. [https://aquila.usm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1718&amp;amp;context=masters_theses ''Acting Black: An Analysis of Blackness and Criminality in Film'']. aquila.usm.edu. Retrieved March 17, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The negative portrayals of black people in Hollywood often apply to black Americans. African-themed stereotypes are more unusual, partially because few Hollywood films feature African characters. The most popular trope about Africa, according to TVTropes users, is &amp;quot;Darkest Africa,&amp;quot; which portrays the continent as a remote and dangerous remote land with only intermittent links to &amp;quot;modern&amp;quot; society. However, the representation is becoming less popular.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;dw&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The movie Birth of a Nation, DW Griffith’s film released on 8 February 1915&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Brook, Tom. [https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20150206-the-most-racist-movie-ever-made ''The Birth of a Nation: The most racist movie ever made?'']. BBC. 6 February 2015. Retrieved March 17, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;, depicted African-American men as uneducated, vicious brutes preyed on vulnerable white women. It portrayed African Americans in such a negative light that the stigma associated with this depiction continues to afflict the black community today&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;blake&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==The False Assumptions==&lt;br /&gt;
Mary Beth Oliver is an associate professor of communication that teaches media effects, communication research, quantitative research methods, and interpersonal communication at Penn State University. She wrote a Journal of African American Studies titled ''&amp;quot;African American Men as &amp;quot;Criminal and Dangerous&amp;quot;: Implications of Media Portrayals of Crime on the &amp;quot;Criminalization&amp;quot; of African American Men&amp;quot;'' back in September 2003. The study mentioned the correlation of African American men with danger and crime represents several causes and a long tradition of racism and stereotyping. According to this journal, the way the media (especially the news media) portrays race and crime plays a significant role in stereotyping, black males as violent and dangerous. The racial biases and racial prejudice to African Americans who are &amp;quot;assumed&amp;quot; to be threatening and violent come with the price, such as innocent men shooting by the police officers that happen at an alarming rate. Nonetheless, the great extent to which black men have become the object of wrongfully targeted police brutality illustrates the apparent influence that race plays in misguided perceptions of risk and crime. Of course, the mistaken assumptions is not only manifested in the law-enforcement field but also in several aspects such as storekeepers/salesperson who always keep an eye for black customers in-store even using racial profiling or specific racist code name for black people (see also: [[:Category:Shopping While Black|Shopping While Black]])&lt;br /&gt;
.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Oliver, Mary Beth. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41819017?seq=1 ''African American Men as &amp;quot;Criminal and Dangerous&amp;quot;: Implications of Media Portrayals of Crime on the &amp;quot;Criminalization&amp;quot; of African American Men'']. jstor.org. September 2003. Retrieved March 17, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See Also==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Get out (2017)]]&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[:Category:Shopping While Black | Shopping While Black]]&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[:Category:Black-Targeted Racism in Brand |Black-Targeted Racism in Brand]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Racism in Folklore]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Al</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Dangerous_and_Untouched_Africans&amp;diff=7233445</id>
		<title>Dangerous and Untouched Africans</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Dangerous_and_Untouched_Africans&amp;diff=7233445"/>
		<updated>2021-03-26T16:07:36Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Al: /* Blackface and Black Characters Over Time */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;==Blackface and Black Characters Over Time==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Birth of a Nation.jpg|thumb|Actors in the garb of the Ku Klux Klan chase down a white actor in blackface, in a still from The Birth of a Nation. Hulton Archive/Getty Images]]&lt;br /&gt;
In the early days of Hollywood, black roles were not often played by black actors, just as Asians did not always play Asian characters. They didn't appear at all, except as caricatures performed by white actors in blackface. This trend has its origins in the American theater tradition of minstrelsy, which featured several racial myths about black people.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After a long period of backlash, blackface is now much less common: in Dear White People, for example, college fraternity members throw a blackface-themed party, which the film, as well as the Netflix series of the same name, use as a springboard for a discussion of racism at colleges throughout the United States. On the contrary, ''Scary Black Man'' and[[Black Characters Die First | ''Black Dude Die First'']] characters in Hollywood soar from 1960 to 2000.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;dw&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[https://www.dw.com/en/hollywood-movies-stereotypes-prejudice-data-analysis/a-47561660 ''What Hollywood movies do to perpetuate racial stereotypes'']. dw.com. Retrieved March 17, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Before movies had even existed, the entertainment industry had been dehumanizing black people. In the 1830s, white performers imitated enslaved people by coloring their masks, wearing ripped clothing, and imitating them. Only offensive caricatures are depicting black people: poor, ignorant, hypersexual, and criminal.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Morton, Ke’Asia. [https://thewilsonbeacon.com/17349/magazine/a-history-of-black-representation-in-hollywood-progress-of-appropriate-portrayal/ ''A history of Black representation in Hollywood: progress of appropriate portrayal'']. The Beacon. 27 October 2020. Retrieved March 17, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Stereotype in Entertainment==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Getout2017.png|thumb|Daniel Kaluuya stars in Get Out (2017)]]&lt;br /&gt;
However, as Hollywood has featured more black characters and cast more black stars, other myths have become more prominent. To this day, black men are frequently depicted as scary or furious, and black women are commonly described as loudmouthed and sassy. The black best friend is almost always the token black character in a film. Besides, if characters in a movie disappear, the black actor is expected to die first. And as public awareness of racial stereotypes increases, Hollywood continues to use them. If Africa is mentioned, it is portrayed as dangerous and untouched by civilization. In the film, black characters are often cast in stereotype stereotypes (thugs, pimps, gangsters), reinforcing the crime reputation that African-Americans and their culture have earned.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;blake&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Edwards, Blake. [https://aquila.usm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1718&amp;amp;context=masters_theses ''Acting Black: An Analysis of Blackness and Criminality in Film'']. aquila.usm.edu. Retrieved March 17, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The negative portrayals of black people in Hollywood often apply to black Americans. African-themed stereotypes are more unusual, partially because few Hollywood films feature African characters. The most popular trope about Africa, according to TVTropes users, is &amp;quot;Darkest Africa,&amp;quot; which portrays the continent as a remote and dangerous remote land with only intermittent links to &amp;quot;modern&amp;quot; society. However, the representation is becoming less popular.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;dw&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The movie Birth of a Nation, DW Griffith’s film released on 8 February 1915&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Brook, Tom. [https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20150206-the-most-racist-movie-ever-made ''The Birth of a Nation: The most racist movie ever made?'']. BBC. 6 February 2015. Retrieved March 17, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;, depicted African-American men as uneducated, vicious brutes preyed on vulnerable white women. It portrayed African Americans in such a negative light that the stigma associated with this depiction continues to afflict the black community today&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;blake&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==The False Assumptions==&lt;br /&gt;
Mary Beth Oliver is an associate professor of communication that teaches media effects, communication research, quantitative research methods, and interpersonal communication at Penn State University. She wrote a Journal of African American Studies titled ''&amp;quot;African American Men as &amp;quot;Criminal and Dangerous&amp;quot;: Implications of Media Portrayals of Crime on the &amp;quot;Criminalization&amp;quot; of African American Men&amp;quot;'' back in September 2003. The study mentioned the correlation of African American men with danger and crime represents several causes and a long tradition of racism and stereotyping. According to this journal, the way the media (especially the news media) portrays race and crime plays a significant role in stereotyping, black males as violent and dangerous. The racial biases and racial prejudice to African Americans who are &amp;quot;assumed&amp;quot; to be threatening and violent come with the price, such as innocent men shooting by the police officers that happen at an alarming rate. Nonetheless, the great extent to which black men have become the object of wrongfully targeted police brutality illustrates the apparent influence that race plays in misguided perceptions of risk and crime. Of course, the mistaken assumptions is not only manifested in the law-enforcement field but also in several aspects such as storekeepers/salesperson who always keep an eye for black customers in-store even using racial profiling or specific racist code name for black people (see also: [[:Category:Shopping While Black|Shopping While Black]])&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Oliver, Mary Beth. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41819017?seq=1 ''African American Men as &amp;quot;Criminal and Dangerous&amp;quot;: Implications of Media Portrayals of Crime on the &amp;quot;Criminalization&amp;quot; of African American Men'']. jstor.org. September 2003. Retrieved March 17, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See Also==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Get out (2017)]]&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[:Category:Shopping While Black | Shopping While Black]]&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[:Category:Black-Targeted Racism in Brand |Black-Targeted Racism in Brand]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Racism in Folklore]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Al</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Dangerous_and_Untouched_Africans&amp;diff=7233444</id>
		<title>Dangerous and Untouched Africans</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Dangerous_and_Untouched_Africans&amp;diff=7233444"/>
		<updated>2021-03-26T16:07:08Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Al: /* Blackface and Black Characters Over Time */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;==Blackface and Black Characters Over Time==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Birth of a Nation.jpg|thumb|Actors in the garb of the Ku Klux Klan chase down a white actor in blackface, in a still from The Birth of a Nation. Hulton Archive/Getty Images]]&lt;br /&gt;
In the early days of Hollywood, black roles were not often played by black actors, just as Asians did not always play Asian characters. They didn't appear at all, except as caricatures performed by white actors in blackface. This trend has its origins in the American theater tradition of minstrelsy, which featured several racial myths about black people.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After a long period of backlash, blackface is now much less common: in Dear White People, for example, college fraternity members throw a blackface-themed party, which the film, as well as the Netflix series of the same name, use as a springboard for a discussion of racism at colleges throughout the United States. On the contrary, ''Scary Black Man'' and[[Black Characters Die First | ''Black Dude Dies First'']] characters in Hollywood soar from 1960 to 2000.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;dw&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[https://www.dw.com/en/hollywood-movies-stereotypes-prejudice-data-analysis/a-47561660 ''What Hollywood movies do to perpetuate racial stereotypes'']. dw.com. Retrieved March 17, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Before movies had even existed, the entertainment industry had been dehumanizing black people. In the 1830s, white performers imitated enslaved people by coloring their masks, wearing ripped clothing, and imitating them. Only offensive caricatures are depicting black people: poor, ignorant, hypersexual, and criminal.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Morton, Ke’Asia. [https://thewilsonbeacon.com/17349/magazine/a-history-of-black-representation-in-hollywood-progress-of-appropriate-portrayal/ ''A history of Black representation in Hollywood: progress of appropriate portrayal'']. The Beacon. 27 October 2020. Retrieved March 17, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Stereotype in Entertainment==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Getout2017.png|thumb|Daniel Kaluuya stars in Get Out (2017)]]&lt;br /&gt;
However, as Hollywood has featured more black characters and cast more black stars, other myths have become more prominent. To this day, black men are frequently depicted as scary or furious, and black women are commonly described as loudmouthed and sassy. The black best friend is almost always the token black character in a film. Besides, if characters in a movie disappear, the black actor is expected to die first. And as public awareness of racial stereotypes increases, Hollywood continues to use them. If Africa is mentioned, it is portrayed as dangerous and untouched by civilization. In the film, black characters are often cast in stereotype stereotypes (thugs, pimps, gangsters), reinforcing the crime reputation that African-Americans and their culture have earned.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;blake&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Edwards, Blake. [https://aquila.usm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1718&amp;amp;context=masters_theses ''Acting Black: An Analysis of Blackness and Criminality in Film'']. aquila.usm.edu. Retrieved March 17, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The negative portrayals of black people in Hollywood often apply to black Americans. African-themed stereotypes are more unusual, partially because few Hollywood films feature African characters. The most popular trope about Africa, according to TVTropes users, is &amp;quot;Darkest Africa,&amp;quot; which portrays the continent as a remote and dangerous remote land with only intermittent links to &amp;quot;modern&amp;quot; society. However, the representation is becoming less popular.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;dw&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The movie Birth of a Nation, DW Griffith’s film released on 8 February 1915&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Brook, Tom. [https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20150206-the-most-racist-movie-ever-made ''The Birth of a Nation: The most racist movie ever made?'']. BBC. 6 February 2015. Retrieved March 17, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;, depicted African-American men as uneducated, vicious brutes preyed on vulnerable white women. It portrayed African Americans in such a negative light that the stigma associated with this depiction continues to afflict the black community today&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;blake&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==The False Assumptions==&lt;br /&gt;
Mary Beth Oliver is an associate professor of communication that teaches media effects, communication research, quantitative research methods, and interpersonal communication at Penn State University. She wrote a Journal of African American Studies titled ''&amp;quot;African American Men as &amp;quot;Criminal and Dangerous&amp;quot;: Implications of Media Portrayals of Crime on the &amp;quot;Criminalization&amp;quot; of African American Men&amp;quot;'' back in September 2003. The study mentioned the correlation of African American men with danger and crime represents several causes and a long tradition of racism and stereotyping. According to this journal, the way the media (especially the news media) portrays race and crime plays a significant role in stereotyping, black males as violent and dangerous. The racial biases and racial prejudice to African Americans who are &amp;quot;assumed&amp;quot; to be threatening and violent come with the price, such as innocent men shooting by the police officers that happen at an alarming rate. Nonetheless, the great extent to which black men have become the object of wrongfully targeted police brutality illustrates the apparent influence that race plays in misguided perceptions of risk and crime. Of course, the mistaken assumptions is not only manifested in the law-enforcement field but also in several aspects such as storekeepers/salesperson who always keep an eye for black customers in-store even using racial profiling or specific racist code name for black people (see also: [[:Category:Shopping While Black|Shopping While Black]])&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Oliver, Mary Beth. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41819017?seq=1 ''African American Men as &amp;quot;Criminal and Dangerous&amp;quot;: Implications of Media Portrayals of Crime on the &amp;quot;Criminalization&amp;quot; of African American Men'']. jstor.org. September 2003. Retrieved March 17, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See Also==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Get out (2017)]]&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[:Category:Shopping While Black | Shopping While Black]]&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[:Category:Black-Targeted Racism in Brand |Black-Targeted Racism in Brand]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Racism in Folklore]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Al</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Aunt_Jemimah&amp;diff=7233439</id>
		<title>Aunt Jemimah</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Aunt_Jemimah&amp;diff=7233439"/>
		<updated>2021-03-26T16:01:39Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Al: /* Nancy Green */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[Category:Racism in Folklore]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:B53482cc-8a1a-4763-9549-e2c50eb80836.jpg|thumb|Aunt Jemima|alt=|379x379px]]&lt;br /&gt;
The generalization of Aunt Jemima developed out of the Mammy picture. She contrasts with Mammy in that her obligations were limited to cooking. Through Aunt Jemima, the African-American lady's domestic work relationship, particularly cooking, got fixed in society's personalities. Accordingly, many Aunt Jemima collectibles discovered their way into the American kitchens. These black collectibles included staple rundown holders, salt and pepper shakers, spoon holders, burner sets, flour scoops, spatulas, blending bowls, match holders, tea kettles, hot-cushion holders, and substantially more.   &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Maybe Aunt Jemimah's most acclaimed picture is in the pancake promotion crusade. In St. Joseph, Mo., in 1889, Chris Rutt picked&amp;quot;'''[[Aunt Jemima]]'''&amp;quot; as the name for his new self-rising pancake mix since ''&amp;quot;it just normally made me consider great cooking.&amp;quot;'' Others concurred because the mission was a momentous achievement. Rutt offered his organization to Davis Milling Co., which picked Nancy Green as the Aunt Jemima items representative. This character built up a steadfast after of the two blacks and whites. To these individuals, Aunt Jemima had become a reality. Her face actually can be found on the pancake boxes today. Even though her picture has changed somewhat, the generalization lives on.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.ferris.edu/HTMLS/news/jimcrow/links/essays/vcu.htm Negative Racial Stereotypes and Their Effect on Attitudes Toward African-Americans]. Ferris.edu. Retrieved March 18, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Aunt Jemima brand pancake mix has been a piece of American life for over a century now, an overwhelmingly well-known selection of purchasers. The lady has gone through various makeovers. However, she stays as before critically, an image of some implicit relationship among black worker ladies, the kitchen, and great food. This image remains too solid a promoting apparatus for its proprietors, the Quaker Oats Organization, to surrender. Aunt Jemima's story might be interesting for several reasons. She may be the first trademark to walk and talk, and the product she promoted was the first in a wave of so-called labor-saving products at the beginning of this century.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Maurice M. Manring. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/26235388?read-now=1&amp;amp;seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents Aunt Jemima Explained: The Old South, the Absent Mistress, and the Slave in a Box]. Jstor.org. Retrieved March 18, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Nancy Green==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Aunt-jemima.jpg|left|thumb|400x400px|Nancy Green as Aunt Jemima Illustration]]&lt;br /&gt;
In 1890, a previous slave named '''Nancy Green''' was an employee representing Aunt Jemima brand food items.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Nancy Green was naturally introduced to slavery in 1834 in Montgomery Region, Kentucky. In 1889, Aunt Jemima's creators, Charles Rutt and Charles Underwood, offered the organization to R.T Davis, who discovered Nancy Green in Chicago before long. The past proprietors had effectively settled upon her 'look' of a bandana and apron. Davis consolidated Aunt Jemima's appearance with lively tunes from the Vaudeville circuit, thus creating the Aunt Jemima brand. &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://blackamericaweb.com/2013/03/28/little-known-black-history-fact-the-history-of-aunt-jemima/ Little Known Black History Fact: The History of Aunt Jemima.] Blackamericaweb.com. Retrieved March 18, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The entertainers wore covers and red bandannas, impersonating the southern ''mammy'' in the kitchen. She was persistent, fat, and stupid, a buddy of the country idiot Jim Crow and his fashionable city cousin, Zip Coon. An odd character, she was terrified and confounded by any development in innovation; for example, the phone and her powerlessness to adapt made her the aim of the joke for white crowds. Yet, in the kitchen, she was an unchallenged master, the cook for an admired adaptation of the Old South, a place known for acceptable food, delightful yet delicate white lady, warm climate, sophistication, and recreation.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Maurice M. Manring. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/26235388?read-now=1&amp;amp;seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents Aunt Jemima Explained: The Old South, the Absent Mistress, and the Slave in a Box]. Jstor.org. Retrieved March 18, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
She imitated Aunt Jemima until she died in 1923. Nancy Green, standing next to the basket, dressed as Aunt Jemima, sang, cooked pancakes, and told stories about the Old South. These stories made the South as happy as black and white local. She achieved great success. At the end of the trade fair, she had already sent thousands of pancakes. Her victory made her a national celebrity. The Company posts her photo on billboards across the country with the headline. Green, who imitated Aunt Jemima, has appeared in countless country fairs, flea markets, food exhibitions, and local grocery stores. By the turn of the century, Aunt Jemima and Armor Meat Chef were the two most trusted American housewives' business symbols. In 1910 more than 120 million breakfasts were provided to Aunt Jemima each year. Aunt Jemima's prevalence has inspired many gifts and postal gifts, including dolls, breakfast club pins, tableware, and recipe manuals.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
R.T. Davis Mill Company changed its name to Aunt Jemima Company in 1914 and finally sold to '''Quaker Oats Company''' in 1926. In 1933, Anna Robinson, who weighed 350 pounds, became the second Aunt Jemima. Her complexion is much heavier and darker than Nancy Green. The third Aunt Jemima is Edith Wilson. Edith Wilson is mainly known for her role as Aunt Jemima on radio and TV shows from 1948 to 1966. By the 1960s, Quaker Oats Company became the market leader in the frozen food industry, and Aunt Jemima was the American icon. In recent years, Aunt Jemima has gotten a makeover: her skin has turned pale, and the handkerchief removes from her head. Now she looked like a charming maid, not a mammy from Jim Crow's time.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.ferris.edu/jimcrow/mammies/ The Mammy Caricature.] Ferris.edu. Retrieved March 18, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Black Stereotype==&lt;br /&gt;
Desire to transform the conflict between the Civil War and the pre-war slavery world into a human, laid-back old South's fictional memory, the white creator of Aunt Jemima reinterpreted the black and white planting life, usually based on the black stereotype. Center women and men and their roles in the life of the white plantation. Manring asserts that Aunt Jemima's image is an exciting expression of pre-war and post-war prostitute shows. A ready-made mammy meets the race, gender, and class expectations of the white middle class and learns how to deal with a fewer servant and a modern kitchen. However, for African Americans, this image of a nanny used to be and is still particularly painful. As a subordinate symbol of black women under slavery and as a houseworker after liberation, the overweight, joyful mothers covered in scarves have constantly been reminding whites of oppression. Manring also believes that this racialized nursery stereotype seemed out of place in the 1990s. However, Aunt Jemima insisted on it because the concept of race and gender is still deeply rooted in our national culture.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
By studying a century of advertising copy created by various advertising agencies and the company records of companies that own the product and its advertising images, especially Quaker Oats Company, Manring reveals deliberate manipulation by the public under careful circumstances. A hundred years of large-scale marketing activities have aroused colossal consumer demand for ready-made products. By fusing concepts about race, class, and gender, these advertising strategies attracted national white consciousness committed to reconciliation after the civil war and reconstruction.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kate Clifford Larson. [https://networks.h-net.org/node/11634/reviews/14707/larson-manring-slave-box-strange-career-aunt-jemima Larson on Manring, 'Slave in a Box: The Strange Career of Aunt Jemima'.] Networks.h-net.org. Retrieved March 18, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Based on [https://www.chicagotribune.com/ ''CHICAGO TRIBUNE''] Aunt Jemima was invented to sell a ready-made pancake mix. She is based on a character in a bard performance. As with all advertisements, her role is conceived for consumers (in this case, white consumers). For them, Aunt Jemima represented a peaceful and relaxed life. Thanks to the joyous service of black women, they were &amp;quot;respected,&amp;quot; with forced intimacy and fictitious titles of relatives.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;'''JOHN MARK HANSEN.''' [https://www.chicagotribune.com/opinion/commentary/ct-opinion-aunt-jemima-brand-real-women-20200619-5wkt2euhrbcjdokrh5qvu6r7te-story.html Commentary: The real stories of the Chicago women who portrayed Aunt Jemima.] Chicagotribune.com. June 19, 2020. Retrieved March 18, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''&amp;lt;code&amp;gt;&amp;quot;For many African American women, on the other hand, Aunt Jemima represented the reality of life in the racialized order of America, a life of servitude imposed on women who had no real choices in life.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt;''&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Al</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Aunt_Jemimah&amp;diff=7233437</id>
		<title>Aunt Jemimah</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Aunt_Jemimah&amp;diff=7233437"/>
		<updated>2021-03-26T16:00:05Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Al: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[Category:Racism in Folklore]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:B53482cc-8a1a-4763-9549-e2c50eb80836.jpg|thumb|Aunt Jemima|alt=|379x379px]]&lt;br /&gt;
The generalization of Aunt Jemima developed out of the Mammy picture. She contrasts with Mammy in that her obligations were limited to cooking. Through Aunt Jemima, the African-American lady's domestic work relationship, particularly cooking, got fixed in society's personalities. Accordingly, many Aunt Jemima collectibles discovered their way into the American kitchens. These black collectibles included staple rundown holders, salt and pepper shakers, spoon holders, burner sets, flour scoops, spatulas, blending bowls, match holders, tea kettles, hot-cushion holders, and substantially more.   &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Maybe Aunt Jemimah's most acclaimed picture is in the pancake promotion crusade. In St. Joseph, Mo., in 1889, Chris Rutt picked&amp;quot;'''[[Aunt Jemima]]'''&amp;quot; as the name for his new self-rising pancake mix since ''&amp;quot;it just normally made me consider great cooking.&amp;quot;'' Others concurred because the mission was a momentous achievement. Rutt offered his organization to Davis Milling Co., which picked Nancy Green as the Aunt Jemima items representative. This character built up a steadfast after of the two blacks and whites. To these individuals, Aunt Jemima had become a reality. Her face actually can be found on the pancake boxes today. Even though her picture has changed somewhat, the generalization lives on.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.ferris.edu/HTMLS/news/jimcrow/links/essays/vcu.htm Negative Racial Stereotypes and Their Effect on Attitudes Toward African-Americans]. Ferris.edu. Retrieved March 18, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Aunt Jemima brand pancake mix has been a piece of American life for over a century now, an overwhelmingly well-known selection of purchasers. The lady has gone through various makeovers. However, she stays as before critically, an image of some implicit relationship among black worker ladies, the kitchen, and great food. This image remains too solid a promoting apparatus for its proprietors, the Quaker Oats Organization, to surrender. Aunt Jemima's story might be interesting for several reasons. She may be the first trademark to walk and talk, and the product she promoted was the first in a wave of so-called labor-saving products at the beginning of this century.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Maurice M. Manring. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/26235388?read-now=1&amp;amp;seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents Aunt Jemima Explained: The Old South, the Absent Mistress, and the Slave in a Box]. Jstor.org. Retrieved March 18, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Nancy Green==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Aunt-jemima.jpg|left|thumb|400x400px|Nancy Green as Aunt Jemima Illustration]]&lt;br /&gt;
In 1890, a previous slave named '''Nancy Green''' was an employee representing Aunt Jemima brand food items.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Nancy Green was naturally introduced to slavery in 1834 in Montgomery Region, Kentucky. In 1889, Aunt Jemima's creators, Charles Rutt, and Charles Underwood offered the organization to R.T Davis, who discovered Nancy Green in Chicago before long. The past proprietors had effectively settled upon her 'look' of a bandana and apron. Davis consolidated Aunt Jemima's appearance with lively tunes from the Vaudeville circuit, thus creating the Aunt Jemima brand. &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://blackamericaweb.com/2013/03/28/little-known-black-history-fact-the-history-of-aunt-jemima/ Little Known Black History Fact: The History of Aunt Jemima.] Blackamericaweb.com. Retrieved March 18, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The entertainers wore covers and red bandannas, impersonating the southern ''mammy'' in the kitchen. She was persistent, fat, and stupid, a buddy of the country idiot Jim Crow and his fashionable city cousin, Zip Coon. An odd character, she was terrified and confounded by any development in innovation; for example, the phone and her powerlessness to adapt made her the aim of the joke for white crowds. Yet, in the kitchen, she was an unchallenged master, the cook for an admired adaptation of the Old South, a place known for acceptable food, delightful yet delicate white lady, warm climate, sophistication, and recreation.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Maurice M. Manring. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/26235388?read-now=1&amp;amp;seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents Aunt Jemima Explained: The Old South, the Absent Mistress, and the Slave in a Box]. Jstor.org. Retrieved March 18, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
She imitated Aunt Jemima until she died in 1923. Nancy Green, standing next to the basket, dressed as Aunt Jemima, sang, cooked pancakes, and told stories about the Old South. These stories made the South as happy as black and white local. She achieved great success. At the end of the trade fair, she had already sent thousands of pancakes. Her victory made her a national celebrity. The Company posts her photo on billboards across the country with the headline. Green, who imitated Aunt Jemima, has appeared in countless country fairs, flea markets, food exhibitions, and local grocery stores. By the turn of the century, Aunt Jemima and Armor Meat Chef were the two most trusted American housewives' business symbols. In 1910 more than 120 million breakfasts were provided to Aunt Jemima each year. Aunt Jemima's prevalence has inspired many gifts and postal gifts, including dolls, breakfast club pins, tableware, and recipe manuals.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
R.T. Davis Mill Company changed its name to Aunt Jemima Company in 1914 and finally sold to '''Quaker Oats Company''' in 1926. In 1933, Anna Robinson, who weighed 350 pounds, became the second Aunt Jemima. Her complexion is much heavier and darker than Nancy Green. The third Aunt Jemima is Edith Wilson. Edith Wilson is mainly known for her role as Aunt Jemima on radio and TV shows from 1948 to 1966. By the 1960s, Quaker Oats Company became the market leader in the frozen food industry, and Aunt Jemima was the American icon. In recent years, Aunt Jemima has gotten a makeover: her skin has turned pale, and the handkerchief removes from her head. Now she looked like a charming maid, not a mammy from Jim Crow's time.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.ferris.edu/jimcrow/mammies/ The Mammy Caricature.] Ferris.edu. Retrieved March 18, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Black Stereotype==&lt;br /&gt;
Desire to transform the conflict between the Civil War and the pre-war slavery world into a human, laid-back old South's fictional memory, the white creator of Aunt Jemima reinterpreted the black and white planting life, usually based on the black stereotype. Center women and men and their roles in the life of the white plantation. Manring asserts that Aunt Jemima's image is an exciting expression of pre-war and post-war prostitute shows. A ready-made mammy meets the race, gender, and class expectations of the white middle class and learns how to deal with a fewer servant and a modern kitchen. However, for African Americans, this image of a nanny used to be and is still particularly painful. As a subordinate symbol of black women under slavery and as a houseworker after liberation, the overweight, joyful mothers covered in scarves have constantly been reminding whites of oppression. Manring also believes that this racialized nursery stereotype seemed out of place in the 1990s. However, Aunt Jemima insisted on it because the concept of race and gender is still deeply rooted in our national culture.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
By studying a century of advertising copy created by various advertising agencies and the company records of companies that own the product and its advertising images, especially Quaker Oats Company, Manring reveals deliberate manipulation by the public under careful circumstances. A hundred years of large-scale marketing activities have aroused colossal consumer demand for ready-made products. By fusing concepts about race, class, and gender, these advertising strategies attracted national white consciousness committed to reconciliation after the civil war and reconstruction.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kate Clifford Larson. [https://networks.h-net.org/node/11634/reviews/14707/larson-manring-slave-box-strange-career-aunt-jemima Larson on Manring, 'Slave in a Box: The Strange Career of Aunt Jemima'.] Networks.h-net.org. Retrieved March 18, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Based on [https://www.chicagotribune.com/ ''CHICAGO TRIBUNE''] Aunt Jemima was invented to sell a ready-made pancake mix. She is based on a character in a bard performance. As with all advertisements, her role is conceived for consumers (in this case, white consumers). For them, Aunt Jemima represented a peaceful and relaxed life. Thanks to the joyous service of black women, they were &amp;quot;respected,&amp;quot; with forced intimacy and fictitious titles of relatives.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;'''JOHN MARK HANSEN.''' [https://www.chicagotribune.com/opinion/commentary/ct-opinion-aunt-jemima-brand-real-women-20200619-5wkt2euhrbcjdokrh5qvu6r7te-story.html Commentary: The real stories of the Chicago women who portrayed Aunt Jemima.] Chicagotribune.com. June 19, 2020. Retrieved March 18, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''&amp;lt;code&amp;gt;&amp;quot;For many African American women, on the other hand, Aunt Jemima represented the reality of life in the racialized order of America, a life of servitude imposed on women who had no real choices in life.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt;''&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Al</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Dangerous_and_Untouched_Africans&amp;diff=7231802</id>
		<title>Dangerous and Untouched Africans</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Dangerous_and_Untouched_Africans&amp;diff=7231802"/>
		<updated>2021-03-26T13:59:20Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Al: /* Blackface and Black Characters Over Time */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;==Blackface and Black Characters Over Time==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Birth of a Nation.jpg|thumb|Actors in the garb of the Ku Klux Klan chase down a white actor in blackface, in a still from The Birth of a Nation. Hulton Archive/Getty Images]]&lt;br /&gt;
In the early days of Hollywood, black roles were not often played by black actors, just as Asian characters were not always played by Asians. They didn't appear at all, except as caricatures performed by white actors in blackface. This trend has its origins in the American theater tradition of minstrelsy, which featured a number of racial myths about black people.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After a long period of backlash, blackface is now much less common: in Dear White People, for example, college fraternity members throw a blackface-themed party, which the film, as well as the Netflix series of the same name, use as a springboard for a discussion of racism at colleges throughout the United States. On the contrary, ''Scary Black Man'' and[[Black Characters Die First | ''Black Dude Dies First'']] characters in Hollywood soar from 1960 to 2000.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;dw&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[https://www.dw.com/en/hollywood-movies-stereotypes-prejudice-data-analysis/a-47561660 ''What Hollywood movies do to perpetuate racial stereotypes'']. dw.com. Retrieved March 17, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Before movies had even existed, the entertainment industry had been dehumanizing black people. In the 1830s, white performers imitated enslaved people by coloring their masks, wearing ripped clothing, and imitating them. Only offensive caricatures are depicting black people: poor, ignorant, hypersexual, and criminal.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Morton, Ke’Asia. [https://thewilsonbeacon.com/17349/magazine/a-history-of-black-representation-in-hollywood-progress-of-appropriate-portrayal/ ''A history of Black representation in Hollywood: progress of appropriate portrayal'']. The Beacon. 27 October 2020. Retrieved March 17, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Stereotype in Entertainment==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Getout2017.png|thumb|Daniel Kaluuya stars in Get Out (2017)]]&lt;br /&gt;
However, as Hollywood has featured more black characters and cast more black stars, other myths have become more prominent. To this day, black men are frequently depicted as scary or furious, and black women are commonly described as loudmouthed and sassy. The black best friend is almost always the token black character in a film. Besides, if characters in a movie disappear, the black actor is expected to die first. And as public awareness of racial stereotypes increases, Hollywood continues to use them. If Africa is mentioned, it is portrayed as dangerous and untouched by civilization. In the film, black characters are often cast in stereotype stereotypes (thugs, pimps, gangsters), reinforcing the crime reputation that African-Americans and their culture have earned.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;blake&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Edwards, Blake. [https://aquila.usm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1718&amp;amp;context=masters_theses ''Acting Black: An Analysis of Blackness and Criminality in Film'']. aquila.usm.edu. Retrieved March 17, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The negative portrayals of black people in Hollywood often apply to black Americans. African-themed stereotypes are more unusual, partially because few Hollywood films feature African characters. The most popular trope about Africa, according to TVTropes users, is &amp;quot;Darkest Africa,&amp;quot; which portrays the continent as a remote and dangerous remote land with only intermittent links to &amp;quot;modern&amp;quot; society. However, the representation is becoming less popular.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;dw&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The movie Birth of a Nation, DW Griffith’s film released on 8 February 1915&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Brook, Tom. [https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20150206-the-most-racist-movie-ever-made ''The Birth of a Nation: The most racist movie ever made?'']. BBC. 6 February 2015. Retrieved March 17, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;, depicted African-American men as uneducated, vicious brutes preyed on vulnerable white women. It portrayed African Americans in such a negative light that the stigma associated with this depiction continues to afflict the black community today&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;blake&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==The False Assumptions==&lt;br /&gt;
Mary Beth Oliver is an associate professor of communication that teaches media effects, communication research, quantitative research methods, and interpersonal communication at Penn State University. She wrote a Journal of African American Studies titled ''&amp;quot;African American Men as &amp;quot;Criminal and Dangerous&amp;quot;: Implications of Media Portrayals of Crime on the &amp;quot;Criminalization&amp;quot; of African American Men&amp;quot;'' back in September 2003. The study mentioned the correlation of African American men with danger and crime represents several causes and a long tradition of racism and stereotyping. According to this journal, the way the media (especially the news media) portrays race and crime plays a significant role in the stereotyping of black males as violent and dangerous. The racial biases and racial prejudice to African Americans who are &amp;quot;assumed&amp;quot; to be threatening and violent come with the price, such as innocent men shooting by the police officers that happen at an alarming rate. Nonetheless, the great extent to which black men have become the object of wrongfully targeted police brutality illustrates the apparent influence that race plays in misguided perceptions of risk and crime. Of course, the mistaken assumptions is not only manifested in the law-enforcement field but also in several aspects such as storekeepers/salesperson who always keep an eye for black customers in-store even using racial profiling or specific racist code name for black people (see also: [[:Category:Shopping While Black|Shopping While Black]])&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Oliver, Mary Beth. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41819017?seq=1 ''African American Men as &amp;quot;Criminal and Dangerous&amp;quot;: Implications of Media Portrayals of Crime on the &amp;quot;Criminalization&amp;quot; of African American Men'']. jstor.org. September 2003. Retrieved March 17, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See Also==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Get out (2017)]]&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[:Category:Shopping While Black | Shopping While Black]]&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[:Category:Black-Targeted Racism in Brand |Black-Targeted Racism in Brand]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Racism in Folklore]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Al</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=The_Watermelon&amp;diff=7231329</id>
		<title>The Watermelon</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=The_Watermelon&amp;diff=7231329"/>
		<updated>2021-03-26T13:48:47Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Al: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;How does a watermelon relate to the black race? Why are black people mocked as they eat watermelons while white people are free to eat watermelons? The stereotype might be ambiguous for several people, but for black Americans, this has emerged for a particular political purpose during the Civil War era. Watermelons became a symbol of freedom as the black people, primarily slaves in the Civil War are free to cultivate, eat and sell them in markets. Southern whites are intimidated with watermelons as the symbol of freedom, and they decided to campaign that watermelons are a symbol of dirtiness, stupidity, negligence, and unworthy. The campaign has gone massive, becoming racist tropes in American culture, which still exist today.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The racist trope is showing in the news, such as in the protest of Michael Brown's killing where a watermelon display portrays a mockery against the Black Empowerment march&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Gardner, John.[https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2861693/120-mile-Ferguson-march-met-display-melon-fried-chicken-40oz-beer-racist-counter-protesters-rural-Missouri.html Ferguson 'march for justice' met with display of a melon, fried chicken, a 40oz beer and 200 racist protesters in rural Missouri]. December 05, 2013. ''dailymail.co.uk''. Retrieved March 21, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. Not only that, while Obama went up becoming the President of the US, a cartoonist of the Boston Herald depicts a satire cartoon where an intruder is lying in President Obama's bathtub, questioning him if he has tried the &amp;quot;watermelon-flavored toothpaste.&amp;quot;. Though the Boston Herald quickly apologized for the cartoon, the racist trope on watermelon still exists up to the modern era in the 2000s&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Killough, Ashley.[http://edition.cnn.com/2014/10/01/politics/boston-herald-cartoon/index.html Boston Herald apologizes for Obama cartoon after backlash]. October 01, 2014. ''edition.cnn.com''. Retrieved March 21, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==History==&lt;br /&gt;
At first, southern whites believe that letting slaves enjoy watermelons showed benevolence given by the slave owners. Slaves were given instructions on how to enjoy watermelons. However, the act of generosity is changed into a mocker as emancipation emerged. When the black people found watermelons as a symbol of freedom to consume and make money from cultivating watermelons, the Southern whites published a caricature in Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper in 1869. The caricature showed the blacks were eating watermelons, and the caption said, “The Southern negro in no particular more palpably exhibits his epicurean tastes than in his excessive fondness for watermelons. The juvenile freedman is especially intense in his partiality for that refreshing fruit.”&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Black, William R. [https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2014/12/how-watermelons-became-a-racist-trope/383529/ How Watermelons Became a Racist Trope]. December 08, 2014. ''theatlantic.com''. Retrieved March 21, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Furthermore, there was a scene where a white boy named Henry Evans was angry for being left by his black nanny. When he encountered her on the street, her nanny offered him a watermelon but, he declined the offer and even said that he would not eat watermelons as it was negroes food.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Black, William R. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/26381503?seq=1 How Watermelons Became Black]. March 2018. ''University of North Carolina Press''. Retrieved March 21, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Watermelon1.jpg|thumb|The racist watermelon trope, Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, c. 1869&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Black, William R. [https://cdn.theatlantic.com/thumbor/OXaA9I9hm5x9Xio5VE4LIeC-F4M=/570x364/media/img/posts/2014/12/2._Frank_Leslies_1869_09_11_p._412/original.jpg Frank Leslies]. December 04, 2014. ''theatlantic.com''. Retrieved March 21, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.]]&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
In the 1880 election period, the Democrats accused the South Carolina state legislatures (mostly are blacks) that they had wasted taxpayers' money on the refreshment of watermelons. Although it was a lie, American history books recorded the story. At the beginning of the 20th century, the racist trope on watermelons spread everywhere. There was a phenomenal postcard that displayed a watermelon carried by an elderly black man. The black man is shown to be bewailed and said, ''&amp;quot;Dis am de wust perdickermunt ob mah life.&amp;quot;'' which referred to black men only care about their stomach. Another postcard named &amp;quot;Coon cards&amp;quot; showed where Black people steal watermelons, argue over watermelons, and eventually transform into watermelons. The Jim Crow Museum stores many three-dimensional objects such as toys, match handles, figures, relics, and crackers are displaying black Americans eating watermelons. Some of them are portrayed as contented Coons with hideous faces, and bright red highlighted lips, and torn clothes.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Watermelon2.jpg|thumb|Contented Coons Postcard&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Pilgrim, David. [https://www.ferris.edu/HTMLS/news/jimcrow/question/2008/images/may/evolve.jpg Evolve]. May 2018. ''Ferris State University''. Retrieved March 21, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When Jackie Robinson went into Major League Baseball as the first black professional player in 1947, he was thrown garbage, tomatoes, and watermelon slices. Besides, while the black protested the slaughter of a black boy in Bensonhurst, New York, in 1989, some white people yelled at them and held watermelons above their heads as a mockery for the black people.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Pilgrim, David. [https://www.ferris.edu/HTMLS/news/jimcrow/question/2008/may.htm Blacks and Watermelons - May 2000]. May 2018. ''Ferris State University''. Retrieved March 21, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; There have been hundreds of racist trope cases related to watermelons and have existed for more than a hundred years.&lt;br /&gt;
==Black Tropes==&lt;br /&gt;
Initially, the watermelons are a mockery for poor Arabs. In 1801, the British officer in Egypt said watermelons as food for poor Arabs. It happened because the Arabs were eating swiftly and ravenously like somebody tried to take the food from them, and later on, they would throw the rinds to the street. For the British, this has become an implication of dirtiness, sloth, stupidity, and noise. Dirtiness since the peels are thrown to the road, sloth as people did nothing while eating watermelons, stupidity as it's assumed to lack nutrition, and noise as people who eat watermelons tend to attract other people's attention. However, the slave owners adopted this trope on the Blacks and magnified the trope through media. The trope has become a political tool for degrading the Blacks. Racists have always maintained mockery up to this era. It might sound stupid to mock people with fruits. Yet, it does exist as people's subconscious can be shaped through repeated taunts to vilify the blacks.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Black, William R. [https://msuweb.montclair.edu/~franker/Anth140/SupplementalMaterials/HowWatermelonsBecameaRacistTrope.pdf How Watermelons Became Racist Trope]. December 2014. ''Montclair State University''. Retrieved March 21, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Racism in Food culture]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Al</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Aunt_Jemimah&amp;diff=7230249</id>
		<title>Aunt Jemimah</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Aunt_Jemimah&amp;diff=7230249"/>
		<updated>2021-03-26T13:33:37Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Al: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[Category:Racism in Folklore]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:B53482cc-8a1a-4763-9549-e2c50eb80836.jpg|thumb|Aunt Jemima|alt=|379x379px]]&lt;br /&gt;
The generalization of Aunt Jemima developed out of the Mammy picture. She contrasts with Mammy in that her obligations were limited to cooking. Through Aunt Jemima, the African-American lady's relationship with domestic work, particularly cooking, got fixed in society's personalities. Accordingly, many Aunt Jemima collectibles discovered their way into the American kitchens. These black collectibles included staple rundown holders, salt and pepper shakers, spoon holders, burner sets, flour scoops, spatulas, blending bowls, match holders, tea kettles, hot-cushion holders, and substantially more.   &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Maybe Aunt Jemimah's most acclaimed picture is in the pancake promotion crusade. In St. Joseph, Mo., in 1889, Chris Rutt picked&amp;quot;'''[[Aunt Jemima]]'''&amp;quot; as the name for his new self-rising pancake mix since ''&amp;quot;it just normally made me consider great cooking.&amp;quot;'' Others concurred because the mission was a momentous achievement. Rutt offered his organization to Davis Milling Co., which picked Nancy Green as the Aunt Jemima items representative. This character built up a steadfast after of the two blacks and whites. To these individuals, Aunt Jemima had become a reality. Her face actually can be found on the pancake boxes today. Even though her picture has changed somewhat, the generalization lives on.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.ferris.edu/HTMLS/news/jimcrow/links/essays/vcu.htm Negative Racial Stereotypes and Their Effect on Attitudes Toward African-Americans]. Ferris.edu. Retrieved March 18, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Aunt Jemima brand pancake mix has been a piece of American life for over a century now, an overwhelmingly well-known selection of purchasers. The lady has gone through various makeovers. However, she stays as before critically, an image of some implicit relationship among black worker ladies, the kitchen, and great food. This image remains too solid a promoting apparatus for its proprietors, the Quaker Oats Organization, to surrender. Aunt Jemima's story might be interesting for several reasons. She may be the first trademark to walk and talk, and the product she promoted was the first in a wave of so-called labor-saving products at the beginning of this century.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Maurice M. Manring. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/26235388?read-now=1&amp;amp;seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents Aunt Jemima Explained: The Old South, the Absent Mistress, and the Slave in a Box]. Jstor.org. Retrieved March 18, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Nancy Green==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Aunt-jemima.jpg|left|thumb|400x400px|Nancy Green as Aunt Jemima Illustration]]&lt;br /&gt;
In 1890, a previous slave named '''Nancy Green''' was an employee representing Aunt Jemima brand food items.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Nancy Green was naturally introduced to slavery in 1834 in Montgomery Region, Kentucky. In 1889, Aunt Jemima's creators, Charles Rutt, and Charles Underwood offered the organization to R.T Davis, who discovered Nancy Green in Chicago before long. The past proprietors had effectively settled upon her 'look' of a bandana and apron. Davis consolidated Aunt Jemima's appearance with lively tunes from the Vaudeville circuit, thus creating the Aunt Jemima brand. &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://blackamericaweb.com/2013/03/28/little-known-black-history-fact-the-history-of-aunt-jemima/ Little Known Black History Fact: The History of Aunt Jemima.] Blackamericaweb.com. Retrieved March 18, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The entertainers wore covers and red bandannas, impersonating the southern ''mammy'' in the kitchen. She was persistent, fat, and stupid, a buddy of the country idiot Jim Crow and his fashionable city cousin, Zip Coon. An odd character, she was terrified and confounded by any development in innovation; for example, the phone and her powerlessness to adapt made her the aim of the joke for white crowds. Yet, in the kitchen, she was an unchallenged master, the cook for an admired adaptation of the Old South, a place known for acceptable food, delightful yet delicate white lady, warm climate, sophistication, and recreation.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Maurice M. Manring. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/26235388?read-now=1&amp;amp;seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents Aunt Jemima Explained: The Old South, the Absent Mistress, and the Slave in a Box]. Jstor.org. Retrieved March 18, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
She imitated Aunt Jemima until she died in 1923. Nancy Green, standing next to the basket, dressed as Aunt Jemima, sang, cooked pancakes, and told stories about the Old South. These stories made the South as happy as black and white local. She achieved great success. At the end of the trade fair, she had already sent thousands of pancakes. Her victory made her a national celebrity. The Company posts her photo on billboards across the country with the headline. Green, who imitated Aunt Jemima, has appeared in countless country fairs, flea markets, food exhibitions, and local grocery stores. By the turn of the century, Aunt Jemima and Armor Meat Chef were the two most trusted American housewives' business symbols. In 1910 more than 120 million breakfasts were provided to Aunt Jemima each year. Aunt Jemima's prevalence has inspired many gifts and postal gifts, including dolls, breakfast club pins, tableware, and recipe manuals.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
R.T. Davis Mill Company changed its name to Aunt Jemima Company in 1914 and finally sold to '''Quaker Oats Company''' in 1926. In 1933, Anna Robinson, who weighed 350 pounds, became the second Aunt Jemima. Her complexion is much heavier and darker than Nancy Green. The third Aunt Jemima is Edith Wilson. Edith Wilson is mainly known for her role as Aunt Jemima on radio and TV shows from 1948 to 1966. By the 1960s, Quaker Oats Company became the market leader in the frozen food industry, and Aunt Jemima was the American icon. In recent years, Aunt Jemima has gotten a makeover: her skin has turned pale, and the handkerchief removes from her head. Now she looked like a charming maid, not a mammy from Jim Crow's time.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.ferris.edu/jimcrow/mammies/ The Mammy Caricature.] Ferris.edu. Retrieved March 18, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Black Stereotype==&lt;br /&gt;
Desire to transform the conflict between the Civil War and the pre-war slavery world into a human, laid-back old South's fictional memory, the white creator of Aunt Jemima reinterpreted the black and white planting life, usually based on the black stereotype. Center women and men and their roles in the life of the white plantation. Manring asserts that Aunt Jemima's image is an exciting expression of pre-war and post-war prostitute shows. A ready-made mammy meets the race, gender, and class expectations of the white middle class and learns how to deal with a fewer servant and a modern kitchen. However, for African Americans, this image of a nanny used to be and is still particularly painful. As a subordinate symbol of black women under slavery and as a houseworker after liberation, the overweight, joyful mothers covered in scarves have constantly been reminding whites of oppression. Manring also believes that this racialized nursery stereotype seemed out of place in the 1990s. However, Aunt Jemima insisted on it because the concept of race and gender is still deeply rooted in our national culture.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
By studying a century of advertising copy created by various advertising agencies and the company records of companies that own the product and its advertising images, especially Quaker Oats Company, Manring reveals deliberate manipulation by the public under careful circumstances. A hundred years of large-scale marketing activities have aroused colossal consumer demand for ready-made products. By fusing concepts about race, class, and gender, these advertising strategies attracted national white consciousness committed to reconciliation after the civil war and reconstruction.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kate Clifford Larson. [https://networks.h-net.org/node/11634/reviews/14707/larson-manring-slave-box-strange-career-aunt-jemima Larson on Manring, 'Slave in a Box: The Strange Career of Aunt Jemima'.] Networks.h-net.org. Retrieved March 18, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Based on [https://www.chicagotribune.com/ ''CHICAGO TRIBUNE''] Aunt Jemima was invented to sell a ready-made pancake mix. She is based on a character in a bard performance. As with all advertisements, her role is conceived for consumers (in this case, white consumers). For them, Aunt Jemima represented a peaceful and relaxed life. Thanks to the joyous service of black women, they were &amp;quot;respected,&amp;quot; with forced intimacy and fictitious titles of relatives.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;'''JOHN MARK HANSEN.''' [https://www.chicagotribune.com/opinion/commentary/ct-opinion-aunt-jemima-brand-real-women-20200619-5wkt2euhrbcjdokrh5qvu6r7te-story.html Commentary: The real stories of the Chicago women who portrayed Aunt Jemima.] Chicagotribune.com. June 19, 2020. Retrieved March 18, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''&amp;lt;code&amp;gt;&amp;quot;For many African American women, on the other hand, Aunt Jemima represented the reality of life in the racialized order of America, a life of servitude imposed on women who had no real choices in life.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt;''&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Al</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Yonge_Street&amp;diff=7214319</id>
		<title>Yonge Street</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Yonge_Street&amp;diff=7214319"/>
		<updated>2021-03-25T16:18:52Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Al: /* George Yonge, the corrupt */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;==The Street==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Yonge st.jpg|thumb|Yonge St.]]&lt;br /&gt;
Famously known as &amp;quot;the longest street in the world&amp;quot; – until 1999, Yonge Street is Toronto's main artery, connecting Lake Ontario to Lake Simcoe.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.yongelove.ca/history/ Yonge Street through the years]. ''yongelove.ca''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The Guinness Book of World Records held Yonge Street as the longest road until 1998, but it was taken out in 1999. The possibility that Yonge was the longest road in the world came from what appeared to be a continuation of Yonge on Highway 11. If it happened to be the same road, the street would be over 1800 kilometers in length.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;gh36&amp;quot;&amp;gt;mattsexsmith. [https://www.gh360.ca/?p=6819 WE ARE YONGE: EXPLORING 225 YEARS OF HISTORY ON ONTARIO'S OLDEST YONGE ST.] Dec 4, 2018. ''gh360.ca''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Yonge Street was integral to the initial planning and settlement of western Upper Canada in the 1790s, forming the concession roads in Ontario. Once the southernmost leg of Highway 11, linking the provincial capital with northern Ontario, Yonge Street has been referred to as &amp;quot;Main Street Ontario.&amp;quot; Ontario's first colonial administrator, [[John Graves Simcoe&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1|John Graves Simcoe]], named the road for his companion Sir George Yonge, an expert on ancient Roman roads.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonge_Street Yonge Street]. ''Wikipedia''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; However, the name has sparked controversies today because Sir George Yonge was a corrupt person and a slave trader.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==The Namesake: George Yonge, public figure background==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:1200px-George Yonge.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Sir George Yonge]]&lt;br /&gt;
''Sir George Yonge'' was a British Secretary at War (1782–1783 and 1783–1794). He was one of the experts on Roman Streets: ''“He was a man of letters, an F.R.S., and a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, to which he communicated an excellent memoir on the subject of Roman roads and camps, in connection with some discoveries that had been made at Mansfied, in Nottinghamshire, and hence the peculiar fitness of naming Yonge Street after him, it being precisely such a road, and adapted to similar uses, as those he had been engaged in examining.&amp;quot;''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJhDAQAAIAAJ&amp;amp;pg=PA389 Engineering]. Office for Advertisements and Publication. 1879. p. 389.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He was a Parliament member for his family's Rotten Borough of Honiton, Devon, from 1754 to 1761 and again from 1763 to 1796. He was cited for acquiring £80,000 from his father, received another £80,000 when he married, and £80,000 from Parliament, yet Honiton had &amp;quot;swallowed it all.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_George_Yonge,_5th_Baronet Sir George Yonge, 5th Baronet]. ''Wikipedia''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Honiton was one of the most venal boroughs in the kingdom. He is said to have spent colossal sums upon his constituency and trying to set up a woolen factory at Ottery St. Mary, by which he was known as a ''great loser.''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;history&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1790-1820/member/yonge-sir-george-1732-1812 YONGE, Sir George, 5th Bt. (1732-1812), of Colyton and Escott House, Devon]. ''historyofparliamentonline.org''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===George Yonge, the corrupt===&lt;br /&gt;
Yonge had had a long career as a public servant. He arrived at the British colony in South Africa, Cape Town, on 9 December 1799 as he was nominated, governor.  George Yonge's experience had no bearing on his governorship assignment. At 68 years old, he was said to be too old to become governor. His administration was marked by want of tact and judgment. For instance, he argued with General Francis Dundas''',''' the officer in command of the troops, whose power he tried to usurp. He outraged the old Dutch settlers by increasing taxes, contrary, and it was alleged. He left the administration of affairs primarily to Mr. Blake, his private secretary, and Lieutenant-colonel Cockburn, his principal aide-de-camp. They were known to bend Yonge's governorship decisions in favor of the highest bidders because they were notoriously corrupt.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Laughton, John Knox. [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Yonge,_George Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900, Volume 63: Yonge, George]. Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.286. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Yonge accepted the governorship of Cape Town to get away from his creditors. His appointment surprised many people, including the [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-Bathurst-3rd-Earl-Bathurst King. Lord Bathurst], member of Parliament for Cirencester, commented that ''&amp;quot;it seems to promise so very ill.&amp;quot;''&amp;lt;ref name=thesis/&amp;gt; Macartney, the first governor of Cape Town, was said to be shocked by the decision of such a replacement, and Addington, a member of Parliament for Devizes who later became Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1804, depicted it as a despicable job which he had tried to prevent.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Geo. III Corresp. iii. 1932; Wellesley Pprs. i. 89-90; Glenbervie Jnls. i. 148.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Within just ten months, Cape Town was a political catastrophe for the British Government and the colony. George Yonge found a formidable critique in [[wikipedia:Lady_Anne_Barnard|Lady Anne Barnard]].  [[wikipedia:Francis_Dundas|Francis Dundas]], former governor of Cape Town, told the King that Yonge’s governorship needed to be reviewed;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''his conduct ... has in such a variety of particulars been so wild and extravagant as to render it impossible to continue him in that government without exposing this country to the imputation of being indifferent to the concerns of that most important settlement.''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;history&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At the same time Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington who by the time was a Lieutenant Colonel in the [[wikipedia:Duke_of_Wellington's_Regiment|33rd Regiment]], wrote to Dundas from India:&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''My accounts from the Cape all concur in representing that government to be in a state of great confusion. The imbecility and ignorance of Sir George Yonge entirely disqualify him for his situation ... The importance of the Cape in its relation to India increases every hour ... Yonge is employed in founding theatres and masquerade rooms. He dances with more grace and perseverance than Lord Keeper Hatton; and the fame of his brawls has not only reached the kaffirs, and animated every kraal from the Cape to the desert of Sahara, but extended to the Indus and the Ganges.''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;history&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
George Yonge was dismissed in September 1801. [[wikipedia:Lady_Anne_Barnard|Lady Anne Barnard]], a wife of Andrew Bernard, a colonial secretary at the Cape of Good Hope and a Cape resident, told Wellesley that:&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''the Lofty Twaddler has had the lofty tumble I foresaw ... [he] was petrified at the event. He is so conceited of his own abilities that nothing was farther from his expectation than being blamed for anything.''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;history&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
She also mentioned that Yonge had taken an enormous bribe from a scandalous slave trader to land many slaves.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Knowles, Rachel. [https://www.regencyhistory.net/2016/11/the-unconventional-lady-anne-barnard.html The unconventional Lady Anne Barnard (1750-1825)]. Nov 8, 2016. ''regencyhistory.net''. Retrieved Feb 15, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Lady Anne Barnard, wife of the colonial secretary at the Cape of Good Hope, Andrew Barnard, had lived in Cape Town for five years. She kept a diary with information about George Yonge. She describes how Yonge's leadership caused the colony's political life to degenerate into a state of corruption worse even than the one under the [[wikipedia:Dutch_East_India_Company|VOC regime.]] Yonge did his business through his private secretary, Richard Blake, rather than through the more formal Colonial Secretary's office because Andrew Barnard, the colonial secretary, was critical of the pervasive abuses and official indulgence. Yonge plotted bribery and jobbery at illicit slave trading and other questionable practices.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Le Cordeur, Basil &amp;amp; Margaret Lenta. [https://books.google.ca/books?id=XuO1G1K1htMC&amp;amp;pg=PR23&amp;amp;lpg=PR23&amp;amp;dq=cape+articles+of+capitulation,+george+yonge&amp;amp;source=bl&amp;amp;ots=0ZGHYsZa9M&amp;amp;sig=ACfU3U3y6f20l3l6_dP4PBK4fPO-xBnxow&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwjDgsmKx_3lAhWiiOAKHY7KBZEQ6AEwAnoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=cape%20articles%20of%20capitulation%2C%20george%20yonge&amp;amp;f=false The Cape Diaries of Lady Anne Barnard, 1799-1800]. ''ebook''. p. xvii.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===George Yonge, the slave trader===&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:1118-certificate-of-slave-registry-office-1827.jpg|thumb|left| © Iziko Museums of South Africa, Social History Collections]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Despite being known as a corrupt individual, Yonge was known to abuse his power by illegally issuing slave trade licenses. In the late 18th century, the British established a restriction on new licenses to bring new slaves to the Cape of Good Hope. Slave Trade Act 1788, also known as Dolben’s Act, was an effort by the British government to eliminate the transatlantic slave trade slowly. The British parliament passed a law restricting the number of licenses to private slave trade companies. Without licenses, Slave Traders (which are private entities) – who replenished the states with (new) slaves – could not operate. However, George Yonge, as the governor of the Cape Colony, disregarded the restriction (on slave import licenses). Yonge illegally granted countless new licenses to notoriously infamous slave traders such as Michael Hogan.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;JM Fuamba, Benéshé. [https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/yonge-street-named-after-britains-absolute-racist-worst-fuamba/ YONGE STREET NAMED AFTER BRITAIN'S ABSOLUTE RACIST AND WORST HUMAN BEING: BRITISH GOV. RECORDS. HENCE, NO YONGE LANDMARKS ANYWHERE IN THE UK]. Mar 2, 2020. ''LinkedIn article''. Retrieved Feb 15, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Wilberforce.jpg|thumb|[https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/wilberforce-finally-ended-slavery Adam Smith Institute] Wilberforce Anti-Slavery Campaign]]&lt;br /&gt;
On Tuesday, 12 May 1789, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wilberforce William Wilberforce] delivered a speech regarding slave trading in the House of Commons. Quoted from ''The Morning Star'' newspaper:&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;&amp;quot;This was a dreadful expedient; and till now, he could not believe that so much misery could be condensed in so little room. He could wish to rouse the feelings of every man on the occasion, and convince the people that their intention and aid were the were the result of consideration, which did awaken him.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;speech&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Carey, Brycchan. [https://brycchancarey.com/Carey_AOJ_2003.pdf WILLIAM WILBERFORCE'S&lt;br /&gt;
SENTIMENTAL RHETORIC: PARLIAMENTARY REPORTAGE AND THE ABOLITION SPEECH OF 1789]. PDF. ''AMS Press, Inc. New York''. Retrieved Feb 18, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Wilberforce passed an Order in Council by the House of Commons in 1796. The Order in Council specified that slaves must arrive at British possessions with the metropolitan government's consent. In other words, slave importation to the Cape would need permission from the government in the form of licenses. Slave importation to the Cape Colony during the first and second British occupation was consequently firmly restricted and regulated.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Slaves were constantly imported to the Cape from 1797-1808. The matter of provincial slave importation was a significant issue, considering the impact of the antislavery movement in London. As a slave society, the Cape depended on slave labor. Decisions related to slave importation to the Cape were left in the British Secretary for War and the colonies, Henry Dundas. Dundas allowed the Cape's governors to license slave importation only when they would deem it necessary. He permitted governors to utilize their discretion on his behalf since postal communications (by ship) were slow and because 'exceptional circumstances' constantly emerged. Slave importation was, subsequently, managed by the first British occupation's governors who kept up the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company VOC] ruling that slaves must be landed with the governor's consent.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Reidy, Michael Charles. [https://open.uct.ac.za/bitstream/handle/11427/12742/thesis_hum_1997_reidy_m_c.pdf?sequence=1 THE ADMISSION OF SLAVES AND 'PRIZE SLAVES' INTO THE CAPE COLONY, 1797-1818]. ''University of Cape Town''. Retrieved Feb 17, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sir George Yonge was the only governor who abused this power of discretion. Before Yonge, licenses were extremely scarce. During George Yonge’s first week as governor of the colony, he issued Hogan licenses to import over 600 slaves into the colony.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===George Yonge, the slave trader and his accomplice, Michael Hogan===&lt;br /&gt;
'''Michael Hogan''' was an Irish-born shipowner, East India captain and slave runner.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.harlemworldmagazine.com/amazing-story-michael-hogan-founder-harlems-claremont-inn-1807-1833/ The Amazing Story Of Michael Hogan, Founder Of Harlem’s Claremont Inn, 1807-1833]. Sept 11, 2017. ''Harlem World Magazine''. Retrieved Feb 18, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; He had been importing slaves to Cape town ever since Macartney's governorship. In May 1798, [[wikipedia:George_Macartney,_1st_Earl_Macartney|Macartney]] (the first British governor of the Cape) got a proposal from Hogan and Tennant to import 400 slaves from the west coast of Africa to the Cape. He approved the application and allowed the merchants to import more than 400 slaves between 1 June 1798 and 31 May 1799. Hogan acknowledged this restriction in writing while expressing his discontentment of the quota in these terms, writing:&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''&amp;quot;as it is an undertaking that no other person or persons would enter into, totally unknown, never has been attempted&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;''A slave voyage to the west coast of Africa had not been attempted during the first British occupation of the Cape. The first slave trade expeditions to the Cape were from Angola, before the Dutch West India Company curtailed that trade. Michael Hogan would have been aware of this trade, however.''&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and in consequence attended with great difficulty and much risk to the first adventurers, we humbly hope that Government will extend its indulgence as far as the existing laws will admit. Should the West African slave trade be successful, Hogan argued, 'many Applications [would] be poured in [to the governor's office] by persons less enterprizing who only wait the issue of our undertaking&amp;quot;''&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Michael Hogan used legitimate and sneaky techniques to carry slaves into the colony from ''La Rose'', ''La Africano'', the ''JoaQuim'' and ''Collector'' between November 1799 and April 1800. To evade slave prohibition, Hogan imported slaves under the guise of said slaves having been captured from enemy vessels and, in that capacity, obligated to being sold as prize cargoes at the Cape. During this time, barely in his first week as governor, Yonge allowed Hogan the importation of 600 slaves into the state.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
By 1790, slave trade boats, including '''''The Collector''''', were licensed exclusively to capture slaves from French slave boats along the Mozambique channel; such slaves were known as prize slaves. Instead, Hogan's ship, The Collector, purchased slaves in Mozambique. This illegal trade went against the colonial administration's anti-slave trade policy. Slaves thus purchased were passed on as &amp;quot;prize slaves&amp;quot; and brought to the Cape by the Collector. In 1799, the Collector &amp;quot;captured&amp;quot; two French &amp;quot;prize&amp;quot; boat - ''La Rose'' and ''La Africano''. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On November 1799, '''''the Collector''''' accompanied ''La Rose'' into Table Bay. The crew lied before Vice-Admiralty Court, alleging that the boat and its cargo had been taken in an abandoned state off the Mahle islands. Forty-eight (out of sixty-eight) of the vessel's &amp;quot;prize slaves&amp;quot; survived quarantine on Robben Island. In December 1799, the second &amp;quot;prize&amp;quot; vessel, ''La Africano'', arrived at the Cape with 25 slaves. The crew lied again before the Vice-Admiralty Court, stating they had discovered the boat deserted close to Seychelles. The Court was told the vessels were sailing towards Mauritius. In March 1800, the ''JoaQuim'' arrived at the Cape with 422 slaves.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It happened that Hogan had submitted an appeal against the ban to import slaves to General Fraser (who was in command at the Cape between governorships) before Yonge's arrival. With Yonge's appointment as the new governor and knowing Yonge's corrupt reputation, Hogan requested that General Fraser leave his appeal to the then coming governor's decision. Seeing that General Fraser was abiding by the law by not granting him, Michael Hogan presented a second request through Yonge's own office (and private secretary, Mr. Blake) soon after Yonge landed in the Cape in mid-February 1800. Hogan told Yonge that JoaQuim's slaves would profit the state and be a meaningful response to the province's great demand for slaves. He had purchased the freight, and the captain of the ship had enabled him to sell the slaves wherever he wanted. Unlike General Fraser, Yonge allowed Hogan to land the slave cargo.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Logbook.jpg|thumb|Ship's log that was auctioned recently. Photo credit: NSW Government]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On 9 March 1800, Lady Anne witnesses the landing of these slaves in her diary as she writes; &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''&amp;quot;I passed a sort of open coast which had a paling round and on looking in saw an immense number of black bowls fixed to etruscan looking figures all in one attitude. I never saw anything so strange. I stopd the carriage and on inquiring what it was, was told it was 300 slaves of Mr Hogan's, part of his cargo which were to be sold next day and that 300 more were to be landed the day after tommorow.&amp;quot;''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;8Lady Anne Barnard's Cape Journal cited from, Margaret Lenta, 'Degrees of freedom: Lady Anne Barnard's Cape Diaries', in Mike Leighton (ed.), Eighteenth Century Studies: The Rights of Man, (HSRC, Pretoria, 1992), p.76.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Royal Navy captains (positioned in Table Bay) also got the information that governor Yonge had allowed the cargo's landing with his' Express Permission'. Andrew Barnard informed Macartney, the first governor of Cape Town, on this issue: &amp;quot;''I recollect right you declared a man should not be landed; however, when your back was turned it proved otherwise''.&amp;quot; By the time, Hogan said he sent the ''JoaQuim'' to Rio de Janeiro, while in fact, it was shipped off to Mozambique to steal more slaves.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In April 1800, Donald Campbell (Port Captain of Table Bay at the time) got reports of violence regarding '''''the Collector.'''''  The information brought by Captain Smit and the Danish vessel's crew, the Holger Danske, was that '''''the Collector''''' was known in the slave trade, and the slaves were not captured from the enemy, but instead, they were purchased. Yonge secretly threatened Campbell hoping he would drop the matter. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
However, Yonge was requested by the Court of Justice to investigate the matter, which he did reluctantly. After a few days of research, the evidence presented by Fiscal W.S van Ryneveld, who was appointed to investigate Yonge's administration, showed that the Vice-Admiralty Court had been tricked by false documentation and untruthful witnesses and that the Collector's exchanges were unlawful. It was strange for '''''the Collector''''' to have flown British flags over French flags (implying the catch of French &amp;quot;prize vessels&amp;quot;) when in fact, it had arrived in Mozambique without slaves. At first, the Collector's crew made befuddling statements before the Court. However, one of the officers aboard the Collector ultimately affirmed that two logbooks had been kept during the boat's journey, one accurate, the other fake. Upon investigation, the Court settled that the Collector's &amp;quot;prize slave&amp;quot; had not been seized from French vessels in the southwest Indian Ocean; however, these slaves were bought illegally in Mozambique. Michael Hogan was thus officially suspected of fraud.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In March 1802, an inquiry commission was put in place to explore allegations made against Yonge. Yonge was the alleged recipient of a bribe worth a few thousand pounds for a license that allowed Michael Hogan to bring 600 slaves into the colony. Yonge's private secretary, who also happened to be his niece's husband, Blake, and Yonge's confidant, Major Cockburn, masterminded and implemented this fraud. Blake and Cockburn had shares in Hogan's slave trade enterprise. Thus, indirectly Yonge had shares in Hogan slave trade. Therefore, George Yonge was a slave trader. The commissioners concluded that: &amp;quot;''A very strong degree of presumption appears in the several circumstances brought forward, that [Yonge] connived at and promoted the corrupt practices carried on in his family.&amp;quot;''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Commission of Inquiry (1802) concluded that Hogan was at fault for the Collector's illegal activities. The importation of slaves to the Cape was at its highest during Yonge's governorship.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; There were roughly 1000 slaves imported during his time as governor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
By the time  [[wikipedia:Francis_Dundas|Francis Dundas]] replaced Yonge in 1801, he was adamant about following Macartney's example of a restricted importation of slaves to the Cape. Dundas allowed just a single importation of slaves, in a total of 415 slaves, into the colony from 1801-1803. This was the last 'permitted' slave importation of the first British occupation period.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Racism in street names]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category: Racial Bias in Policing]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Al</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Yonge_Street&amp;diff=7214312</id>
		<title>Yonge Street</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Yonge_Street&amp;diff=7214312"/>
		<updated>2021-03-25T16:12:35Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Al: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;==The Street==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Yonge st.jpg|thumb|Yonge St.]]&lt;br /&gt;
Famously known as &amp;quot;the longest street in the world&amp;quot; – until 1999, Yonge Street is Toronto's main artery, connecting Lake Ontario to Lake Simcoe.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.yongelove.ca/history/ Yonge Street through the years]. ''yongelove.ca''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The Guinness Book of World Records held Yonge Street as the longest road until 1998, but it was taken out in 1999. The possibility that Yonge was the longest road in the world came from what appeared to be a continuation of Yonge on Highway 11. If it happened to be the same road, the street would be over 1800 kilometers in length.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;gh36&amp;quot;&amp;gt;mattsexsmith. [https://www.gh360.ca/?p=6819 WE ARE YONGE: EXPLORING 225 YEARS OF HISTORY ON ONTARIO'S OLDEST YONGE ST.] Dec 4, 2018. ''gh360.ca''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Yonge Street was integral to the initial planning and settlement of western Upper Canada in the 1790s, forming the concession roads in Ontario. Once the southernmost leg of Highway 11, linking the provincial capital with northern Ontario, Yonge Street has been referred to as &amp;quot;Main Street Ontario.&amp;quot; Ontario's first colonial administrator, [[John Graves Simcoe&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1|John Graves Simcoe]], named the road for his companion Sir George Yonge, an expert on ancient Roman roads.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonge_Street Yonge Street]. ''Wikipedia''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; However, the name has sparked controversies today because Sir George Yonge was a corrupt person and a slave trader.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==The Namesake: George Yonge, public figure background==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:1200px-George Yonge.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Sir George Yonge]]&lt;br /&gt;
''Sir George Yonge'' was a British Secretary at War (1782–1783 and 1783–1794). He was one of the experts on Roman Streets: ''“He was a man of letters, an F.R.S., and a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, to which he communicated an excellent memoir on the subject of Roman roads and camps, in connection with some discoveries that had been made at Mansfied, in Nottinghamshire, and hence the peculiar fitness of naming Yonge Street after him, it being precisely such a road, and adapted to similar uses, as those he had been engaged in examining.&amp;quot;''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJhDAQAAIAAJ&amp;amp;pg=PA389 Engineering]. Office for Advertisements and Publication. 1879. p. 389.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He was a Parliament member for his family's Rotten Borough of Honiton, Devon, from 1754 to 1761 and again from 1763 to 1796. He was cited for acquiring £80,000 from his father, received another £80,000 when he married, and £80,000 from Parliament, yet Honiton had &amp;quot;swallowed it all.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_George_Yonge,_5th_Baronet Sir George Yonge, 5th Baronet]. ''Wikipedia''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Honiton was one of the most venal boroughs in the kingdom. He is said to have spent colossal sums upon his constituency and trying to set up a woolen factory at Ottery St. Mary, by which he was known as a ''great loser.''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;history&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1790-1820/member/yonge-sir-george-1732-1812 YONGE, Sir George, 5th Bt. (1732-1812), of Colyton and Escott House, Devon]. ''historyofparliamentonline.org''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===George Yonge, the corrupt===&lt;br /&gt;
Yonge had had a long career as a public servant. He arrived at the British colony in South Africa, Cape Town, on 9 December 1799 as he was nominated, governor.  George Yonge's experience had no bearing on his governorship assignment. At 68 years old, he was said to be too old to become governor. His administration was marked by want of tact and judgment. For instance, he argued with General Francis Dundas''',''' the officer in command of the troops, whose power he tried to usurp. He outraged the old Dutch settlers by increasing taxes, contrary, and it was alleged. He left the administration of affairs primarily to Mr. Blake, his private secretary, and Lieutenant-colonel Cockburn, his principal aide-de-camp. They were known to bend Yonge's governorship decisions in favor of the highest bidders because they were notoriously corrupt.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Laughton, John Knox. [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Yonge,_George Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900, Volume 63: Yonge, George]. Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.286. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Yonge accepted the governorship of Cape Town to get away from his creditors. His appointment surprised many people, including the [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-Bathurst-3rd-Earl-Bathurst King. Lord Bathurst], member of Parliament for Cirencester, commented that ''&amp;quot;it seems to promise so very ill.&amp;quot;'' Macartney, the first governor of Cape Town, was said to be shocked by the decision of such a replacement, and Addington, a member of Parliament for Devizes who later became Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1804, depicted it as a despicable job which he had tried to prevent.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Geo. III Corresp. iii. 1932; Wellesley Pprs. i. 89-90; Glenbervie Jnls. i. 148.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Within just ten months, Cape Town was a political catastrophe for the British Government and the colony. George Yonge found a formidable critique in [[wikipedia:Lady_Anne_Barnard|Lady Anne Barnard]].  [[wikipedia:Francis_Dundas|Francis Dundas]], former governor of Cape Town, told the King that Yonge’s governorship needed to be reviewed;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''his conduct ... has in such a variety of particulars been so wild and extravagant as to render it impossible to continue him in that government without exposing this country to the imputation of being indifferent to the concerns of that most important settlement.''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;history&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At the same time Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington who by the time was a Lieutenant Colonel in the [[wikipedia:Duke_of_Wellington's_Regiment|33rd Regiment]], wrote to Dundas from India:&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''My accounts from the Cape all concur in representing that government to be in a state of great confusion. The imbecility and ignorance of Sir George Yonge entirely disqualify him for his situation ... The importance of the Cape in its relation to India increases every hour ... Yonge is employed in founding theatres and masquerade rooms. He dances with more grace and perseverance than Lord Keeper Hatton; and the fame of his brawls has not only reached the kaffirs, and animated every kraal from the Cape to the desert of Sahara, but extended to the Indus and the Ganges.''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;history&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
George Yonge was dismissed in September 1801. [[wikipedia:Lady_Anne_Barnard|Lady Anne Barnard]], a wife of Andrew Bernard, a colonial secretary at the Cape of Good Hope and a Cape resident, told Wellesley that:&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''the Lofty Twaddler has had the lofty tumble I foresaw ... [he] was petrified at the event. He is so conceited of his own abilities that nothing was farther from his expectation than being blamed for anything.''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;history&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
She also mentioned that Yonge had taken an enormous bribe from a scandalous slave trader to land many slaves.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Knowles, Rachel. [https://www.regencyhistory.net/2016/11/the-unconventional-lady-anne-barnard.html The unconventional Lady Anne Barnard (1750-1825)]. Nov 8, 2016. ''regencyhistory.net''. Retrieved Feb 15, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Lady Anne Barnard, wife of the colonial secretary at the Cape of Good Hope, Andrew Barnard, had lived in Cape Town for five years. She kept a diary with information about George Yonge. She describes how Yonge's leadership caused the colony's political life to degenerate into a state of corruption worse even than the one under the [[wikipedia:Dutch_East_India_Company|VOC regime.]] Yonge did his business through his private secretary, Richard Blake, rather than through the more formal Colonial Secretary's office because Andrew Barnard, the colonial secretary, was critical of the pervasive abuses and official indulgence. Yonge plotted bribery and jobbery at illicit slave trading and other questionable practices.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Le Cordeur, Basil &amp;amp; Margaret Lenta. [https://books.google.ca/books?id=XuO1G1K1htMC&amp;amp;pg=PR23&amp;amp;lpg=PR23&amp;amp;dq=cape+articles+of+capitulation,+george+yonge&amp;amp;source=bl&amp;amp;ots=0ZGHYsZa9M&amp;amp;sig=ACfU3U3y6f20l3l6_dP4PBK4fPO-xBnxow&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwjDgsmKx_3lAhWiiOAKHY7KBZEQ6AEwAnoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=cape%20articles%20of%20capitulation%2C%20george%20yonge&amp;amp;f=false The Cape Diaries of Lady Anne Barnard, 1799-1800]. ''ebook''. p. xvii.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===George Yonge, the slave trader===&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:1118-certificate-of-slave-registry-office-1827.jpg|thumb|left| © Iziko Museums of South Africa, Social History Collections]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Despite being known as a corrupt individual, Yonge was known to abuse his power by illegally issuing slave trade licenses. In the late 18th century, the British established a restriction on new licenses to bring new slaves to the Cape of Good Hope. Slave Trade Act 1788, also known as Dolben’s Act, was an effort by the British government to eliminate the transatlantic slave trade slowly. The British parliament passed a law restricting the number of licenses to private slave trade companies. Without licenses, Slave Traders (which are private entities) – who replenished the states with (new) slaves – could not operate. However, George Yonge, as the governor of the Cape Colony, disregarded the restriction (on slave import licenses). Yonge illegally granted countless new licenses to notoriously infamous slave traders such as Michael Hogan.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;JM Fuamba, Benéshé. [https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/yonge-street-named-after-britains-absolute-racist-worst-fuamba/ YONGE STREET NAMED AFTER BRITAIN'S ABSOLUTE RACIST AND WORST HUMAN BEING: BRITISH GOV. RECORDS. HENCE, NO YONGE LANDMARKS ANYWHERE IN THE UK]. Mar 2, 2020. ''LinkedIn article''. Retrieved Feb 15, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Wilberforce.jpg|thumb|[https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/wilberforce-finally-ended-slavery Adam Smith Institute] Wilberforce Anti-Slavery Campaign]]&lt;br /&gt;
On Tuesday, 12 May 1789, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wilberforce William Wilberforce] delivered a speech regarding slave trading in the House of Commons. Quoted from ''The Morning Star'' newspaper:&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;&amp;quot;This was a dreadful expedient; and till now, he could not believe that so much misery could be condensed in so little room. He could wish to rouse the feelings of every man on the occasion, and convince the people that their intention and aid were the were the result of consideration, which did awaken him.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;speech&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Carey, Brycchan. [https://brycchancarey.com/Carey_AOJ_2003.pdf WILLIAM WILBERFORCE'S&lt;br /&gt;
SENTIMENTAL RHETORIC: PARLIAMENTARY REPORTAGE AND THE ABOLITION SPEECH OF 1789]. PDF. ''AMS Press, Inc. New York''. Retrieved Feb 18, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Wilberforce passed an Order in Council by the House of Commons in 1796. The Order in Council specified that slaves must arrive at British possessions with the metropolitan government's consent. In other words, slave importation to the Cape would need permission from the government in the form of licenses. Slave importation to the Cape Colony during the first and second British occupation was consequently firmly restricted and regulated.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Slaves were constantly imported to the Cape from 1797-1808. The matter of provincial slave importation was a significant issue, considering the impact of the antislavery movement in London. As a slave society, the Cape depended on slave labor. Decisions related to slave importation to the Cape were left in the British Secretary for War and the colonies, Henry Dundas. Dundas allowed the Cape's governors to license slave importation only when they would deem it necessary. He permitted governors to utilize their discretion on his behalf since postal communications (by ship) were slow and because 'exceptional circumstances' constantly emerged. Slave importation was, subsequently, managed by the first British occupation's governors who kept up the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company VOC] ruling that slaves must be landed with the governor's consent.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Reidy, Michael Charles. [https://open.uct.ac.za/bitstream/handle/11427/12742/thesis_hum_1997_reidy_m_c.pdf?sequence=1 THE ADMISSION OF SLAVES AND 'PRIZE SLAVES' INTO THE CAPE COLONY, 1797-1818]. ''University of Cape Town''. Retrieved Feb 17, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sir George Yonge was the only governor who abused this power of discretion. Before Yonge, licenses were extremely scarce. During George Yonge’s first week as governor of the colony, he issued Hogan licenses to import over 600 slaves into the colony.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===George Yonge, the slave trader and his accomplice, Michael Hogan===&lt;br /&gt;
'''Michael Hogan''' was an Irish-born shipowner, East India captain and slave runner.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.harlemworldmagazine.com/amazing-story-michael-hogan-founder-harlems-claremont-inn-1807-1833/ The Amazing Story Of Michael Hogan, Founder Of Harlem’s Claremont Inn, 1807-1833]. Sept 11, 2017. ''Harlem World Magazine''. Retrieved Feb 18, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; He had been importing slaves to Cape town ever since Macartney's governorship. In May 1798, [[wikipedia:George_Macartney,_1st_Earl_Macartney|Macartney]] (the first British governor of the Cape) got a proposal from Hogan and Tennant to import 400 slaves from the west coast of Africa to the Cape. He approved the application and allowed the merchants to import more than 400 slaves between 1 June 1798 and 31 May 1799. Hogan acknowledged this restriction in writing while expressing his discontentment of the quota in these terms, writing:&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''&amp;quot;as it is an undertaking that no other person or persons would enter into, totally unknown, never has been attempted&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;''A slave voyage to the west coast of Africa had not been attempted during the first British occupation of the Cape. The first slave trade expeditions to the Cape were from Angola, before the Dutch West India Company curtailed that trade. Michael Hogan would have been aware of this trade, however.''&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and in consequence attended with great difficulty and much risk to the first adventurers, we humbly hope that Government will extend its indulgence as far as the existing laws will admit. Should the West African slave trade be successful, Hogan argued, 'many Applications [would] be poured in [to the governor's office] by persons less enterprizing who only wait the issue of our undertaking&amp;quot;''&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Michael Hogan used legitimate and sneaky techniques to carry slaves into the colony from ''La Rose'', ''La Africano'', the ''JoaQuim'' and ''Collector'' between November 1799 and April 1800. To evade slave prohibition, Hogan imported slaves under the guise of said slaves having been captured from enemy vessels and, in that capacity, obligated to being sold as prize cargoes at the Cape. During this time, barely in his first week as governor, Yonge allowed Hogan the importation of 600 slaves into the state.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
By 1790, slave trade boats, including '''''The Collector''''', were licensed exclusively to capture slaves from French slave boats along the Mozambique channel; such slaves were known as prize slaves. Instead, Hogan's ship, The Collector, purchased slaves in Mozambique. This illegal trade went against the colonial administration's anti-slave trade policy. Slaves thus purchased were passed on as &amp;quot;prize slaves&amp;quot; and brought to the Cape by the Collector. In 1799, the Collector &amp;quot;captured&amp;quot; two French &amp;quot;prize&amp;quot; boat - ''La Rose'' and ''La Africano''. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On November 1799, '''''the Collector''''' accompanied ''La Rose'' into Table Bay. The crew lied before Vice-Admiralty Court, alleging that the boat and its cargo had been taken in an abandoned state off the Mahle islands. Forty-eight (out of sixty-eight) of the vessel's &amp;quot;prize slaves&amp;quot; survived quarantine on Robben Island. In December 1799, the second &amp;quot;prize&amp;quot; vessel, ''La Africano'', arrived at the Cape with 25 slaves. The crew lied again before the Vice-Admiralty Court, stating they had discovered the boat deserted close to Seychelles. The Court was told the vessels were sailing towards Mauritius. In March 1800, the ''JoaQuim'' arrived at the Cape with 422 slaves.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It happened that Hogan had submitted an appeal against the ban to import slaves to General Fraser (who was in command at the Cape between governorships) before Yonge's arrival. With Yonge's appointment as the new governor and knowing Yonge's corrupt reputation, Hogan requested that General Fraser leave his appeal to the then coming governor's decision. Seeing that General Fraser was abiding by the law by not granting him, Michael Hogan presented a second request through Yonge's own office (and private secretary, Mr. Blake) soon after Yonge landed in the Cape in mid-February 1800. Hogan told Yonge that JoaQuim's slaves would profit the state and be a meaningful response to the province's great demand for slaves. He had purchased the freight, and the captain of the ship had enabled him to sell the slaves wherever he wanted. Unlike General Fraser, Yonge allowed Hogan to land the slave cargo.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Logbook.jpg|thumb|Ship's log that was auctioned recently. Photo credit: NSW Government]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On 9 March 1800, Lady Anne witnesses the landing of these slaves in her diary as she writes; &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''&amp;quot;I passed a sort of open coast which had a paling round and on looking in saw an immense number of black bowls fixed to etruscan looking figures all in one attitude. I never saw anything so strange. I stopd the carriage and on inquiring what it was, was told it was 300 slaves of Mr Hogan's, part of his cargo which were to be sold next day and that 300 more were to be landed the day after tommorow.&amp;quot;''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;8Lady Anne Barnard's Cape Journal cited from, Margaret Lenta, 'Degrees of freedom: Lady Anne Barnard's Cape Diaries', in Mike Leighton (ed.), Eighteenth Century Studies: The Rights of Man, (HSRC, Pretoria, 1992), p.76.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Royal Navy captains (positioned in Table Bay) also got the information that governor Yonge had allowed the cargo's landing with his' Express Permission'. Andrew Barnard informed Macartney, the first governor of Cape Town, on this issue: &amp;quot;''I recollect right you declared a man should not be landed; however, when your back was turned it proved otherwise''.&amp;quot; By the time, Hogan said he sent the ''JoaQuim'' to Rio de Janeiro, while in fact, it was shipped off to Mozambique to steal more slaves.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In April 1800, Donald Campbell (Port Captain of Table Bay at the time) got reports of violence regarding '''''the Collector.'''''  The information brought by Captain Smit and the Danish vessel's crew, the Holger Danske, was that '''''the Collector''''' was known in the slave trade, and the slaves were not captured from the enemy, but instead, they were purchased. Yonge secretly threatened Campbell hoping he would drop the matter. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
However, Yonge was requested by the Court of Justice to investigate the matter, which he did reluctantly. After a few days of research, the evidence presented by Fiscal W.S van Ryneveld, who was appointed to investigate Yonge's administration, showed that the Vice-Admiralty Court had been tricked by false documentation and untruthful witnesses and that the Collector's exchanges were unlawful. It was strange for '''''the Collector''''' to have flown British flags over French flags (implying the catch of French &amp;quot;prize vessels&amp;quot;) when in fact, it had arrived in Mozambique without slaves. At first, the Collector's crew made befuddling statements before the Court. However, one of the officers aboard the Collector ultimately affirmed that two logbooks had been kept during the boat's journey, one accurate, the other fake. Upon investigation, the Court settled that the Collector's &amp;quot;prize slave&amp;quot; had not been seized from French vessels in the southwest Indian Ocean; however, these slaves were bought illegally in Mozambique. Michael Hogan was thus officially suspected of fraud.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In March 1802, an inquiry commission was put in place to explore allegations made against Yonge. Yonge was the alleged recipient of a bribe worth a few thousand pounds for a license that allowed Michael Hogan to bring 600 slaves into the colony. Yonge's private secretary, who also happened to be his niece's husband, Blake, and Yonge's confidant, Major Cockburn, masterminded and implemented this fraud. Blake and Cockburn had shares in Hogan's slave trade enterprise. Thus, indirectly Yonge had shares in Hogan slave trade. Therefore, George Yonge was a slave trader. The commissioners concluded that: &amp;quot;''A very strong degree of presumption appears in the several circumstances brought forward, that [Yonge] connived at and promoted the corrupt practices carried on in his family.&amp;quot;''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Commission of Inquiry (1802) concluded that Hogan was at fault for the Collector's illegal activities. The importation of slaves to the Cape was at its highest during Yonge's governorship.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; There were roughly 1000 slaves imported during his time as governor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
By the time  [[wikipedia:Francis_Dundas|Francis Dundas]] replaced Yonge in 1801, he was adamant about following Macartney's example of a restricted importation of slaves to the Cape. Dundas allowed just a single importation of slaves, in a total of 415 slaves, into the colony from 1801-1803. This was the last 'permitted' slave importation of the first British occupation period.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Racism in street names]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category: Racial Bias in Policing]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Al</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Yonge_Street&amp;diff=7214270</id>
		<title>Yonge Street</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Yonge_Street&amp;diff=7214270"/>
		<updated>2021-03-25T16:01:26Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Al: /* George Yonge, the slave trader and his accomplice, Michael Hogan */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;==The Street==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Yonge st.jpg|thumb|Yonge St.]]&lt;br /&gt;
Famously known as &amp;quot;the longest street in the world&amp;quot; – until 1999, Yonge Street is Toronto's main artery, connecting Lake Ontario to Lake Simcoe.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.yongelove.ca/history/ Yonge Street through the years]. ''yongelove.ca''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The Guinness Book of World Records held Yonge Street as the longest road until 1998, but it was taken out in 1999. The possibility that Yonge was the longest road in the world came from what appeared to be a continuation of Yonge on Highway 11. If it happened to be the same road, the street would be over 1800 kilometers in length.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;gh36&amp;quot;&amp;gt;mattsexsmith. [https://www.gh360.ca/?p=6819 WE ARE YONGE: EXPLORING 225 YEARS OF HISTORY ON ONTARIO'S OLDEST YONGE ST.] Dec 4, 2018. ''gh360.ca''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Yonge Street was integral to the initial planning and settlement of western Upper Canada in the 1790s, forming the concession roads in Ontario. Once the southernmost leg of Highway 11, linking the provincial capital with northern Ontario, Yonge Street has been referred to as &amp;quot;Main Street Ontario.&amp;quot; Ontario's first colonial administrator, [[John Graves Simcoe&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1|John Graves Simcoe]], named the road for his companion Sir George Yonge, an expert on ancient Roman roads.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonge_Street Yonge Street]. ''Wikipedia''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; However, the name has sparked controversies today because Sir George Yonge was a corrupt person and a slave trader.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==The Namesake: George Yonge, public figure background==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:1200px-George Yonge.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Sir George Yonge]]&lt;br /&gt;
''Sir George Yonge'' was a British Secretary at War (1782–1783 and 1783–1794). He was one of the experts on Roman Streets: ''“He was a man of letters, an F.R.S., and a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, to which he communicated an excellent memoir on the subject of Roman roads and camps, in connection with some discoveries that had been made at Mansfied, in Nottinghamshire, and hence the peculiar fitness of naming Yonge Street after him, it being precisely such a road, and adapted to similar uses, as those he had been engaged in examining.&amp;quot;''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJhDAQAAIAAJ&amp;amp;pg=PA389 Engineering]. Office for Advertisements and Publication. 1879. p. 389.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He was a Parliament member for his family's Rotten Borough of Honiton, Devon, from 1754 to 1761 and again from 1763 to 1796. He was cited for acquiring £80,000 from his father, received another £80,000 when he married, and £80,000 from Parliament, yet Honiton had &amp;quot;swallowed it all.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_George_Yonge,_5th_Baronet Sir George Yonge, 5th Baronet]. ''Wikipedia''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Honiton was one of the most venal boroughs in the kingdom. He is said to have spent colossal sums upon his constituency and trying to set up a woolen factory at Ottery St. Mary, by which he was known as a ''great loser.''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;history&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1790-1820/member/yonge-sir-george-1732-1812 YONGE, Sir George, 5th Bt. (1732-1812), of Colyton and Escott House, Devon]. ''historyofparliamentonline.org''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===George Yonge, the corrupt===&lt;br /&gt;
Yonge had had a long career as a public servant. He arrived at the British colony in South Africa, Cape Town, on 9 December 1799 as he was nominated, governor.  George Yonge's experience had no bearing on his governorship assignment. At 68 years old, he was said to be too old to become governor. His administration was marked by want of tact and judgment. For instance, he argued with General Francis Dundas''',''' the officer in command of the troops, whose power he tried to usurp. He outraged the old Dutch settlers by increasing taxes, contrary, and it was alleged. He left the administration of affairs primarily to Mr. Blake, his private secretary, and Lieutenant-colonel Cockburn, his principal aide-de-camp. They were known to bend Yonge's governorship decisions in favor of the highest bidders because they were notoriously corrupt.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Laughton, John Knox. [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Yonge,_George Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900, Volume 63: Yonge, George]. Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.286. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Yonge accepted the governorship of Cape Town to get away from his creditors. His appointment surprised many people, including the [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-Bathurst-3rd-Earl-Bathurst King. Lord Bathurst], member of Parliament for Cirencester, commented that ''&amp;quot;it seems to promise so very ill.&amp;quot;'' Macartney, the first governor of Cape Town, was said to be shocked by the decision of such a replacement, and Addington, a member of Parliament for Devizes who later became Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1804, depicted it as a despicable job which he had tried to prevent.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Geo. III Corresp. iii. 1932; Wellesley Pprs. i. 89-90; Glenbervie Jnls. i. 148.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Within just ten months, Cape Town was a political catastrophe for the British Government and the colony. George Yonge found a formidable critique in [[wikipedia:Lady_Anne_Barnard|Lady Anne Barnard]].  [[wikipedia:Francis_Dundas|Francis Dundas]], former governor of Cape Town, told the King that Yonge’s governorship needed to be reviewed;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''his conduct ... has in such a variety of particulars been so wild and extravagant as to render it impossible to continue him in that government without exposing this country to the imputation of being indifferent to the concerns of that most important settlement.''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;history&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At the same time Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington who by the time was a Lieutenant Colonel in the [[wikipedia:Duke_of_Wellington's_Regiment|33rd Regiment]], wrote to Dundas from India:&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''My accounts from the Cape all concur in representing that government to be in a state of great confusion. The imbecility and ignorance of Sir George Yonge entirely disqualify him for his situation ... The importance of the Cape in its relation to India increases every hour ... Yonge is employed in founding theatres and masquerade rooms. He dances with more grace and perseverance than Lord Keeper Hatton; and the fame of his brawls has not only reached the kaffirs, and animated every kraal from the Cape to the desert of Sahara, but extended to the Indus and the Ganges.''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;history&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
George Yonge was dismissed in September 1801. [[wikipedia:Lady_Anne_Barnard|Lady Anne Barnard]], a wife of Andrew Bernard, a colonial secretary at the Cape of Good Hope and a Cape resident, told Wellesley that:&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''the Lofty Twaddler has had the lofty tumble I foresaw ... [he] was petrified at the event. He is so conceited of his own abilities that nothing was farther from his expectation than being blamed for anything.''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;history&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
She also mentioned that Yonge had taken an enormous bribe from a scandalous slave trader to land many slaves.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Knowles, Rachel. [https://www.regencyhistory.net/2016/11/the-unconventional-lady-anne-barnard.html The unconventional Lady Anne Barnard (1750-1825)]. Nov 8, 2016. ''regencyhistory.net''. Retrieved Feb 15, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Lady Anne Barnard, wife of the colonial secretary at the Cape of Good Hope, Andrew Barnard, had lived in Cape Town for five years. She kept a diary with information about George Yonge. She describes how Yonge's leadership caused the colony's political life to degenerate into a state of corruption worse even than the one under the [[wikipedia:Dutch_East_India_Company|VOC regime.]] Yonge did his business through his private secretary, Richard Blake, rather than through the more formal Colonial Secretary's office because Andrew Barnard, the colonial secretary, was critical of the pervasive abuses and official indulgence. Yonge plotted bribery and jobbery at illicit slave trading and other questionable practices.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Le Cordeur, Basil &amp;amp; Margaret Lenta. [https://books.google.ca/books?id=XuO1G1K1htMC&amp;amp;pg=PR23&amp;amp;lpg=PR23&amp;amp;dq=cape+articles+of+capitulation,+george+yonge&amp;amp;source=bl&amp;amp;ots=0ZGHYsZa9M&amp;amp;sig=ACfU3U3y6f20l3l6_dP4PBK4fPO-xBnxow&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwjDgsmKx_3lAhWiiOAKHY7KBZEQ6AEwAnoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=cape%20articles%20of%20capitulation%2C%20george%20yonge&amp;amp;f=false The Cape Diaries of Lady Anne Barnard, 1799-1800]. ''ebook''. p. xvii.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===George Yonge, the slave trader===&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:1118-certificate-of-slave-registry-office-1827.jpg|thumb|left| © Iziko Museums of South Africa, Social History Collections]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Despite being known as a corrupt individual, Yonge was known to abuse his power by illegally issuing slave trade licenses. In the late 18th century, the British established a restriction on new licenses to bring new slaves to the Cape of Good Hope. Slave Trade Act 1788, also known as Dolben’s Act, was an effort by the British government to eliminate the transatlantic slave trade slowly. The British parliament passed a law restricting the number of licenses to private slave trade companies. Without licenses, Slave Traders (which are private entities) – who replenished the states with (new) slaves – could not operate. However, George Yonge, as the governor of the Cape Colony, disregarded the restriction (on slave import licenses). Yonge illegally granted countless new licenses to notoriously infamous slave traders such as Michael Hogan.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;JM Fuamba, Benéshé. [https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/yonge-street-named-after-britains-absolute-racist-worst-fuamba/ YONGE STREET NAMED AFTER BRITAIN'S ABSOLUTE RACIST AND WORST HUMAN BEING: BRITISH GOV. RECORDS. HENCE, NO YONGE LANDMARKS ANYWHERE IN THE UK]. Mar 2, 2020. ''LinkedIn article''. Retrieved Feb 15, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Wilberforce.jpg|thumb|[https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/wilberforce-finally-ended-slavery Adam Smith Institute] Wilberforce Anti-Slavery Campaign]]&lt;br /&gt;
On Tuesday, 12 May 1789, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wilberforce William Wilberforce] delivered a speech regarding slave trading in the House of Commons. Quoted from ''The Morning Star'' newspaper:&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;&amp;quot;This was a dreadful expedient; and till now, he could not believe that so much misery could be condensed in so little room. He could wish to rouse the feelings of every man on the occasion, and convince the people that their intention and aid were the were the result of consideration, which did awaken him.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;speech&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Carey, Brycchan. [https://brycchancarey.com/Carey_AOJ_2003.pdf WILLIAM WILBERFORCE'S&lt;br /&gt;
SENTIMENTAL RHETORIC: PARLIAMENTARY REPORTAGE AND THE ABOLITION SPEECH OF 1789]. PDF. ''AMS Press, Inc. New York''. Retrieved Feb 18, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Wilberforce passed an Order in Council by the House of Commons in 1796. The Order in Council specified that slaves must arrive at British possessions with the metropolitan government's consent. In other words, slave importation to the Cape would need permission from the government in the form of licenses. Slave importation to the Cape Colony during the first and second British occupation was consequently firmly restricted and regulated.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Slaves were constantly imported to the Cape from 1797-1808. The matter of provincial slave importation was a significant issue, considering the impact of the antislavery movement in London. As a slave society, the Cape depended on slave labor. Decisions related to slave importation to the Cape were left in the British Secretary for War and the colonies, Henry Dundas. Dundas allowed the Cape's governors to license slave importation only when they would deem it necessary. He permitted governors to utilize their discretion on his behalf since postal communications (by ship) were slow and because 'exceptional circumstances' constantly emerged. Slave importation was, subsequently, managed by the first British occupation's governors who kept up the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company VOC] ruling that slaves must be landed with the governor's consent.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Reidy, Michael Charles. [https://open.uct.ac.za/bitstream/handle/11427/12742/thesis_hum_1997_reidy_m_c.pdf?sequence=1 THE ADMISSION OF SLAVES AND 'PRIZE SLAVES' INTO THE CAPE COLONY, 1797-1818]. ''University of Cape Town''. Retrieved Feb 17, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sir George Yonge was the only governor who abused this power of discretion. Before Yonge, licenses were extremely scarce. During George Yonge’s first week as governor of the colony, he issued Hogan licenses to import over 600 slaves into the colony.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===George Yonge, the slave trader and his accomplice, Michael Hogan===&lt;br /&gt;
'''Michael Hogan''' was an Irish-born shipowner, East India captain and slave runner.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.harlemworldmagazine.com/amazing-story-michael-hogan-founder-harlems-claremont-inn-1807-1833/ The Amazing Story Of Michael Hogan, Founder Of Harlem’s Claremont Inn, 1807-1833]. Sept 11, 2017. ''Harlem World Magazine''. Retrieved Feb 18, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; He had been importing slaves to Cape town ever since Macartney's governorship. In May 1798, [[wikipedia:George_Macartney,_1st_Earl_Macartney|Macartney]] (the first British governor of the Cape) got a proposal from Hogan and Tennant to import 400 slaves from the west coast of Africa to the Cape. He approved the application and allowed the merchants to import more than 400 slaves between 1 June 1798 and 31 May 1799. Hogan acknowledged this restriction in writing while expressing his discontentment of the quota in these terms, writing:&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''&amp;quot;as it is an undertaking that no other person or persons would enter into, totally unknown, never has been attempted&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;''A slave voyage to the west coast of Africa had not been attempted during the first British occupation of the Cape. The first slave trade expeditions to the Cape were from Angola, before the Dutch West India Company curtailed that trade. Michael Hogan would have been aware of this trade, however.''&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and in consequence attended with great difficulty and much risk to the first adventurers, we humbly hope that Government will extend its indulgence as far as the existing laws will admit. Should the West African slave trade be successful, Hogan argued, 'many Applications [would] be poured in [to the governor's office] by persons less enterprizing who only wait the issue of our undertaking&amp;quot;''&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Michael Hogan used legitimate and sneaky techniques to carry slaves into the colony from ''La Rose'', ''La Africano'', the ''JoaQuim'' and ''Collector'' between November 1799 and April 1800. To evade slave prohibition, Hogan imported slaves under the guise of said slaves having been captured from enemy vessels and, in that capacity, obligated to being sold as prize cargoes at the Cape. During this time, barely in his first week as governor, Yonge allowed Hogan the importation of 600 slaves into the state.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
By 1790, slave trade boats, including '''''The Collector''''', were licensed exclusively to capture slaves from French slave boats along the Mozambique channel; such slaves were known as prize slaves. Instead, Hogan's ship, The Collector, purchased slaves in Mozambique. This illegal trade went against the colonial administration's anti-slave trade policy. Slaves thus purchased were passed on as &amp;quot;prize slaves&amp;quot; and brought to the Cape by the Collector. In 1799, the Collector &amp;quot;captured&amp;quot; two French &amp;quot;prize&amp;quot; boat - ''La Rose'' and ''La Africano''. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On November 1799, '''''the Collector''''' accompanied ''La Rose'' into Table Bay. The crew lied before Vice-Admiralty Court, alleging that the boat and its cargo had been taken in an abandoned state off the Mahle islands. Forty-eight (out of sixty-eight) of the vessel's &amp;quot;prize slaves&amp;quot; survived quarantine on Robben Island. In December 1799, the second &amp;quot;prize&amp;quot; vessel, ''La Africano'', arrived at the Cape with 25 slaves. The crew lied again before the Vice-Admiralty Court, stating they had discovered the boat deserted close to Seychelles. The Court was told the vessels were sailing towards Mauritius. In March 1800, the ''JoaQuim'' arrived at the Cape with 422 slaves.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It happened that Hogan had submitted an appeal against the ban to import slaves to General Fraser (who was in command at the Cape between governorships) before Yonge's arrival. With Yonge's appointment as the new governor and knowing Yonge's corrupt reputation, Hogan requested that General Fraser leave his appeal to the then coming governor's decision. Seeing that General Fraser was abiding by the law by not granting him, Michael Hogan presented a second request through Yonge's own office (and private secretary, Mr. Blake) soon after Yonge landed in the Cape in mid-February 1800. Hogan told Yonge that JoaQuim's slaves would profit the state and be a meaningful response to the province's great demand for slaves. He had purchased the freight, and the captain of the ship had enabled him to sell the slaves wherever he wanted. Unlike General Fraser, Yonge allowed Hogan to land the slave cargo.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Logbook.jpg|thumb|Ship's log that was auctioned recently. Photo credit: NSW Government]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On 9 March 1800, Lady Anne witnesses the landing of these slaves in her diary as she writes; &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''&amp;quot;I passed a sort of open coast which had a paling round and on looking in saw an immense number of black bowls fixed to etruscan looking figures all in one attitude. I never saw anything so strange. I stopd the carriage and on inquiring what it was, was told it was 300 slaves of Mr Hogan's, part of his cargo which were to be sold next day and that 300 more were to be landed the day after tommorow.&amp;quot;''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;8Lady Anne Barnard's Cape Journal cited from, Margaret Lenta, 'Degrees of freedom: Lady Anne Barnard's Cape Diaries', in Mike Leighton (ed.), Eighteenth Century Studies: The Rights of Man, (HSRC, Pretoria, 1992), p.76.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Royal Navy captains (positioned in Table Bay) also got the information that governor Yonge had allowed the cargo's landing with his' Express Permission'. Andrew Barnard informed Macartney, the first governor of Cape Town, on this issue: &amp;quot;''I recollect right you declared a man should not be landed; however, when your back was turned it proved otherwise''.&amp;quot; By the time, Hogan said he sent the ''JoaQuim'' to Rio de Janeiro, while in fact, it was shipped off to Mozambique to steal more slaves.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In April 1800, Donald Campbell (Port Captain of Table Bay at the time) got reports of violence regarding '''''the Collector.'''''  The information brought by Captain Smit and the Danish vessel's crew, the Holger Danske, was that '''''the Collector''''' was known in the slave trade, and the slaves were not captured from the enemy, but instead, they were purchased. Yonge secretly threatened Campbell hoping he would drop the matter. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
However, Yonge was requested by the Court of Justice to investigate the matter, which he did reluctantly. After a few days of research, the evidence presented by Fiscal W.S van Ryneveld, who was appointed to investigate Yonge's administration, showed that the Vice-Admiralty Court had been tricked by false documentation and untruthful witnesses and that the Collector's exchanges were unlawful. It was strange for '''''the Collector''''' to have flown British flags over French flags (implying the catch of French &amp;quot;prize vessels&amp;quot;) when in fact, it had arrived in Mozambique without slaves. At first, the Collector's crew made befuddling statements before the Court. However, one of the officers aboard the Collector ultimately affirmed that two logbooks had been kept during the boat's journey, one accurate, the other fake. Upon investigation, the Court settled that the Collector's &amp;quot;prize slave&amp;quot; had not been seized from French vessels in the southwest Indian Ocean; however, these slaves were bought illegally in Mozambique. Michael Hogan was thus officially suspected of fraud.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In March 1802, an inquiry commission was put in place to explore allegations made against Yonge. Yonge was the alleged recipient of a bribe worth a few thousand pounds for a license that allowed Michael Hogan to bring 600 slaves into the colony. Yonge's private secretary, who also happened to be his niece's husband, Blake, and Yonge's confidant, Major Cockburn, masterminded and implemented this fraud. Blake and Cockburn had shares in Hogan's slave trade enterprise. Thus, indirectly Yonge had shares in Hogan slave trade. Therefore, George Yonge was a slave trader. The commissioners concluded that: &amp;quot;''A very strong degree of presumption appears in the several circumstances brought forward, that [Yonge] connived at and promoted the corrupt practices carried on in his family.&amp;quot;''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Commission of Inquiry (1802) concluded that Hogan was at fault for the Collector's illegal activities. The importation of slaves to the Cape was at its highest during Yonge's governorship.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; There were roughly 1000 slaves imported during his time as governor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
By the time  [[wikipedia:Francis_Dundas|Francis Dundas]] replaced Yonge in 1801, he was adamant about following Macartney's example of a restricted importation of slaves to the Cape. Dundas allowed just a single importation of slaves, in a total of 415 slaves, into the colony from 1801-1803. This was the last 'permitted' slave importation of the first British occupation period.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Black Racism in Street Names]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category: Racial Bias in Policing]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:History Corrections of Street Names]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Al</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Yonge_Street&amp;diff=7213969</id>
		<title>Yonge Street</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Yonge_Street&amp;diff=7213969"/>
		<updated>2021-03-25T15:41:38Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Al: /* George Yonge, the corrupt */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;==The Street==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Yonge st.jpg|thumb|Yonge St.]]&lt;br /&gt;
Famously known as &amp;quot;the longest street in the world&amp;quot; – until 1999, Yonge Street is Toronto's main artery, connecting Lake Ontario to Lake Simcoe.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.yongelove.ca/history/ Yonge Street through the years]. ''yongelove.ca''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The Guinness Book of World Records held Yonge Street as the longest road until 1998, but it was taken out in 1999. The possibility that Yonge was the longest road in the world came from what appeared to be a continuation of Yonge on Highway 11. If it happened to be the same road, the street would be over 1800 kilometers in length.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;gh36&amp;quot;&amp;gt;mattsexsmith. [https://www.gh360.ca/?p=6819 WE ARE YONGE: EXPLORING 225 YEARS OF HISTORY ON ONTARIO'S OLDEST YONGE ST.] Dec 4, 2018. ''gh360.ca''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Yonge Street was integral to the initial planning and settlement of western Upper Canada in the 1790s, forming the concession roads in Ontario. Once the southernmost leg of Highway 11, linking the provincial capital with northern Ontario, Yonge Street has been referred to as &amp;quot;Main Street Ontario.&amp;quot; Ontario's first colonial administrator, [[John Graves Simcoe&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1|John Graves Simcoe]], named the road for his companion Sir George Yonge, an expert on ancient Roman roads.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonge_Street Yonge Street]. ''Wikipedia''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; However, the name has sparked controversies today because Sir George Yonge was a corrupt person and a slave trader.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==The Namesake: George Yonge, public figure background==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:1200px-George Yonge.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Sir George Yonge]]&lt;br /&gt;
''Sir George Yonge'' was a British Secretary at War (1782–1783 and 1783–1794). He was one of the experts on Roman Streets: ''“He was a man of letters, an F.R.S., and a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, to which he communicated an excellent memoir on the subject of Roman roads and camps, in connection with some discoveries that had been made at Mansfied, in Nottinghamshire, and hence the peculiar fitness of naming Yonge Street after him, it being precisely such a road, and adapted to similar uses, as those he had been engaged in examining.&amp;quot;''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJhDAQAAIAAJ&amp;amp;pg=PA389 Engineering]. Office for Advertisements and Publication. 1879. p. 389.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He was a Parliament member for his family's Rotten Borough of Honiton, Devon, from 1754 to 1761 and again from 1763 to 1796. He was cited for acquiring £80,000 from his father, received another £80,000 when he married, and £80,000 from Parliament, yet Honiton had &amp;quot;swallowed it all.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_George_Yonge,_5th_Baronet Sir George Yonge, 5th Baronet]. ''Wikipedia''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Honiton was one of the most venal boroughs in the kingdom. He is said to have spent colossal sums upon his constituency and trying to set up a woolen factory at Ottery St. Mary, by which he was known as a ''great loser.''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;history&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1790-1820/member/yonge-sir-george-1732-1812 YONGE, Sir George, 5th Bt. (1732-1812), of Colyton and Escott House, Devon]. ''historyofparliamentonline.org''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===George Yonge, the corrupt===&lt;br /&gt;
Yonge had had a long career as a public servant. He arrived at the British colony in South Africa, Cape Town, on 9 December 1799 as he was nominated, governor.  George Yonge's experience had no bearing on his governorship assignment. At 68 years old, he was said to be too old to become governor. His administration was marked by want of tact and judgment. For instance, he argued with General Francis Dundas''',''' the officer in command of the troops, whose power he tried to usurp. He outraged the old Dutch settlers by increasing taxes, contrary, and it was alleged. He left the administration of affairs primarily to Mr. Blake, his private secretary, and Lieutenant-colonel Cockburn, his principal aide-de-camp. They were known to bend Yonge's governorship decisions in favor of the highest bidders because they were notoriously corrupt.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Laughton, John Knox. [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Yonge,_George Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900, Volume 63: Yonge, George]. Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.286. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Yonge accepted the governorship of Cape Town to get away from his creditors. His appointment surprised many people, including the [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-Bathurst-3rd-Earl-Bathurst King. Lord Bathurst], member of Parliament for Cirencester, commented that ''&amp;quot;it seems to promise so very ill.&amp;quot;'' Macartney, the first governor of Cape Town, was said to be shocked by the decision of such a replacement, and Addington, a member of Parliament for Devizes who later became Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1804, depicted it as a despicable job which he had tried to prevent.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Geo. III Corresp. iii. 1932; Wellesley Pprs. i. 89-90; Glenbervie Jnls. i. 148.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Within just ten months, Cape Town was a political catastrophe for the British Government and the colony. George Yonge found a formidable critique in [[wikipedia:Lady_Anne_Barnard|Lady Anne Barnard]].  [[wikipedia:Francis_Dundas|Francis Dundas]], former governor of Cape Town, told the King that Yonge’s governorship needed to be reviewed;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''his conduct ... has in such a variety of particulars been so wild and extravagant as to render it impossible to continue him in that government without exposing this country to the imputation of being indifferent to the concerns of that most important settlement.''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;history&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At the same time Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington who by the time was a Lieutenant Colonel in the [[wikipedia:Duke_of_Wellington's_Regiment|33rd Regiment]], wrote to Dundas from India:&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''My accounts from the Cape all concur in representing that government to be in a state of great confusion. The imbecility and ignorance of Sir George Yonge entirely disqualify him for his situation ... The importance of the Cape in its relation to India increases every hour ... Yonge is employed in founding theatres and masquerade rooms. He dances with more grace and perseverance than Lord Keeper Hatton; and the fame of his brawls has not only reached the kaffirs, and animated every kraal from the Cape to the desert of Sahara, but extended to the Indus and the Ganges.''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;history&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
George Yonge was dismissed in September 1801. [[wikipedia:Lady_Anne_Barnard|Lady Anne Barnard]], a wife of Andrew Bernard, a colonial secretary at the Cape of Good Hope and a Cape resident, told Wellesley that:&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''the Lofty Twaddler has had the lofty tumble I foresaw ... [he] was petrified at the event. He is so conceited of his own abilities that nothing was farther from his expectation than being blamed for anything.''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;history&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
She also mentioned that Yonge had taken an enormous bribe from a scandalous slave trader to land many slaves.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Knowles, Rachel. [https://www.regencyhistory.net/2016/11/the-unconventional-lady-anne-barnard.html The unconventional Lady Anne Barnard (1750-1825)]. Nov 8, 2016. ''regencyhistory.net''. Retrieved Feb 15, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Lady Anne Barnard, wife of the colonial secretary at the Cape of Good Hope, Andrew Barnard, had lived in Cape Town for five years. She kept a diary with information about George Yonge. She describes how Yonge's leadership caused the colony's political life to degenerate into a state of corruption worse even than the one under the [[wikipedia:Dutch_East_India_Company|VOC regime.]] Yonge did his business through his private secretary, Richard Blake, rather than through the more formal Colonial Secretary's office because Andrew Barnard, the colonial secretary, was critical of the pervasive abuses and official indulgence. Yonge plotted bribery and jobbery at illicit slave trading and other questionable practices.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Le Cordeur, Basil &amp;amp; Margaret Lenta. [https://books.google.ca/books?id=XuO1G1K1htMC&amp;amp;pg=PR23&amp;amp;lpg=PR23&amp;amp;dq=cape+articles+of+capitulation,+george+yonge&amp;amp;source=bl&amp;amp;ots=0ZGHYsZa9M&amp;amp;sig=ACfU3U3y6f20l3l6_dP4PBK4fPO-xBnxow&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwjDgsmKx_3lAhWiiOAKHY7KBZEQ6AEwAnoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=cape%20articles%20of%20capitulation%2C%20george%20yonge&amp;amp;f=false The Cape Diaries of Lady Anne Barnard, 1799-1800]. ''ebook''. p. xvii.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===George Yonge, the slave trader===&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:1118-certificate-of-slave-registry-office-1827.jpg|thumb|left| © Iziko Museums of South Africa, Social History Collections]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Despite being known as a corrupt individual, Yonge was known to abuse his power by illegally issuing slave trade licenses. In the late 18th century, the British established a restriction on new licenses to bring new slaves to the Cape of Good Hope. Slave Trade Act 1788, also known as Dolben’s Act, was an effort by the British government to eliminate the transatlantic slave trade slowly. The British parliament passed a law restricting the number of licenses to private slave trade companies. Without licenses, Slave Traders (which are private entities) – who replenished the states with (new) slaves – could not operate. However, George Yonge, as the governor of the Cape Colony, disregarded the restriction (on slave import licenses). Yonge illegally granted countless new licenses to notoriously infamous slave traders such as Michael Hogan.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;JM Fuamba, Benéshé. [https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/yonge-street-named-after-britains-absolute-racist-worst-fuamba/ YONGE STREET NAMED AFTER BRITAIN'S ABSOLUTE RACIST AND WORST HUMAN BEING: BRITISH GOV. RECORDS. HENCE, NO YONGE LANDMARKS ANYWHERE IN THE UK]. Mar 2, 2020. ''LinkedIn article''. Retrieved Feb 15, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Wilberforce.jpg|thumb|[https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/wilberforce-finally-ended-slavery Adam Smith Institute] Wilberforce Anti-Slavery Campaign]]&lt;br /&gt;
On Tuesday, 12 May 1789, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wilberforce William Wilberforce] delivered a speech regarding slave trading in the House of Commons. Quoted from ''The Morning Star'' newspaper:&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;&amp;quot;This was a dreadful expedient; and till now, he could not believe that so much misery could be condensed in so little room. He could wish to rouse the feelings of every man on the occasion, and convince the people that their intention and aid were the were the result of consideration, which did awaken him.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;speech&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Carey, Brycchan. [https://brycchancarey.com/Carey_AOJ_2003.pdf WILLIAM WILBERFORCE'S&lt;br /&gt;
SENTIMENTAL RHETORIC: PARLIAMENTARY REPORTAGE AND THE ABOLITION SPEECH OF 1789]. PDF. ''AMS Press, Inc. New York''. Retrieved Feb 18, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Wilberforce passed an Order in Council by the House of Commons in 1796. The Order in Council specified that slaves must arrive at British possessions with the metropolitan government's consent. In other words, slave importation to the Cape would need permission from the government in the form of licenses. Slave importation to the Cape Colony during the first and second British occupation was consequently firmly restricted and regulated.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Slaves were constantly imported to the Cape from 1797-1808. The matter of provincial slave importation was a significant issue, considering the impact of the antislavery movement in London. As a slave society, the Cape depended on slave labor. Decisions related to slave importation to the Cape were left in the British Secretary for War and the colonies, Henry Dundas. Dundas allowed the Cape's governors to license slave importation only when they would deem it necessary. He permitted governors to utilize their discretion on his behalf since postal communications (by ship) were slow and because 'exceptional circumstances' constantly emerged. Slave importation was, subsequently, managed by the first British occupation's governors who kept up the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company VOC] ruling that slaves must be landed with the governor's consent.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Reidy, Michael Charles. [https://open.uct.ac.za/bitstream/handle/11427/12742/thesis_hum_1997_reidy_m_c.pdf?sequence=1 THE ADMISSION OF SLAVES AND 'PRIZE SLAVES' INTO THE CAPE COLONY, 1797-1818]. ''University of Cape Town''. Retrieved Feb 17, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sir George Yonge was the only governor who abused this power of discretion. Before Yonge, licenses were extremely scarce. During George Yonge’s first week as governor of the colony, he issued Hogan licenses to import over 600 slaves into the colony.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===George Yonge, the slave trader and his accomplice, Michael Hogan===&lt;br /&gt;
'''Michael Hogan''' was an Irish-born shipowner, East India captain and slave runner.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.harlemworldmagazine.com/amazing-story-michael-hogan-founder-harlems-claremont-inn-1807-1833/ The Amazing Story Of Michael Hogan, Founder Of Harlem’s Claremont Inn, 1807-1833]. Sept 11, 2017. ''Harlem World Magazine''. Retrieved Feb 18, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; He had been importing slaves to Cape town ever since Macartney's governorship. In May 1798, [[wikipedia:George_Macartney,_1st_Earl_Macartney|Macartney]] (the first British governor of the Cape) got a proposal from Hogan and Tennant to import 400 slaves from the west coast of Africa to the Cape. He approved the application and allowed the merchants to import more than 400 slaves between 1 June 1798 and 31 May 1799. Hogan acknowledged this restriction in writing while expressing his discontentment of the quota in these terms, writing:&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''&amp;quot;as it is an undertaking that no other person or persons would enter into, totally unknown, never has been attempted&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;''A slave voyage to the west coast of Africa had not been attempted during the first British occupation of the Cape. The first slave trade expeditions to the Cape were from Angola, before the Dutch West India Company curtailed that trade. Michael Hogan would have been aware of this trade, however.''&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and in consequence attended with great difficulty and much risk to the first adventurers, we humbly hope that Government will extend its indulgence as far as the existing laws will admit. Should the West African slave trade be successful, Hogan argued, 'many Applications [would] be poured in [to the governor's office] by persons less enterprizing who only wait the issue of our undertaking&amp;quot;''&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Michael Hogan used legitimate and sneaky techniques to carry slaves into the colony from ''La Rose'', ''La Africano'', the ''JoaQuim'' and ''Collector'' between November 1799 and April 1800. To evade slave prohibition, Hogan imported slaves under the guise of said slaves having been captured from enemy vessels and, in that capacity, obligated to being sold as prize cargoes at the Cape. During this time, barely in his first week as governor, Yonge allowed Hogan the importation of 600 slaves into the state.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
By 1790, slave trade boats, including '''''The Collector''''', were licensed exclusively to capture slaves from French slave boats along the Mozambique channel; such slaves were known as prize slaves. Instead, Hogan's ship, The Collector, purchased slaves in Mozambique. This illegal trade went against the colonial administration's anti-slave trade policy. Slaves thus purchased were passed on as &amp;quot;prize slaves&amp;quot; and brought to the Cape by the Collector. In 1799, the Collector &amp;quot;captured&amp;quot; two French &amp;quot;prize&amp;quot; boat - ''La Rose'' and ''La Africano''. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On November 1799, '''''the Collector''''' accompanied ''La Rose'' into Table Bay. The crew lied before Vice-Admiralty Court, alleging that the boat and its cargo had been taken in an abandoned state off the Mahle islands. Forty-eight (out of sixty-eight) of the vessel's &amp;quot;prize slaves&amp;quot; survived quarantine on Robben Island. In December 1799, the second &amp;quot;prize&amp;quot; vessel, ''La Africano'', arrived at the Cape with 25 slaves. The crew lied again before the Vice-Admiralty Court, stating they had discovered the boat deserted close to Seychelles. The Court was told the vessels were sailing towards Mauritius. In March 1800, the ''JoaQuim'' arrived at the Cape with 422 slaves.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It happened that Hogan had submitted an appeal against the ban to import slaves to General Fraser (who was in command at the Cape between governorships) before Yonge's arrival. With Yonge's appointment as the new governor and knowing Yonge's corrupt reputation, Hogan requested that General Fraser leave his appeal to the then coming governor's decision. Seeing that General Fraser was abiding by the law by not granting him, Michael Hogan presented a second request through Yonge's own office (and private secretary, Mr. Blake) soon after Yonge landed in the Cape in mid-February 1800. Hogan told Yonge that JoaQuim's slaves would profit the state and be a meaningful response to the province's great demand for slaves. He had purchased the freight, and the captain of the ship had enabled him to sell the slaves wherever he wanted. Unlike General Fraser, Yonge allowed Hogan to land the slave cargo.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Logbook.jpg|thumb|Ship's log that was auctioned recently. Photo credit: NSW Government]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On 9 March 1800, Lady Anne witnesses the landing of these slaves in her diary as she writes; &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''&amp;quot;I passed a sort of open coast which had a paling round and on looking in saw an immense number of black bowls fixed to etruscan looking figures all in one attitude. I never saw anything so strange. I stopd the carriage and on inquiring what it was, was told it was 300 slaves of Mr Hogan's, part of his cargo which were to be sold next day and that 300 more were to be landed the day after tommorow.&amp;quot;''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;8Lady Anne Barnard's Cape Journal cited from, Margaret Lenta, 'Degrees of freedom: Lady Anne Barnard's Cape Diaries', in Mike Leighton (ed.), Eighteenth Century Studies: The Rights of Man, (HSRC, Pretoria, 1992), p.76.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Royal Navy captains (positioned in Table Bay) also got the information that governor Yonge had allowed the cargo's landing with his' Express Permission'. Andrew Barnard informed Macartney, the first governor of Cape Town, on this issue: &amp;quot;''I recollect right you declared a man should not be landed; however, when your back was turned it proved otherwise''.&amp;quot; By the time, Hogan said he sent the ''JoaQuim'' to Rio de Janeiro, while in fact, it was shipped off to Mozambique to steal more slaves.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In April 1800, Donald Campbell (Port Captain of Table Bay at the time) got reports of violence regarding '''''the Collector.'''''  The information brought by Captain Smit and the Danish vessel's crew, the Holger Danske, was that '''''the Collector''''' was known in the slave trade, and the slaves were not captured from the enemy, but instead, they were purchased. Yonge secretly threatened Campbell hoping he would drop the matter. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
However, Yonge was requested by the Court of Justice to investigate the matter, which he did reluctantly. After a few days of research, the evidence presented by Fiscal W.S van Ryneveld, who was appointed to investigate Yonge's administration, showed that the Vice-Admiralty Court had been tricked by false documentation and untruthful witnesses and that the Collector's exchanges were unlawful. It was strange for '''''the Collector''''' to have flown British flags over French flags (implying the catch of French &amp;quot;prize vessels&amp;quot;) when in fact, it had arrived in Mozambique without slaves. At first, the Collector's crew made befuddling statements before the Court. However, one of the officers aboard the Collector ultimately affirmed that two logbooks had been kept during the boat's journey, one accurate, the other fake. Upon investigation, the Court settled that the Collector's &amp;quot;prize slave&amp;quot; had not been seized from French vessels in the southwest Indian Ocean; however, these slaves were bought illegally in Mozambique. Michael Hogan was thus officially suspected of fraud.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In March 1802, an inquiry commission was put in place to explore allegations made against Yonge. Yonge was the alleged recipient of a bribe worth a few thousand pounds for a license that allowed Michael Hogan to bring 600 slaves into the colony. Yonge's private secretary, who also happened to be his niece's husband, Blake, and Yonge's confidant, Major Cockburn, masterminded and implemented this fraud. Blake and Cockburn had shares in Hogan's slave trade enterprise. Thus, indirectly Yonge had shares in Hogan slave trade. Therefore, George Yonge was a slave trader. The commissioners concluded that: &amp;quot;''A very strong degree of presumption appears in the several circumstances brought forward, that [Yonge] connived at and promoted the corrupt practices carried on in his family.&amp;quot;''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Commission of Inquiry (1802) concluded that Hogan was at fault for the Collector's illegal activities. The importation of slaves to the Cape was at its highest during Yonge's governorship.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; There were roughly 1000 slaves imported during his time as governor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
By the time  [[wikipedia:Francis_Dundas|Dundas]] replaced Yonge in 1801, he was adamant about following Macartney's example of a restricted importation of slaves to the Cape. Dundas allowed just a single importation of slaves, in a total of 415 slaves, into the colony from 1801-1803. This was the last 'permitted' slave importation of the first British occupation period.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Black Racism in Street Names]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category: Racial Bias in Policing]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:History Corrections of Street Names]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Al</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Yonge_Street&amp;diff=7213958</id>
		<title>Yonge Street</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Yonge_Street&amp;diff=7213958"/>
		<updated>2021-03-25T15:37:31Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Al: /* The Street */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;==The Street==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Yonge st.jpg|thumb|Yonge St.]]&lt;br /&gt;
Famously known as &amp;quot;the longest street in the world&amp;quot; – until 1999, Yonge Street is Toronto's main artery, connecting Lake Ontario to Lake Simcoe.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.yongelove.ca/history/ Yonge Street through the years]. ''yongelove.ca''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The Guinness Book of World Records held Yonge Street as the longest road until 1998, but it was taken out in 1999. The possibility that Yonge was the longest road in the world came from what appeared to be a continuation of Yonge on Highway 11. If it happened to be the same road, the street would be over 1800 kilometers in length.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;gh36&amp;quot;&amp;gt;mattsexsmith. [https://www.gh360.ca/?p=6819 WE ARE YONGE: EXPLORING 225 YEARS OF HISTORY ON ONTARIO'S OLDEST YONGE ST.] Dec 4, 2018. ''gh360.ca''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Yonge Street was integral to the initial planning and settlement of western Upper Canada in the 1790s, forming the concession roads in Ontario. Once the southernmost leg of Highway 11, linking the provincial capital with northern Ontario, Yonge Street has been referred to as &amp;quot;Main Street Ontario.&amp;quot; Ontario's first colonial administrator, [[John Graves Simcoe&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1|John Graves Simcoe]], named the road for his companion Sir George Yonge, an expert on ancient Roman roads.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonge_Street Yonge Street]. ''Wikipedia''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; However, the name has sparked controversies today because Sir George Yonge was a corrupt person and a slave trader.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==The Namesake: George Yonge, public figure background==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:1200px-George Yonge.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Sir George Yonge]]&lt;br /&gt;
''Sir George Yonge'' was a British Secretary at War (1782–1783 and 1783–1794). He was one of the experts on Roman Streets: ''“He was a man of letters, an F.R.S., and a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, to which he communicated an excellent memoir on the subject of Roman roads and camps, in connection with some discoveries that had been made at Mansfied, in Nottinghamshire, and hence the peculiar fitness of naming Yonge Street after him, it being precisely such a road, and adapted to similar uses, as those he had been engaged in examining.&amp;quot;''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJhDAQAAIAAJ&amp;amp;pg=PA389 Engineering]. Office for Advertisements and Publication. 1879. p. 389.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He was a Parliament member for his family's Rotten Borough of Honiton, Devon, from 1754 to 1761 and again from 1763 to 1796. He was cited for acquiring £80,000 from his father, received another £80,000 when he married, and £80,000 from Parliament, yet Honiton had &amp;quot;swallowed it all.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_George_Yonge,_5th_Baronet Sir George Yonge, 5th Baronet]. ''Wikipedia''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Honiton was one of the most venal boroughs in the kingdom. He is said to have spent colossal sums upon his constituency and trying to set up a woolen factory at Ottery St. Mary, by which he was known as a ''great loser.''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;history&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1790-1820/member/yonge-sir-george-1732-1812 YONGE, Sir George, 5th Bt. (1732-1812), of Colyton and Escott House, Devon]. ''historyofparliamentonline.org''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===George Yonge, the corrupt===&lt;br /&gt;
Yonge had had a long career as a public servant. He arrived at the British colony in South Africa, Cape Town, on 9 December 1799 as he was nominated, governor. George Yonge’s experience had no bearing on his governorship assignment. At 68 years old, he was said to be too old to become governor. His administration was marked by want of tact and judgment. For instance, he argued with [[wikipedia:Francis_Dundas|General Francis Dundas]]''',''' the officer in command of the troops, whose power he tried to usurp; he outraged the old Dutch settlers by increasing taxes, contrary, it was alleged, to the Dutch [[wikipedia:Capitulation_(surrender)|capitulation]]; he left the administration of affairs mostly to Mr. Blake, his private secretary, and Lieutenant-colonel Cockburn, his principal aide-de-camp, who, because they were notoriously corrupt, were known to bend Yonge’s governorship decisions in favor of the highest bidders.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Laughton, John Knox. [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Yonge,_George Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900, Volume 63: Yonge, George]. Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.286. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Yonge accepted the governorship of Cape Town to get away from his creditors. His appointment surprised many people, including the [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-Bathurst-3rd-Earl-Bathurst King. Lord Bathurst], member of Parliament for Cirencester, commented that ''&amp;quot;it seems to promise so very ill,&amp;quot;'' Macartney, the first governor of Cape Town, was said to be shocked by the decision of such a replacement and Addington, a member of Parliament for Devizes who later became Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1804, depicted it as a despicable job which he had tried to prevent.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Geo. III Corresp. iii. 1932; Wellesley Pprs. i. 89-90; Glenbervie Jnls. i. 148.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Within just ten months, Cape Town was a political catastrophe for the British Government and the colony. George Yonge found a formidable critique in [[wikipedia:Lady_Anne_Barnard|Lady Anne Barnard]].  [[wikipedia:Francis_Dundas|Francis Dundas]], former governor of Cape Town, told the King that Yonge’s governorship needed to be reviewed;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''his conduct ... has in such a variety of particulars been so wild and extravagant as to render it impossible to continue him in that government without exposing this country to the imputation of being indifferent to the concerns of that most important settlement.''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;history&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At the same time Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington who by the time was a Lieutenant Colonel in the [[wikipedia:Duke_of_Wellington's_Regiment|33rd Regiment]], wrote to Dundas from India:&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''My accounts from the Cape all concur in representing that government to be in a state of great confusion. The imbecility and ignorance of Sir George Yonge entirely disqualify him for his situation ... The importance of the Cape in its relation to India increases every hour ... Yonge is employed in founding theatres and masquerade rooms. He dances with more grace and perseverance than Lord Keeper Hatton; and the fame of his brawls has not only reached the kaffirs, and animated every kraal from the Cape to the desert of Sahara, but extended to the Indus and the Ganges.''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;history&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
George Yonge was dismissed in September 1801. [[wikipedia:Lady_Anne_Barnard|Lady Anne Barnard]], a wife of Andrew Bernard, a colonial secretary at the Cape of Good Hope and a Cape resident, told Wellesley that:&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''the Lofty Twaddler has had the lofty tumble I foresaw ... [he] was petrified at the event. He is so conceited of his own abilities that nothing was farther from his expectation than being blamed for anything.''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;history&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
She also mentioned that Yonge had taken an enormous bribe from a scandalous slave trader to land many slaves.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Knowles, Rachel. [https://www.regencyhistory.net/2016/11/the-unconventional-lady-anne-barnard.html The unconventional Lady Anne Barnard (1750-1825)]. Nov 8, 2016. ''regencyhistory.net''. Retrieved Feb 15, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Lady Anne Barnard, wife of the colonial secretary at the Cape of Good Hope, Andrew Barnard, had lived in Cape Town for five years. She kept a diary with information about George Yonge. She describes how Yonge's leadership caused the colony's political life to degenerate into a state of corruption worse even than the one under the [[wikipedia:Dutch_East_India_Company|VOC regime.]] Yonge did his business through his private secretary, Richard Blake, rather than through the more formal Colonial Secretary's office because Andrew Barnard, the colonial secretary, was critical of the pervasive abuses and official indulgence. Yonge plotted bribery and jobbery at illicit slave trading and other questionable practices.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Le Cordeur, Basil &amp;amp; Margaret Lenta. [https://books.google.ca/books?id=XuO1G1K1htMC&amp;amp;pg=PR23&amp;amp;lpg=PR23&amp;amp;dq=cape+articles+of+capitulation,+george+yonge&amp;amp;source=bl&amp;amp;ots=0ZGHYsZa9M&amp;amp;sig=ACfU3U3y6f20l3l6_dP4PBK4fPO-xBnxow&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwjDgsmKx_3lAhWiiOAKHY7KBZEQ6AEwAnoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=cape%20articles%20of%20capitulation%2C%20george%20yonge&amp;amp;f=false The Cape Diaries of Lady Anne Barnard, 1799-1800]. ''ebook''. p. xvii.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===George Yonge, the slave trader===&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:1118-certificate-of-slave-registry-office-1827.jpg|thumb|left| © Iziko Museums of South Africa, Social History Collections]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Despite being known as a corrupt individual, Yonge was known to abuse his power by illegally issuing slave trade licenses. In the late 18th century, the British established a restriction on new licenses to bring new slaves to the Cape of Good Hope. Slave Trade Act 1788, also known as Dolben’s Act, was an effort by the British government to eliminate the transatlantic slave trade slowly. The British parliament passed a law restricting the number of licenses to private slave trade companies. Without licenses, Slave Traders (which are private entities) – who replenished the states with (new) slaves – could not operate. However, George Yonge, as the governor of the Cape Colony, disregarded the restriction (on slave import licenses). Yonge illegally granted countless new licenses to notoriously infamous slave traders such as Michael Hogan.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;JM Fuamba, Benéshé. [https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/yonge-street-named-after-britains-absolute-racist-worst-fuamba/ YONGE STREET NAMED AFTER BRITAIN'S ABSOLUTE RACIST AND WORST HUMAN BEING: BRITISH GOV. RECORDS. HENCE, NO YONGE LANDMARKS ANYWHERE IN THE UK]. Mar 2, 2020. ''LinkedIn article''. Retrieved Feb 15, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Wilberforce.jpg|thumb|[https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/wilberforce-finally-ended-slavery Adam Smith Institute] Wilberforce Anti-Slavery Campaign]]&lt;br /&gt;
On Tuesday, 12 May 1789, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wilberforce William Wilberforce] delivered a speech regarding slave trading in the House of Commons. Quoted from ''The Morning Star'' newspaper:&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;&amp;quot;This was a dreadful expedient; and till now, he could not believe that so much misery could be condensed in so little room. He could wish to rouse the feelings of every man on the occasion, and convince the people that their intention and aid were the were the result of consideration, which did awaken him.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;speech&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Carey, Brycchan. [https://brycchancarey.com/Carey_AOJ_2003.pdf WILLIAM WILBERFORCE'S&lt;br /&gt;
SENTIMENTAL RHETORIC: PARLIAMENTARY REPORTAGE AND THE ABOLITION SPEECH OF 1789]. PDF. ''AMS Press, Inc. New York''. Retrieved Feb 18, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Wilberforce passed an Order in Council by the House of Commons in 1796. The Order in Council specified that slaves must arrive at British possessions with the metropolitan government's consent. In other words, slave importation to the Cape would need permission from the government in the form of licenses. Slave importation to the Cape Colony during the first and second British occupation was consequently firmly restricted and regulated.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Slaves were constantly imported to the Cape from 1797-1808. The matter of provincial slave importation was a significant issue, considering the impact of the antislavery movement in London. As a slave society, the Cape depended on slave labor. Decisions related to slave importation to the Cape were left in the British Secretary for War and the colonies, Henry Dundas. Dundas allowed the Cape's governors to license slave importation only when they would deem it necessary. He permitted governors to utilize their discretion on his behalf since postal communications (by ship) were slow and because 'exceptional circumstances' constantly emerged. Slave importation was, subsequently, managed by the first British occupation's governors who kept up the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company VOC] ruling that slaves must be landed with the governor's consent.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Reidy, Michael Charles. [https://open.uct.ac.za/bitstream/handle/11427/12742/thesis_hum_1997_reidy_m_c.pdf?sequence=1 THE ADMISSION OF SLAVES AND 'PRIZE SLAVES' INTO THE CAPE COLONY, 1797-1818]. ''University of Cape Town''. Retrieved Feb 17, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sir George Yonge was the only governor who abused this power of discretion. Before Yonge, licenses were extremely scarce. During George Yonge’s first week as governor of the colony, he issued Hogan licenses to import over 600 slaves into the colony.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===George Yonge, the slave trader and his accomplice, Michael Hogan===&lt;br /&gt;
'''Michael Hogan''' was an Irish-born shipowner, East India captain and slave runner.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.harlemworldmagazine.com/amazing-story-michael-hogan-founder-harlems-claremont-inn-1807-1833/ The Amazing Story Of Michael Hogan, Founder Of Harlem’s Claremont Inn, 1807-1833]. Sept 11, 2017. ''Harlem World Magazine''. Retrieved Feb 18, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; He had been importing slaves to Cape town ever since Macartney's governorship. In May 1798, [[wikipedia:George_Macartney,_1st_Earl_Macartney|Macartney]] (the first British governor of the Cape) got a proposal from Hogan and Tennant to import 400 slaves from the west coast of Africa to the Cape. He approved the application and allowed the merchants to import more than 400 slaves between 1 June 1798 and 31 May 1799. Hogan acknowledged this restriction in writing while expressing his discontentment of the quota in these terms, writing:&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''&amp;quot;as it is an undertaking that no other person or persons would enter into, totally unknown, never has been attempted&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;''A slave voyage to the west coast of Africa had not been attempted during the first British occupation of the Cape. The first slave trade expeditions to the Cape were from Angola, before the Dutch West India Company curtailed that trade. Michael Hogan would have been aware of this trade, however.''&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and in consequence attended with great difficulty and much risk to the first adventurers, we humbly hope that Government will extend its indulgence as far as the existing laws will admit. Should the West African slave trade be successful, Hogan argued, 'many Applications [would] be poured in [to the governor's office] by persons less enterprizing who only wait the issue of our undertaking&amp;quot;''&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Michael Hogan used legitimate and sneaky techniques to carry slaves into the colony from ''La Rose'', ''La Africano'', the ''JoaQuim'' and ''Collector'' between November 1799 and April 1800. To evade slave prohibition, Hogan imported slaves under the guise of said slaves having been captured from enemy vessels and, in that capacity, obligated to being sold as prize cargoes at the Cape. During this time, barely in his first week as governor, Yonge allowed Hogan the importation of 600 slaves into the state.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
By 1790, slave trade boats, including '''''The Collector''''', were licensed exclusively to capture slaves from French slave boats along the Mozambique channel; such slaves were known as prize slaves. Instead, Hogan's ship, The Collector, purchased slaves in Mozambique. This illegal trade went against the colonial administration's anti-slave trade policy. Slaves thus purchased were passed on as &amp;quot;prize slaves&amp;quot; and brought to the Cape by the Collector. In 1799, the Collector &amp;quot;captured&amp;quot; two French &amp;quot;prize&amp;quot; boat - ''La Rose'' and ''La Africano''. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On November 1799, '''''the Collector''''' accompanied ''La Rose'' into Table Bay. The crew lied before Vice-Admiralty Court, alleging that the boat and its cargo had been taken in an abandoned state off the Mahle islands. Forty-eight (out of sixty-eight) of the vessel's &amp;quot;prize slaves&amp;quot; survived quarantine on Robben Island. In December 1799, the second &amp;quot;prize&amp;quot; vessel, ''La Africano'', arrived at the Cape with 25 slaves. The crew lied again before the Vice-Admiralty Court, stating they had discovered the boat deserted close to Seychelles. The Court was told the vessels were sailing towards Mauritius. In March 1800, the ''JoaQuim'' arrived at the Cape with 422 slaves.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It happened that Hogan had submitted an appeal against the ban to import slaves to General Fraser (who was in command at the Cape between governorships) before Yonge's arrival. With Yonge's appointment as the new governor and knowing Yonge's corrupt reputation, Hogan requested that General Fraser leave his appeal to the then coming governor's decision. Seeing that General Fraser was abiding by the law by not granting him, Michael Hogan presented a second request through Yonge's own office (and private secretary, Mr. Blake) soon after Yonge landed in the Cape in mid-February 1800. Hogan told Yonge that JoaQuim's slaves would profit the state and be a meaningful response to the province's great demand for slaves. He had purchased the freight, and the captain of the ship had enabled him to sell the slaves wherever he wanted. Unlike General Fraser, Yonge allowed Hogan to land the slave cargo.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Logbook.jpg|thumb|Ship's log that was auctioned recently. Photo credit: NSW Government]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On 9 March 1800, Lady Anne witnesses the landing of these slaves in her diary as she writes; &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''&amp;quot;I passed a sort of open coast which had a paling round and on looking in saw an immense number of black bowls fixed to etruscan looking figures all in one attitude. I never saw anything so strange. I stopd the carriage and on inquiring what it was, was told it was 300 slaves of Mr Hogan's, part of his cargo which were to be sold next day and that 300 more were to be landed the day after tommorow.&amp;quot;''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;8Lady Anne Barnard's Cape Journal cited from, Margaret Lenta, 'Degrees of freedom: Lady Anne Barnard's Cape Diaries', in Mike Leighton (ed.), Eighteenth Century Studies: The Rights of Man, (HSRC, Pretoria, 1992), p.76.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Royal Navy captains (positioned in Table Bay) also got the information that governor Yonge had allowed the cargo's landing with his' Express Permission'. Andrew Barnard informed Macartney, the first governor of Cape Town, on this issue: &amp;quot;''I recollect right you declared a man should not be landed; however, when your back was turned it proved otherwise''.&amp;quot; By the time, Hogan said he sent the ''JoaQuim'' to Rio de Janeiro, while in fact, it was shipped off to Mozambique to steal more slaves.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In April 1800, Donald Campbell (Port Captain of Table Bay at the time) got reports of violence regarding '''''the Collector.'''''  The information brought by Captain Smit and the Danish vessel's crew, the Holger Danske, was that '''''the Collector''''' was known in the slave trade, and the slaves were not captured from the enemy, but instead, they were purchased. Yonge secretly threatened Campbell hoping he would drop the matter. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
However, Yonge was requested by the Court of Justice to investigate the matter, which he did reluctantly. After a few days of research, the evidence presented by Fiscal W.S van Ryneveld, who was appointed to investigate Yonge's administration, showed that the Vice-Admiralty Court had been tricked by false documentation and untruthful witnesses and that the Collector's exchanges were unlawful. It was strange for '''''the Collector''''' to have flown British flags over French flags (implying the catch of French &amp;quot;prize vessels&amp;quot;) when in fact, it had arrived in Mozambique without slaves. At first, the Collector's crew made befuddling statements before the Court. However, one of the officers aboard the Collector ultimately affirmed that two logbooks had been kept during the boat's journey, one accurate, the other fake. Upon investigation, the Court settled that the Collector's &amp;quot;prize slave&amp;quot; had not been seized from French vessels in the southwest Indian Ocean; however, these slaves were bought illegally in Mozambique. Michael Hogan was thus officially suspected of fraud.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In March 1802, an inquiry commission was put in place to explore allegations made against Yonge. Yonge was the alleged recipient of a bribe worth a few thousand pounds for a license that allowed Michael Hogan to bring 600 slaves into the colony. Yonge's private secretary, who also happened to be his niece's husband, Blake, and Yonge's confidant, Major Cockburn, masterminded and implemented this fraud. Blake and Cockburn had shares in Hogan's slave trade enterprise. Thus, indirectly Yonge had shares in Hogan slave trade. Therefore, George Yonge was a slave trader. The commissioners concluded that: &amp;quot;''A very strong degree of presumption appears in the several circumstances brought forward, that [Yonge] connived at and promoted the corrupt practices carried on in his family.&amp;quot;''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Commission of Inquiry (1802) concluded that Hogan was at fault for the Collector's illegal activities. The importation of slaves to the Cape was at its highest during Yonge's governorship.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; There were roughly 1000 slaves imported during his time as governor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
By the time  [[wikipedia:Francis_Dundas|Dundas]] replaced Yonge in 1801, he was adamant about following Macartney's example of a restricted importation of slaves to the Cape. Dundas allowed just a single importation of slaves, in a total of 415 slaves, into the colony from 1801-1803. This was the last 'permitted' slave importation of the first British occupation period.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Black Racism in Street Names]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category: Racial Bias in Policing]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:History Corrections of Street Names]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Al</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Yonge_Street&amp;diff=7213948</id>
		<title>Yonge Street</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Yonge_Street&amp;diff=7213948"/>
		<updated>2021-03-25T15:33:28Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Al: /* George Yonge, the slave trader and his accomplice, Michael Hogan */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;==The Street==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Yonge st.jpg|thumb|Yonge St.]]&lt;br /&gt;
Famously known as &amp;quot;the longest street in the world&amp;quot; – until 1999, Yonge Street is Toronto's main artery, connecting Lake Ontario to Lake Simcoe.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.yongelove.ca/history/ Yonge Street through the years]. ''yongelove.ca''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The Guinness Book of World Records held Yonge Street as the longest road until 1998, but it was taken out in 1999. The possibility that Yonge was the longest road in the world came from what appeared to be a continuation of Yonge on Highway 11. If it happened to be the same road, the street would be over 1800 kilometers in length.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;gh36&amp;quot;&amp;gt;mattsexsmith. [https://www.gh360.ca/?p=6819 WE ARE YONGE: EXPLORING 225 YEARS OF HISTORY ON ONTARIO'S OLDEST YONGE ST.] Dec 4, 2018. ''gh360.ca''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Yonge Street was integral to the original planning and settlement of western Upper Canada in the 1790s, forming the concession roads in Ontario today. Once the southernmost leg of Highway 11, linking the provincial capital with northern Ontario, Yonge Street has been referred to as &amp;quot;Main Street Ontario.&amp;quot; Ontario's first colonial administrator, [[John Graves Simcoe&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1|John Graves Simcoe]], named the road for his companion Sir George Yonge, an expert on ancient Roman roads.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonge_Street Yonge Street]. ''Wikipedia''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; However, the name has sparked controversies today because Sir George Yonge was a corrupt person and a slave trader.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==The Namesake: George Yonge, public figure background==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:1200px-George Yonge.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Sir George Yonge]]&lt;br /&gt;
''Sir George Yonge'' was a British Secretary at War (1782–1783 and 1783–1794). He was one of the experts on Roman Streets: ''“He was a man of letters, an F.R.S., and a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, to which he communicated an excellent memoir on the subject of Roman roads and camps, in connection with some discoveries that had been made at Mansfied, in Nottinghamshire, and hence the peculiar fitness of naming Yonge Street after him, it being precisely such a road, and adapted to similar uses, as those he had been engaged in examining.&amp;quot;''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJhDAQAAIAAJ&amp;amp;pg=PA389 Engineering]. Office for Advertisements and Publication. 1879. p. 389.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He was a Parliament member for his family's Rotten Borough of Honiton, Devon, from 1754 to 1761 and again from 1763 to 1796. He was cited for acquiring £80,000 from his father, received another £80,000 when he married, and £80,000 from Parliament, yet Honiton had &amp;quot;swallowed it all.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_George_Yonge,_5th_Baronet Sir George Yonge, 5th Baronet]. ''Wikipedia''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Honiton was one of the most venal boroughs in the kingdom. He is said to have spent colossal sums upon his constituency and trying to set up a woolen factory at Ottery St. Mary, by which he was known as a ''great loser.''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;history&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1790-1820/member/yonge-sir-george-1732-1812 YONGE, Sir George, 5th Bt. (1732-1812), of Colyton and Escott House, Devon]. ''historyofparliamentonline.org''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===George Yonge, the corrupt===&lt;br /&gt;
Yonge had had a long career as a public servant. He arrived at the British colony in South Africa, Cape Town, on 9 December 1799 as he was nominated, governor. George Yonge’s experience had no bearing on his governorship assignment. At 68 years old, he was said to be too old to become governor. His administration was marked by want of tact and judgment. For instance, he argued with [[wikipedia:Francis_Dundas|General Francis Dundas]]''',''' the officer in command of the troops, whose power he tried to usurp; he outraged the old Dutch settlers by increasing taxes, contrary, it was alleged, to the Dutch [[wikipedia:Capitulation_(surrender)|capitulation]]; he left the administration of affairs mostly to Mr. Blake, his private secretary, and Lieutenant-colonel Cockburn, his principal aide-de-camp, who, because they were notoriously corrupt, were known to bend Yonge’s governorship decisions in favor of the highest bidders.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Laughton, John Knox. [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Yonge,_George Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900, Volume 63: Yonge, George]. Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.286. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Yonge accepted the governorship of Cape Town to get away from his creditors. His appointment surprised many people, including the [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-Bathurst-3rd-Earl-Bathurst King. Lord Bathurst], member of Parliament for Cirencester, commented that ''&amp;quot;it seems to promise so very ill,&amp;quot;'' Macartney, the first governor of Cape Town, was said to be shocked by the decision of such a replacement and Addington, a member of Parliament for Devizes who later became Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1804, depicted it as a despicable job which he had tried to prevent.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Geo. III Corresp. iii. 1932; Wellesley Pprs. i. 89-90; Glenbervie Jnls. i. 148.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Within just ten months, Cape Town was a political catastrophe for the British Government and the colony. George Yonge found a formidable critique in [[wikipedia:Lady_Anne_Barnard|Lady Anne Barnard]].  [[wikipedia:Francis_Dundas|Francis Dundas]], former governor of Cape Town, told the King that Yonge’s governorship needed to be reviewed;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''his conduct ... has in such a variety of particulars been so wild and extravagant as to render it impossible to continue him in that government without exposing this country to the imputation of being indifferent to the concerns of that most important settlement.''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;history&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At the same time Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington who by the time was a Lieutenant Colonel in the [[wikipedia:Duke_of_Wellington's_Regiment|33rd Regiment]], wrote to Dundas from India:&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''My accounts from the Cape all concur in representing that government to be in a state of great confusion. The imbecility and ignorance of Sir George Yonge entirely disqualify him for his situation ... The importance of the Cape in its relation to India increases every hour ... Yonge is employed in founding theatres and masquerade rooms. He dances with more grace and perseverance than Lord Keeper Hatton; and the fame of his brawls has not only reached the kaffirs, and animated every kraal from the Cape to the desert of Sahara, but extended to the Indus and the Ganges.''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;history&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
George Yonge was dismissed in September 1801. [[wikipedia:Lady_Anne_Barnard|Lady Anne Barnard]], a wife of Andrew Bernard, a colonial secretary at the Cape of Good Hope and a Cape resident, told Wellesley that:&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''the Lofty Twaddler has had the lofty tumble I foresaw ... [he] was petrified at the event. He is so conceited of his own abilities that nothing was farther from his expectation than being blamed for anything.''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;history&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
She also mentioned that Yonge had taken an enormous bribe from a scandalous slave trader to land many slaves.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Knowles, Rachel. [https://www.regencyhistory.net/2016/11/the-unconventional-lady-anne-barnard.html The unconventional Lady Anne Barnard (1750-1825)]. Nov 8, 2016. ''regencyhistory.net''. Retrieved Feb 15, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Lady Anne Barnard, wife of the colonial secretary at the Cape of Good Hope, Andrew Barnard, had lived in Cape Town for five years. She kept a diary with information about George Yonge. She describes how Yonge's leadership caused the colony's political life to degenerate into a state of corruption worse even than the one under the [[wikipedia:Dutch_East_India_Company|VOC regime.]] Yonge did his business through his private secretary, Richard Blake, rather than through the more formal Colonial Secretary's office because Andrew Barnard, the colonial secretary, was critical of the pervasive abuses and official indulgence. Yonge plotted bribery and jobbery at illicit slave trading and other questionable practices.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Le Cordeur, Basil &amp;amp; Margaret Lenta. [https://books.google.ca/books?id=XuO1G1K1htMC&amp;amp;pg=PR23&amp;amp;lpg=PR23&amp;amp;dq=cape+articles+of+capitulation,+george+yonge&amp;amp;source=bl&amp;amp;ots=0ZGHYsZa9M&amp;amp;sig=ACfU3U3y6f20l3l6_dP4PBK4fPO-xBnxow&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwjDgsmKx_3lAhWiiOAKHY7KBZEQ6AEwAnoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=cape%20articles%20of%20capitulation%2C%20george%20yonge&amp;amp;f=false The Cape Diaries of Lady Anne Barnard, 1799-1800]. ''ebook''. p. xvii.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===George Yonge, the slave trader===&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:1118-certificate-of-slave-registry-office-1827.jpg|thumb|left| © Iziko Museums of South Africa, Social History Collections]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Despite being known as a corrupt individual, Yonge was known to abuse his power by illegally issuing slave trade licenses. In the late 18th century, the British established a restriction on new licenses to bring new slaves to the Cape of Good Hope. Slave Trade Act 1788, also known as Dolben’s Act, was an effort by the British government to eliminate the transatlantic slave trade slowly. The British parliament passed a law restricting the number of licenses to private slave trade companies. Without licenses, Slave Traders (which are private entities) – who replenished the states with (new) slaves – could not operate. However, George Yonge, as the governor of the Cape Colony, disregarded the restriction (on slave import licenses). Yonge illegally granted countless new licenses to notoriously infamous slave traders such as Michael Hogan.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;JM Fuamba, Benéshé. [https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/yonge-street-named-after-britains-absolute-racist-worst-fuamba/ YONGE STREET NAMED AFTER BRITAIN'S ABSOLUTE RACIST AND WORST HUMAN BEING: BRITISH GOV. RECORDS. HENCE, NO YONGE LANDMARKS ANYWHERE IN THE UK]. Mar 2, 2020. ''LinkedIn article''. Retrieved Feb 15, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Wilberforce.jpg|thumb|[https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/wilberforce-finally-ended-slavery Adam Smith Institute] Wilberforce Anti-Slavery Campaign]]&lt;br /&gt;
On Tuesday, 12 May 1789, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wilberforce William Wilberforce] delivered a speech regarding slave trading in the House of Commons. Quoted from ''The Morning Star'' newspaper:&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;&amp;quot;This was a dreadful expedient; and till now, he could not believe that so much misery could be condensed in so little room. He could wish to rouse the feelings of every man on the occasion, and convince the people that their intention and aid were the were the result of consideration, which did awaken him.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;speech&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Carey, Brycchan. [https://brycchancarey.com/Carey_AOJ_2003.pdf WILLIAM WILBERFORCE'S&lt;br /&gt;
SENTIMENTAL RHETORIC: PARLIAMENTARY REPORTAGE AND THE ABOLITION SPEECH OF 1789]. PDF. ''AMS Press, Inc. New York''. Retrieved Feb 18, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Wilberforce passed an Order in Council by the House of Commons in 1796. The Order in Council specified that slaves must arrive at British possessions with the metropolitan government's consent. In other words, slave importation to the Cape would need permission from the government in the form of licenses. Slave importation to the Cape Colony during the first and second British occupation was consequently firmly restricted and regulated.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Slaves were constantly imported to the Cape from 1797-1808. The matter of provincial slave importation was a significant issue, considering the impact of the antislavery movement in London. As a slave society, the Cape depended on slave labor. Decisions related to slave importation to the Cape were left in the British Secretary for War and the colonies, Henry Dundas. Dundas allowed the Cape's governors to license slave importation only when they would deem it necessary. He permitted governors to utilize their discretion on his behalf since postal communications (by ship) were slow and because 'exceptional circumstances' constantly emerged. Slave importation was, subsequently, managed by the first British occupation's governors who kept up the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company VOC] ruling that slaves must be landed with the governor's consent.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Reidy, Michael Charles. [https://open.uct.ac.za/bitstream/handle/11427/12742/thesis_hum_1997_reidy_m_c.pdf?sequence=1 THE ADMISSION OF SLAVES AND 'PRIZE SLAVES' INTO THE CAPE COLONY, 1797-1818]. ''University of Cape Town''. Retrieved Feb 17, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sir George Yonge was the only governor who abused this power of discretion. Before Yonge, licenses were extremely scarce. During George Yonge’s first week as governor of the colony, he issued Hogan licenses to import over 600 slaves into the colony.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===George Yonge, the slave trader and his accomplice, Michael Hogan===&lt;br /&gt;
'''Michael Hogan''' was an Irish-born shipowner, East India captain and slave runner.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.harlemworldmagazine.com/amazing-story-michael-hogan-founder-harlems-claremont-inn-1807-1833/ The Amazing Story Of Michael Hogan, Founder Of Harlem’s Claremont Inn, 1807-1833]. Sept 11, 2017. ''Harlem World Magazine''. Retrieved Feb 18, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; He had been importing slaves to Cape town ever since Macartney's governorship. In May 1798, [[wikipedia:George_Macartney,_1st_Earl_Macartney|Macartney]] (the first British governor of the Cape) got a proposal from Hogan and Tennant to import 400 slaves from the west coast of Africa to the Cape. He approved the application and allowed the merchants to import more than 400 slaves between 1 June 1798 and 31 May 1799. Hogan acknowledged this restriction in writing while expressing his discontentment of the quota in these terms, writing:&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''&amp;quot;as it is an undertaking that no other person or persons would enter into, totally unknown, never has been attempted&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;''A slave voyage to the west coast of Africa had not been attempted during the first British occupation of the Cape. The first slave trade expeditions to the Cape were from Angola, before the Dutch West India Company curtailed that trade. Michael Hogan would have been aware of this trade, however.''&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and in consequence attended with great difficulty and much risk to the first adventurers, we humbly hope that Government will extend its indulgence as far as the existing laws will admit. Should the West African slave trade be successful, Hogan argued, 'many Applications [would] be poured in [to the governor's office] by persons less enterprizing who only wait the issue of our undertaking&amp;quot;''&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Michael Hogan used legitimate and sneaky techniques to carry slaves into the colony from ''La Rose'', ''La Africano'', the ''JoaQuim'' and ''Collector'' between November 1799 and April 1800. To evade slave prohibition, Hogan imported slaves under the guise of said slaves having been captured from enemy vessels and, in that capacity, obligated to being sold as prize cargoes at the Cape. During this time, barely in his first week as governor, Yonge allowed Hogan the importation of 600 slaves into the state.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
By 1790, slave trade boats, including '''''The Collector''''', were licensed exclusively to capture slaves from French slave boats along the Mozambique channel; such slaves were known as prize slaves. Instead, Hogan's ship, The Collector, purchased slaves in Mozambique. This illegal trade went against the colonial administration's anti-slave trade policy. Slaves thus purchased were passed on as &amp;quot;prize slaves&amp;quot; and brought to the Cape by the Collector. In 1799, the Collector &amp;quot;captured&amp;quot; two French &amp;quot;prize&amp;quot; boat - ''La Rose'' and ''La Africano''. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On November 1799, '''''the Collector''''' accompanied ''La Rose'' into Table Bay. The crew lied before Vice-Admiralty Court, alleging that the boat and its cargo had been taken in an abandoned state off the Mahle islands. Forty-eight (out of sixty-eight) of the vessel's &amp;quot;prize slaves&amp;quot; survived quarantine on Robben Island. In December 1799, the second &amp;quot;prize&amp;quot; vessel, ''La Africano'', arrived at the Cape with 25 slaves. The crew lied again before the Vice-Admiralty Court, stating they had discovered the boat deserted close to Seychelles. The Court was told the vessels were sailing towards Mauritius. In March 1800, the ''JoaQuim'' arrived at the Cape with 422 slaves.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It happened that Hogan had submitted an appeal against the ban to import slaves to General Fraser (who was in command at the Cape between governorships) before Yonge's arrival. With Yonge's appointment as the new governor and knowing Yonge's corrupt reputation, Hogan requested that General Fraser leave his appeal to the then coming governor's decision. Seeing that General Fraser was abiding by the law by not granting him, Michael Hogan presented a second request through Yonge's own office (and private secretary, Mr. Blake) soon after Yonge landed in the Cape in mid-February 1800. Hogan told Yonge that JoaQuim's slaves would profit the state and be a meaningful response to the province's great demand for slaves. He had purchased the freight, and the captain of the ship had enabled him to sell the slaves wherever he wanted. Unlike General Fraser, Yonge allowed Hogan to land the slave cargo.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Logbook.jpg|thumb|Ship's log that was auctioned recently. Photo credit: NSW Government]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On 9 March 1800, Lady Anne witnesses the landing of these slaves in her diary as she writes; &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''&amp;quot;I passed a sort of open coast which had a paling round and on looking in saw an immense number of black bowls fixed to etruscan looking figures all in one attitude. I never saw anything so strange. I stopd the carriage and on inquiring what it was, was told it was 300 slaves of Mr Hogan's, part of his cargo which were to be sold next day and that 300 more were to be landed the day after tommorow.&amp;quot;''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;8Lady Anne Barnard's Cape Journal cited from, Margaret Lenta, 'Degrees of freedom: Lady Anne Barnard's Cape Diaries', in Mike Leighton (ed.), Eighteenth Century Studies: The Rights of Man, (HSRC, Pretoria, 1992), p.76.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Royal Navy captains (positioned in Table Bay) also got the information that governor Yonge had allowed the cargo's landing with his' Express Permission'. Andrew Barnard informed Macartney, the first governor of Cape Town, on this issue: &amp;quot;''I recollect right you declared a man should not be landed; however, when your back was turned it proved otherwise''.&amp;quot; By the time, Hogan said he sent the ''JoaQuim'' to Rio de Janeiro, while in fact, it was shipped off to Mozambique to steal more slaves.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In April 1800, Donald Campbell (Port Captain of Table Bay at the time) got reports of violence regarding '''''the Collector.'''''  The information brought by Captain Smit and the Danish vessel's crew, the Holger Danske, was that '''''the Collector''''' was known in the slave trade, and the slaves were not captured from the enemy, but instead, they were purchased. Yonge secretly threatened Campbell hoping he would drop the matter. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
However, Yonge was requested by the Court of Justice to investigate the matter, which he did reluctantly. After a few days of research, the evidence presented by Fiscal W.S van Ryneveld, who was appointed to investigate Yonge's administration, showed that the Vice-Admiralty Court had been tricked by false documentation and untruthful witnesses and that the Collector's exchanges were unlawful. It was strange for '''''the Collector''''' to have flown British flags over French flags (implying the catch of French &amp;quot;prize vessels&amp;quot;) when in fact, it had arrived in Mozambique without slaves. At first, the Collector's crew made befuddling statements before the Court. However, one of the officers aboard the Collector ultimately affirmed that two logbooks had been kept during the boat's journey, one accurate, the other fake. Upon investigation, the Court settled that the Collector's &amp;quot;prize slave&amp;quot; had not been seized from French vessels in the southwest Indian Ocean; however, these slaves were bought illegally in Mozambique. Michael Hogan was thus officially suspected of fraud.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In March 1802, an inquiry commission was put in place to explore allegations made against Yonge. Yonge was the alleged recipient of a bribe worth a few thousand pounds for a license that allowed Michael Hogan to bring 600 slaves into the colony. Yonge's private secretary, who also happened to be his niece's husband, Blake, and Yonge's confidant, Major Cockburn, masterminded and implemented this fraud. Blake and Cockburn had shares in Hogan's slave trade enterprise. Thus, indirectly Yonge had shares in Hogan slave trade. Therefore, George Yonge was a slave trader. The commissioners concluded that: &amp;quot;''A very strong degree of presumption appears in the several circumstances brought forward, that [Yonge] connived at and promoted the corrupt practices carried on in his family.&amp;quot;''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Commission of Inquiry (1802) concluded that Hogan was at fault for the Collector's illegal activities. The importation of slaves to the Cape was at its highest during Yonge's governorship.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; There were roughly 1000 slaves imported during his time as governor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
By the time  [[wikipedia:Francis_Dundas|Dundas]] replaced Yonge in 1801, he was adamant about following Macartney's example of a restricted importation of slaves to the Cape. Dundas allowed just a single importation of slaves, in a total of 415 slaves, into the colony from 1801-1803. This was the last 'permitted' slave importation of the first British occupation period.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Black Racism in Street Names]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category: Racial Bias in Policing]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:History Corrections of Street Names]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Al</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Yonge_Street&amp;diff=7213885</id>
		<title>Yonge Street</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Yonge_Street&amp;diff=7213885"/>
		<updated>2021-03-25T15:10:14Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Al: /* The Yonge Street Riot */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;==The Street==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Yonge st.jpg|thumb|Yonge St.]]&lt;br /&gt;
Famously known as &amp;quot;the longest street in the world&amp;quot; – until 1999, Yonge Street is Toronto's main artery, connecting Lake Ontario to Lake Simcoe.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.yongelove.ca/history/ Yonge Street through the years]. ''yongelove.ca''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The Guinness Book of World Records held Yonge Street as the longest road until 1998, but it was taken out in 1999. The possibility that Yonge was the longest road in the world came from what appeared to be a continuation of Yonge on Highway 11. If it happened to be the same road, the street would be over 1800 kilometers in length.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;gh36&amp;quot;&amp;gt;mattsexsmith. [https://www.gh360.ca/?p=6819 WE ARE YONGE: EXPLORING 225 YEARS OF HISTORY ON ONTARIO'S OLDEST YONGE ST.] Dec 4, 2018. ''gh360.ca''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Yonge Street was integral to the original planning and settlement of western Upper Canada in the 1790s, forming the concession roads in Ontario today. Once the southernmost leg of Highway 11, linking the provincial capital with northern Ontario, Yonge Street has been referred to as &amp;quot;Main Street Ontario.&amp;quot; Ontario's first colonial administrator, [[John Graves Simcoe&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1|John Graves Simcoe]], named the road for his companion Sir George Yonge, an expert on ancient Roman roads.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonge_Street Yonge Street]. ''Wikipedia''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; However, the name has sparked controversies today because Sir George Yonge was a corrupt person and a slave trader.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==The Namesake: George Yonge, public figure background==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:1200px-George Yonge.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Sir George Yonge]]&lt;br /&gt;
''Sir George Yonge'' was a British Secretary at War (1782–1783 and 1783–1794). He was one of the experts on Roman Streets: ''“He was a man of letters, an F.R.S., and a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, to which he communicated an excellent memoir on the subject of Roman roads and camps, in connection with some discoveries that had been made at Mansfied, in Nottinghamshire, and hence the peculiar fitness of naming Yonge Street after him, it being precisely such a road, and adapted to similar uses, as those he had been engaged in examining.&amp;quot;''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJhDAQAAIAAJ&amp;amp;pg=PA389 Engineering]. Office for Advertisements and Publication. 1879. p. 389.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He was a Parliament member for his family's Rotten Borough of Honiton, Devon, from 1754 to 1761 and again from 1763 to 1796. He was cited for acquiring £80,000 from his father, received another £80,000 when he married, and £80,000 from Parliament, yet Honiton had &amp;quot;swallowed it all.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_George_Yonge,_5th_Baronet Sir George Yonge, 5th Baronet]. ''Wikipedia''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Honiton was one of the most venal boroughs in the kingdom. He is said to have spent colossal sums upon his constituency and trying to set up a woolen factory at Ottery St. Mary, by which he was known as a ''great loser.''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;history&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1790-1820/member/yonge-sir-george-1732-1812 YONGE, Sir George, 5th Bt. (1732-1812), of Colyton and Escott House, Devon]. ''historyofparliamentonline.org''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===George Yonge, the corrupt===&lt;br /&gt;
Yonge had had a long career as a public servant. He arrived at the British colony in South Africa, Cape Town, on 9 December 1799 as he was nominated, governor. George Yonge’s experience had no bearing on his governorship assignment. At 68 years old, he was said to be too old to become governor. His administration was marked by want of tact and judgment. For instance, he argued with [[wikipedia:Francis_Dundas|General Francis Dundas]]''',''' the officer in command of the troops, whose power he tried to usurp; he outraged the old Dutch settlers by increasing taxes, contrary, it was alleged, to the Dutch [[wikipedia:Capitulation_(surrender)|capitulation]]; he left the administration of affairs mostly to Mr. Blake, his private secretary, and Lieutenant-colonel Cockburn, his principal aide-de-camp, who, because they were notoriously corrupt, were known to bend Yonge’s governorship decisions in favor of the highest bidders.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Laughton, John Knox. [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Yonge,_George Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900, Volume 63: Yonge, George]. Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.286. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Yonge accepted the governorship of Cape Town to get away from his creditors. His appointment surprised many people, including the [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-Bathurst-3rd-Earl-Bathurst King. Lord Bathurst], member of Parliament for Cirencester, commented that ''&amp;quot;it seems to promise so very ill,&amp;quot;'' Macartney, the first governor of Cape Town, was said to be shocked by the decision of such a replacement and Addington, a member of Parliament for Devizes who later became Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1804, depicted it as a despicable job which he had tried to prevent.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Geo. III Corresp. iii. 1932; Wellesley Pprs. i. 89-90; Glenbervie Jnls. i. 148.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Within just ten months, Cape Town was a political catastrophe for the British Government and the colony. George Yonge found a formidable critique in [[wikipedia:Lady_Anne_Barnard|Lady Anne Barnard]].  [[wikipedia:Francis_Dundas|Francis Dundas]], former governor of Cape Town, told the King that Yonge’s governorship needed to be reviewed;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''his conduct ... has in such a variety of particulars been so wild and extravagant as to render it impossible to continue him in that government without exposing this country to the imputation of being indifferent to the concerns of that most important settlement.''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;history&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At the same time Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington who by the time was a Lieutenant Colonel in the [[wikipedia:Duke_of_Wellington's_Regiment|33rd Regiment]], wrote to Dundas from India:&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''My accounts from the Cape all concur in representing that government to be in a state of great confusion. The imbecility and ignorance of Sir George Yonge entirely disqualify him for his situation ... The importance of the Cape in its relation to India increases every hour ... Yonge is employed in founding theatres and masquerade rooms. He dances with more grace and perseverance than Lord Keeper Hatton; and the fame of his brawls has not only reached the kaffirs, and animated every kraal from the Cape to the desert of Sahara, but extended to the Indus and the Ganges.''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;history&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
George Yonge was dismissed in September 1801. [[wikipedia:Lady_Anne_Barnard|Lady Anne Barnard]], a wife of Andrew Bernard, a colonial secretary at the Cape of Good Hope and a Cape resident, told Wellesley that:&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''the Lofty Twaddler has had the lofty tumble I foresaw ... [he] was petrified at the event. He is so conceited of his own abilities that nothing was farther from his expectation than being blamed for anything.''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;history&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
She also mentioned that Yonge had taken an enormous bribe from a scandalous slave trader to land many slaves.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Knowles, Rachel. [https://www.regencyhistory.net/2016/11/the-unconventional-lady-anne-barnard.html The unconventional Lady Anne Barnard (1750-1825)]. Nov 8, 2016. ''regencyhistory.net''. Retrieved Feb 15, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Lady Anne Barnard, wife of the colonial secretary at the Cape of Good Hope, Andrew Barnard, had lived in Cape Town for five years. She kept a diary with information about George Yonge. She describes how Yonge's leadership caused the colony's political life to degenerate into a state of corruption worse even than the one under the [[wikipedia:Dutch_East_India_Company|VOC regime.]] Yonge did his business through his private secretary, Richard Blake, rather than through the more formal Colonial Secretary's office because Andrew Barnard, the colonial secretary, was critical of the pervasive abuses and official indulgence. Yonge plotted bribery and jobbery at illicit slave trading and other questionable practices.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Le Cordeur, Basil &amp;amp; Margaret Lenta. [https://books.google.ca/books?id=XuO1G1K1htMC&amp;amp;pg=PR23&amp;amp;lpg=PR23&amp;amp;dq=cape+articles+of+capitulation,+george+yonge&amp;amp;source=bl&amp;amp;ots=0ZGHYsZa9M&amp;amp;sig=ACfU3U3y6f20l3l6_dP4PBK4fPO-xBnxow&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwjDgsmKx_3lAhWiiOAKHY7KBZEQ6AEwAnoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=cape%20articles%20of%20capitulation%2C%20george%20yonge&amp;amp;f=false The Cape Diaries of Lady Anne Barnard, 1799-1800]. ''ebook''. p. xvii.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===George Yonge, the slave trader===&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:1118-certificate-of-slave-registry-office-1827.jpg|thumb|left| © Iziko Museums of South Africa, Social History Collections]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Despite being known as a corrupt individual, Yonge was known to abuse his power by illegally issuing slave trade licenses. In the late 18th century, the British established a restriction on new licenses to bring new slaves to the Cape of Good Hope. Slave Trade Act 1788, also known as Dolben’s Act, was an effort by the British government to eliminate the transatlantic slave trade slowly. The British parliament passed a law restricting the number of licenses to private slave trade companies. Without licenses, Slave Traders (which are private entities) – who replenished the states with (new) slaves – could not operate. However, George Yonge, as the governor of the Cape Colony, disregarded the restriction (on slave import licenses). Yonge illegally granted countless new licenses to notoriously infamous slave traders such as Michael Hogan.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;JM Fuamba, Benéshé. [https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/yonge-street-named-after-britains-absolute-racist-worst-fuamba/ YONGE STREET NAMED AFTER BRITAIN'S ABSOLUTE RACIST AND WORST HUMAN BEING: BRITISH GOV. RECORDS. HENCE, NO YONGE LANDMARKS ANYWHERE IN THE UK]. Mar 2, 2020. ''LinkedIn article''. Retrieved Feb 15, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Wilberforce.jpg|thumb|[https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/wilberforce-finally-ended-slavery Adam Smith Institute] Wilberforce Anti-Slavery Campaign]]&lt;br /&gt;
On Tuesday, 12 May 1789, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wilberforce William Wilberforce] delivered a speech regarding slave trading in the House of Commons. Quoted from ''The Morning Star'' newspaper:&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;&amp;quot;This was a dreadful expedient; and till now, he could not believe that so much misery could be condensed in so little room. He could wish to rouse the feelings of every man on the occasion, and convince the people that their intention and aid were the were the result of consideration, which did awaken him.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;speech&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Carey, Brycchan. [https://brycchancarey.com/Carey_AOJ_2003.pdf WILLIAM WILBERFORCE'S&lt;br /&gt;
SENTIMENTAL RHETORIC: PARLIAMENTARY REPORTAGE AND THE ABOLITION SPEECH OF 1789]. PDF. ''AMS Press, Inc. New York''. Retrieved Feb 18, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Wilberforce passed an Order in Council by the House of Commons in 1796. The Order in Council specified that slaves must arrive at British possessions with the metropolitan government's consent. In other words, slave importation to the Cape would need permission from the government in the form of licenses. Slave importation to the Cape Colony during the first and second British occupation was consequently firmly restricted and regulated.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Slaves were constantly imported to the Cape from 1797-1808. The matter of provincial slave importation was a significant issue, considering the impact of the antislavery movement in London. As a slave society, the Cape depended on slave labor. Decisions related to slave importation to the Cape were left in the British Secretary for War and the colonies, Henry Dundas. Dundas allowed the Cape's governors to license slave importation only when they would deem it necessary. He permitted governors to utilize their discretion on his behalf since postal communications (by ship) were slow and because 'exceptional circumstances' constantly emerged. Slave importation was, subsequently, managed by the first British occupation's governors who kept up the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company VOC] ruling that slaves must be landed with the governor's consent.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Reidy, Michael Charles. [https://open.uct.ac.za/bitstream/handle/11427/12742/thesis_hum_1997_reidy_m_c.pdf?sequence=1 THE ADMISSION OF SLAVES AND 'PRIZE SLAVES' INTO THE CAPE COLONY, 1797-1818]. ''University of Cape Town''. Retrieved Feb 17, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sir George Yonge was the only governor who abused this power of discretion. Before Yonge, licenses were extremely scarce. During George Yonge’s first week as governor of the colony, he issued Hogan licenses to import over 600 slaves into the colony.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===George Yonge, the slave trader and his accomplice, Michael Hogan===&lt;br /&gt;
'''Michael Hogan''' was an Irish-born shipowner, East India captain and slave runner.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.harlemworldmagazine.com/amazing-story-michael-hogan-founder-harlems-claremont-inn-1807-1833/ The Amazing Story Of Michael Hogan, Founder Of Harlem’s Claremont Inn, 1807-1833]. Sept 11, 2017. ''Harlem World Magazine''. Retrieved Feb 18, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; He had been importing slaves to Cape town ever since Macartney's governorship. In May 1798, [[wikipedia:George_Macartney,_1st_Earl_Macartney|Macartney]] (the first British governor of the Cape) got a proposal from Hogan and Tennant to import 400 slaves from the west coast of Africa to the Cape. He approved the application and allowed the merchants to import more than 400 slaves between 1 June 1798 and 31 May 1799. Hogan acknowledged this restriction in writing while expressing his discontentment of the quota in these terms, writing:&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''&amp;quot;as it is an undertaking that no other person or persons would enter into, totally unknown, never has been attempted&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;''A slave voyage to the west coast of Africa had not been attempted during the first British occupation of the Cape. The first slave trade expeditions to the Cape were from Angola, before the Dutch West India Company curtailed that trade. Michael Hogan would have been aware of this trade, however.''&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and in consequence attended with great difficulty and much risk to the first adventurers, we humbly hope that Government will extend its indulgence as far as the existing laws will admit. Should the West African slave trade be successful, Hogan argued, 'many Applications [would] be poured in [to the governor's office] by persons less enterprizing who only wait the issue of our undertaking&amp;quot;''&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Michael Hogan used legitimate and sneaky techniques to carry slaves into the colony from ''La Rose'', ''La Africano'', the ''JoaQuim'' and ''Collector'' between November 1799 and April 1800. To evade slave prohibition, Hogan imported slaves under the guise of said slaves having been captured from enemy vessels and, in that capacity, obligated to being sold as prize cargoes at the Cape. During this time, barely in his first week as governor, Yonge allowed Hogan the importation of 600 slaves into the state.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
By 1790, slave trade boats, including '''''The Collector''''', were licensed exclusively to capture slaves from French slave boats along the Mozambique channel; such slaves were known as prize slaves. Instead, Hogan's ship, The Collector, purchased slaves in Mozambique. This illegal trade went against the colonial administration's anti-slave trade policy. Slaves thus purchased were passed on as &amp;quot;prize slaves&amp;quot; and brought to the Cape by the Collector. In 1799, the Collector &amp;quot;captured&amp;quot; two French &amp;quot;prize&amp;quot; boat - ''La Rose'' and ''La Africano''. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On November 1799, '''''the Collector''''' accompanied ''La Rose'' into Table Bay. The crew lied before Vice-Admiralty Court, alleging that the boat and its cargo had been taken in an abandoned state off the Mahle islands. Forty-eight (out of sixty-eight) of the vessel's &amp;quot;prize slaves&amp;quot; survived quarantine on Robben Island. In December 1799, the second &amp;quot;prize&amp;quot; vessel, ''La Africano'', arrived at the Cape with 25 slaves. The crew lied again before the Vice-Admiralty Court, stating they had discovered the boat deserted close to Seychelles. The Court was told the vessels were sailing towards Mauritius. In March 1800, the ''JoaQuim'' arrived at the Cape with 422 slaves.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It happened that Hogan had submitted an appeal against the ban to import slaves to General Fraser (who was in command at the Cape between governorships) before Yonge's arrival. With Yonge's appointment as the new governor and knowing Yonge's corrupt reputation, Hogan requested that General Fraser leave his appeal to the then coming governor's decision. Seeing that General Fraser was abiding by the law by not granting him, Michael Hogan presented a second request through Yonge's own office (and private secretary, Mr. Blake) soon after Yonge landed in the Cape in mid-February 1800. Hogan told Yonge that JoaQuim's slaves would profit the state and be a meaningful response to the province's great demand for slaves. He had purchased the freight, and the captain of the ship had enabled him to sell the slaves wherever he wanted. Unlike General Fraser, Yonge allowed Hogan to land the slave cargo.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Logbook.jpg|thumb|Ship's log that was auctioned recently. Photo credit: NSW Government]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On 9 March 1800, Lady Anne witnessed the landing of these slaves. In her diary she mentioned; &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''&amp;quot;I passed a sort of open coast which had a paling round and on looking in saw an immense number of black bowls fixed to etruscan looking figures all in one attitude. I never saw anything so strange. I stopd the carriage and on inquiring what it was, was told it was 300 slaves of Mr Hogan's, part of his cargo which were to be sold next day and that 300 more were to be landed the day after tommorow.&amp;quot;''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;8Lady Anne Barnard's Cape Journal cited from, Margaret Lenta, 'Degrees of freedom: Lady Anne Barnard's Cape Diaries', in Mike Leighton (ed.), Eighteenth Century Studies: The Rights of Man, (HSRC, Pretoria, 1992), p.76.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Royal Navy captains (stationed in Table Bay) also received information that s that governor Yonge had ordered the cargo's landing with his 'Express Permission'. Andrew Barnard notified Macartney on this issue: ''I recollect right you declared a man should not be landed; however when your back was turned it proved otherwise''. Hogan sold a lading of 'prize slaves' on commission for the navy. After this sale, Hogan ostensibly sent the ''JoaQuim'' to Rio&lt;br /&gt;
de Janeiro, while in fact, it was sent to Mozambique.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In April 1800, Donald Campbell (Port Captain of Table Bay at the time) received reports of foul play with respect to the ''Collector'' from Walker and&lt;br /&gt;
Robertson (business rivals of Hogan and Tennant). Campbell wrote to governor Yonge and to W.S Van Ryneveldt stating that ''he had full proof to produce that the Prizes when taken had not a slave on board the Privateer''. Yonge had made veiled threats to Campbell in the hope that he would drop the matter.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Captain Smit and the crew of the Danish boat, the Holger Dansche, testified before the Court of Justice that they had witnessed the occurrence of a transshipment of slaves on the Zambezi river mouth between ''the JoaQuim'' and ''the Collector'' (under the name Mountain). It was unusual for ''the Collector'' to have flown British flags over French flags (signifying the capture of French 'prize vessels') when it had arrived at Mozambique without slaves. In the beginning, the Collector's crew presented confusing evidences before the Court of Justice. However, one of the officers aboard the Collector eventually testified that two logbooks had been kept during the boat's voyage. Upon the investigation, the Court of Justice concluded that the Collector's 'prize slave' had not been seized from French vessels in the south-west Indian Ocean, but purchased illegally at Mozambique. Michael Hogan, therefore, was suspected of fraud.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In March 1802 Commission of Inquiry was formed to investigate charges made against Yonge. Yonge was the alleged recipient of a bribe worth several thousand pounds for a license that permitted Michael Hogan to import 600 slaves into the colony. This business was transacted through Yonge's private office by his niece's husband and private secretary, Blake, and Yonge's aide-de-camp, Major Cockburn. Blake and Cockburn had bought shares in Hogan's projected slave trade.  The Commissioners concluded that: ''A very strong degree of presumption appears in the several circumstances brought forward, that [Yonge] connived at and promoted the corrupt practices carried on in his family.''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Yonge informed the Secretary of State that he had 'consented to the supply of slaves being completed' in March 1800. The Commission of Inquiry (1802) concluded that Hogan was to blame for ''the Collector's'' illicit activities. Slave importation to the Cape was 'in its Zenith' during Yonge's&lt;br /&gt;
governorship.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When Dundas replaced Yonge in 1801, he was adamant to follow Macartney's example of a 'limited importation' of slaves to the Cape. Dundas permitted only&lt;br /&gt;
one importation of slaves into the colony from 1801-1803. This was the last 'permitted' admission of slaves of the first British occupation period.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Black Racism in Street Names]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category: Racial Bias in Policing]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:History Corrections of Street Names]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Al</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Yonge_Street&amp;diff=7213835</id>
		<title>Yonge Street</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Yonge_Street&amp;diff=7213835"/>
		<updated>2021-03-25T14:52:57Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Al: /* George Yonge, the slave trader and his accomplice, Michael Hogan */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;==The Street==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Yonge st.jpg|thumb|Yonge St.]]&lt;br /&gt;
Famously known as &amp;quot;the longest street in the world&amp;quot; – until 1999, Yonge Street is Toronto's main artery, connecting Lake Ontario to Lake Simcoe.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.yongelove.ca/history/ Yonge Street through the years]. ''yongelove.ca''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The Guinness Book of World Records held Yonge Street as the longest road until 1998, but it was taken out in 1999. The possibility that Yonge was the longest road in the world came from what appeared to be a continuation of Yonge on Highway 11. If it happened to be the same road, the street would be over 1800 kilometers in length.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;gh36&amp;quot;&amp;gt;mattsexsmith. [https://www.gh360.ca/?p=6819 WE ARE YONGE: EXPLORING 225 YEARS OF HISTORY ON ONTARIO'S OLDEST YONGE ST.] Dec 4, 2018. ''gh360.ca''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Yonge Street was integral to the original planning and settlement of western Upper Canada in the 1790s, forming the concession roads in Ontario today. Once the southernmost leg of Highway 11, linking the provincial capital with northern Ontario, Yonge Street has been referred to as &amp;quot;Main Street Ontario.&amp;quot; Ontario's first colonial administrator, [[John Graves Simcoe&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1|John Graves Simcoe]], named the road for his companion Sir George Yonge, an expert on ancient Roman roads.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonge_Street Yonge Street]. ''Wikipedia''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; However, the name has sparked controversies today because Sir George Yonge was a corrupt person and a slave trader.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==The Namesake: George Yonge, public figure background==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:1200px-George Yonge.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Sir George Yonge]]&lt;br /&gt;
''Sir George Yonge'' was a British Secretary at War (1782–1783 and 1783–1794). He was one of the experts on Roman Streets: ''“He was a man of letters, an F.R.S., and a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, to which he communicated an excellent memoir on the subject of Roman roads and camps, in connection with some discoveries that had been made at Mansfied, in Nottinghamshire, and hence the peculiar fitness of naming Yonge Street after him, it being precisely such a road, and adapted to similar uses, as those he had been engaged in examining.&amp;quot;''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJhDAQAAIAAJ&amp;amp;pg=PA389 Engineering]. Office for Advertisements and Publication. 1879. p. 389.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He was a Parliament member for his family's Rotten Borough of Honiton, Devon, from 1754 to 1761 and again from 1763 to 1796. He was cited for acquiring £80,000 from his father, received another £80,000 when he married, and £80,000 from Parliament, yet Honiton had &amp;quot;swallowed it all.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_George_Yonge,_5th_Baronet Sir George Yonge, 5th Baronet]. ''Wikipedia''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Honiton was one of the most venal boroughs in the kingdom. He is said to have spent colossal sums upon his constituency and trying to set up a woolen factory at Ottery St. Mary, by which he was known as a ''great loser.''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;history&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1790-1820/member/yonge-sir-george-1732-1812 YONGE, Sir George, 5th Bt. (1732-1812), of Colyton and Escott House, Devon]. ''historyofparliamentonline.org''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===George Yonge, the corrupt===&lt;br /&gt;
Yonge had had a long career as a public servant. He arrived at the British colony in South Africa, Cape Town, on 9 December 1799 as he was nominated, governor. George Yonge’s experience had no bearing on his governorship assignment. At 68 years old, he was said to be too old to become governor. His administration was marked by want of tact and judgment. For instance, he argued with [[wikipedia:Francis_Dundas|General Francis Dundas]]''',''' the officer in command of the troops, whose power he tried to usurp; he outraged the old Dutch settlers by increasing taxes, contrary, it was alleged, to the Dutch [[wikipedia:Capitulation_(surrender)|capitulation]]; he left the administration of affairs mostly to Mr. Blake, his private secretary, and Lieutenant-colonel Cockburn, his principal aide-de-camp, who, because they were notoriously corrupt, were known to bend Yonge’s governorship decisions in favor of the highest bidders.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Laughton, John Knox. [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Yonge,_George Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900, Volume 63: Yonge, George]. Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.286. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Yonge accepted the governorship of Cape Town to get away from his creditors. His appointment surprised many people, including the [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-Bathurst-3rd-Earl-Bathurst King. Lord Bathurst], member of Parliament for Cirencester, commented that ''&amp;quot;it seems to promise so very ill,&amp;quot;'' Macartney, the first governor of Cape Town, was said to be shocked by the decision of such a replacement and Addington, a member of Parliament for Devizes who later became Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1804, depicted it as a despicable job which he had tried to prevent.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Geo. III Corresp. iii. 1932; Wellesley Pprs. i. 89-90; Glenbervie Jnls. i. 148.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Within just ten months, Cape Town was a political catastrophe for the British Government and the colony. George Yonge found a formidable critique in [[wikipedia:Lady_Anne_Barnard|Lady Anne Barnard]].  [[wikipedia:Francis_Dundas|Francis Dundas]], former governor of Cape Town, told the King that Yonge’s governorship needed to be reviewed;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''his conduct ... has in such a variety of particulars been so wild and extravagant as to render it impossible to continue him in that government without exposing this country to the imputation of being indifferent to the concerns of that most important settlement.''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;history&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At the same time Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington who by the time was a Lieutenant Colonel in the [[wikipedia:Duke_of_Wellington's_Regiment|33rd Regiment]], wrote to Dundas from India:&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''My accounts from the Cape all concur in representing that government to be in a state of great confusion. The imbecility and ignorance of Sir George Yonge entirely disqualify him for his situation ... The importance of the Cape in its relation to India increases every hour ... Yonge is employed in founding theatres and masquerade rooms. He dances with more grace and perseverance than Lord Keeper Hatton; and the fame of his brawls has not only reached the kaffirs, and animated every kraal from the Cape to the desert of Sahara, but extended to the Indus and the Ganges.''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;history&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
George Yonge was dismissed in September 1801. [[wikipedia:Lady_Anne_Barnard|Lady Anne Barnard]], a wife of Andrew Bernard, a colonial secretary at the Cape of Good Hope and a Cape resident, told Wellesley that:&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''the Lofty Twaddler has had the lofty tumble I foresaw ... [he] was petrified at the event. He is so conceited of his own abilities that nothing was farther from his expectation than being blamed for anything.''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;history&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
She also mentioned that Yonge had taken an enormous bribe from a scandalous slave trader to land many slaves.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Knowles, Rachel. [https://www.regencyhistory.net/2016/11/the-unconventional-lady-anne-barnard.html The unconventional Lady Anne Barnard (1750-1825)]. Nov 8, 2016. ''regencyhistory.net''. Retrieved Feb 15, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Lady Anne Barnard, wife of the colonial secretary at the Cape of Good Hope, Andrew Barnard, had lived in Cape Town for five years. She kept a diary with information about George Yonge. She describes how Yonge's leadership caused the colony's political life to degenerate into a state of corruption worse even than the one under the [[wikipedia:Dutch_East_India_Company|VOC regime.]] Yonge did his business through his private secretary, Richard Blake, rather than through the more formal Colonial Secretary's office because Andrew Barnard, the colonial secretary, was critical of the pervasive abuses and official indulgence. Yonge plotted bribery and jobbery at illicit slave trading and other questionable practices.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Le Cordeur, Basil &amp;amp; Margaret Lenta. [https://books.google.ca/books?id=XuO1G1K1htMC&amp;amp;pg=PR23&amp;amp;lpg=PR23&amp;amp;dq=cape+articles+of+capitulation,+george+yonge&amp;amp;source=bl&amp;amp;ots=0ZGHYsZa9M&amp;amp;sig=ACfU3U3y6f20l3l6_dP4PBK4fPO-xBnxow&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwjDgsmKx_3lAhWiiOAKHY7KBZEQ6AEwAnoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=cape%20articles%20of%20capitulation%2C%20george%20yonge&amp;amp;f=false The Cape Diaries of Lady Anne Barnard, 1799-1800]. ''ebook''. p. xvii.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===George Yonge, the slave trader===&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:1118-certificate-of-slave-registry-office-1827.jpg|thumb|left| © Iziko Museums of South Africa, Social History Collections]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Despite being known as a corrupt individual, Yonge was known to abuse his power by illegally issuing slave trade licenses. In the late 18th century, the British established a restriction on new licenses to bring new slaves to the Cape of Good Hope. Slave Trade Act 1788, also known as Dolben’s Act, was an effort by the British government to eliminate the transatlantic slave trade slowly. The British parliament passed a law restricting the number of licenses to private slave trade companies. Without licenses, Slave Traders (which are private entities) – who replenished the states with (new) slaves – could not operate. However, George Yonge, as the governor of the Cape Colony, disregarded the restriction (on slave import licenses). Yonge illegally granted countless new licenses to notoriously infamous slave traders such as Michael Hogan.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;JM Fuamba, Benéshé. [https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/yonge-street-named-after-britains-absolute-racist-worst-fuamba/ YONGE STREET NAMED AFTER BRITAIN'S ABSOLUTE RACIST AND WORST HUMAN BEING: BRITISH GOV. RECORDS. HENCE, NO YONGE LANDMARKS ANYWHERE IN THE UK]. Mar 2, 2020. ''LinkedIn article''. Retrieved Feb 15, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Wilberforce.jpg|thumb|[https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/wilberforce-finally-ended-slavery Adam Smith Institute] Wilberforce Anti-Slavery Campaign]]&lt;br /&gt;
On Tuesday, 12 May 1789, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wilberforce William Wilberforce] delivered a speech regarding slave trading in the House of Commons. Quoted from ''The Morning Star'' newspaper:&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;&amp;quot;This was a dreadful expedient; and till now, he could not believe that so much misery could be condensed in so little room. He could wish to rouse the feelings of every man on the occasion, and convince the people that their intention and aid were the were the result of consideration, which did awaken him.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;speech&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Carey, Brycchan. [https://brycchancarey.com/Carey_AOJ_2003.pdf WILLIAM WILBERFORCE'S&lt;br /&gt;
SENTIMENTAL RHETORIC: PARLIAMENTARY REPORTAGE AND THE ABOLITION SPEECH OF 1789]. PDF. ''AMS Press, Inc. New York''. Retrieved Feb 18, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Wilberforce passed an Order in Council by the House of Commons in 1796. The Order in Council specified that slaves must arrive at British possessions with the metropolitan government's consent. In other words, slave importation to the Cape would need permission from the government in the form of licenses. Slave importation to the Cape Colony during the first and second British occupation was consequently firmly restricted and regulated.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Slaves were constantly imported to the Cape from 1797-1808. The matter of provincial slave importation was a significant issue, considering the impact of the antislavery movement in London. As a slave society, the Cape depended on slave labor. Decisions related to slave importation to the Cape were left in the British Secretary for War and the colonies, Henry Dundas. Dundas allowed the Cape's governors to license slave importation only when they would deem it necessary. He permitted governors to utilize their discretion on his behalf since postal communications (by ship) were slow and because 'exceptional circumstances' constantly emerged. Slave importation was, subsequently, managed by the first British occupation's governors who kept up the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company VOC] ruling that slaves must be landed with the governor's consent.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Reidy, Michael Charles. [https://open.uct.ac.za/bitstream/handle/11427/12742/thesis_hum_1997_reidy_m_c.pdf?sequence=1 THE ADMISSION OF SLAVES AND 'PRIZE SLAVES' INTO THE CAPE COLONY, 1797-1818]. ''University of Cape Town''. Retrieved Feb 17, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sir George Yonge was the only governor who abused this power of discretion. Before Yonge, licenses were extremely scarce. During George Yonge’s first week as governor of the colony, he issued Hogan licenses to import over 600 slaves into the colony.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===George Yonge, the slave trader and his accomplice, Michael Hogan===&lt;br /&gt;
'''Michael Hogan''' was an Irish-born shipowner, East India captain and slave runner.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.harlemworldmagazine.com/amazing-story-michael-hogan-founder-harlems-claremont-inn-1807-1833/ The Amazing Story Of Michael Hogan, Founder Of Harlem’s Claremont Inn, 1807-1833]. Sept 11, 2017. ''Harlem World Magazine''. Retrieved Feb 18, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; He had been importing slaves to Cape town ever since Macartney's governorship. In May 1798, [[wikipedia:George_Macartney,_1st_Earl_Macartney|Macartney]] (the first British governor of the Cape) got a proposal from Hogan and Tennant to import 400 slaves from the west coast of Africa to the Cape. He approved the application and allowed the merchants to import more than 400 slaves between 1 June 1798 and 31 May 1799. Hogan acknowledged this restriction in writing while expressing his discontentment of the quota in these terms, writing:&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''&amp;quot;as it is an undertaking that no other person or persons would enter into, totally unknown, never has been attempted&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;''A slave voyage to the west coast of Africa had not been attempted during the first British occupation of the Cape. The first slave trade expeditions to the Cape were from Angola, before the Dutch West India Company curtailed that trade. Michael Hogan would have been aware of this trade, however.''&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and in consequence attended with great difficulty and much risk to the first adventurers, we humbly hope that Government will extend its indulgence as far as the existing laws will admit. Should the West African slave trade be successful, Hogan argued, 'many Applications [would] be poured in [to the governor's office] by persons less enterprizing who only wait the issue of our undertaking&amp;quot;''&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Michael Hogan used legitimate and sneaky techniques to carry slaves into the colony from ''La Rose'', ''La Africano'', the ''JoaQuim'' and ''Collector'' between November 1799 and April 1800. To evade slave prohibition, Hogan imported slaves under the guise of said slaves having been captured from enemy vessels and, in that capacity, obligated to being sold as prize cargoes at the Cape. During this time, barely in his first week as governor, Yonge allowed Hogan the importation of 600 slaves into the state.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
By 1790, slave trade boats, including '''''The Collector''''', were licensed exclusively to capture slaves from French slave boats along the Mozambique channel; such slaves were known as prize slaves. Instead, Hogan's ship, The Collector, purchased slaves in Mozambique. This illegal trade went against the colonial administration's anti-slave trade policy. Slaves thus purchased were passed on as &amp;quot;prize slaves&amp;quot; and brought to the Cape by the Collector. In 1799, the Collector &amp;quot;captured&amp;quot; two French &amp;quot;prize&amp;quot; boat - ''La Rose'' and ''La Africano''. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On November 1799, '''''the Collector''''' accompanied ''La Rose'' into Table Bay. The crew lied before Vice-Admiralty Court, alleging that the boat and its cargo had been taken in an abandoned state off the Mahle islands. Forty-eight (out of sixty-eight) of the vessel's &amp;quot;prize slaves&amp;quot; survived quarantine on Robben Island. In December 1799, the second &amp;quot;prize&amp;quot; vessel, ''La Africano'', arrived at the Cape with 25 slaves. The crew lied again before the Vice-Admiralty Court, stating they had discovered the boat deserted close to Seychelles. The Court was told the vessels were sailing towards Mauritius. In March 1800, the ''JoaQuim'' arrived at the Cape with 422 slaves.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It happened that Hogan had submitted an appeal against the ban to import slaves to General Fraser (who was in command at the Cape between governorships) before Yonge's arrival. With Yonge's appointment as the new governor and knowing Yonge's corrupt reputation, Hogan requested that General Fraser leave his appeal to the then coming governor's decision. Seeing that General Fraser was abiding by the law by not granting him, Michael Hogan presented a second request through Yonge's own office (and private secretary, Mr. Blake) soon after Yonge landed in the Cape in mid-February 1800. Hogan told Yonge that JoaQuim's slaves would profit the state and be a meaningful response to the province's great demand for slaves. He had purchased the freight, and the captain of the ship had enabled him to sell the slaves wherever he wanted. Unlike General Fraser, Yonge allowed Hogan to land the slave cargo.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Logbook.jpg|thumb|Ship's log that was auctioned recently. Photo credit: NSW Government]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On 9 March 1800, Lady Anne witnessed the landing of these slaves. In her diary she mentioned; &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''&amp;quot;I passed a sort of open coast which had a paling round and on looking in saw an immense number of black bowls fixed to etruscan looking figures all in one attitude. I never saw anything so strange. I stopd the carriage and on inquiring what it was, was told it was 300 slaves of Mr Hogan's, part of his cargo which were to be sold next day and that 300 more were to be landed the day after tommorow.&amp;quot;''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;8Lady Anne Barnard's Cape Journal cited from, Margaret Lenta, 'Degrees of freedom: Lady Anne Barnard's Cape Diaries', in Mike Leighton (ed.), Eighteenth Century Studies: The Rights of Man, (HSRC, Pretoria, 1992), p.76.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Royal Navy captains (stationed in Table Bay) also received information that s that governor Yonge had ordered the cargo's landing with his 'Express Permission'. Andrew Barnard notified Macartney on this issue: ''I recollect right you declared a man should not be landed; however when your back was turned it proved otherwise''. Hogan sold a lading of 'prize slaves' on commission for the navy. After this sale, Hogan ostensibly sent the ''JoaQuim'' to Rio&lt;br /&gt;
de Janeiro, while in fact, it was sent to Mozambique.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In April 1800, Donald Campbell (Port Captain of Table Bay at the time) received reports of foul play with respect to the ''Collector'' from Walker and&lt;br /&gt;
Robertson (business rivals of Hogan and Tennant). Campbell wrote to governor Yonge and to W.S Van Ryneveldt stating that ''he had full proof to produce that the Prizes when taken had not a slave on board the Privateer''. Yonge had made veiled threats to Campbell in the hope that he would drop the matter.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Captain Smit and the crew of the Danish boat, the Holger Dansche, testified before the Court of Justice that they had witnessed the occurrence of a transshipment of slaves on the Zambezi river mouth between ''the JoaQuim'' and ''the Collector'' (under the name Mountain). It was unusual for ''the Collector'' to have flown British flags over French flags (signifying the capture of French 'prize vessels') when it had arrived at Mozambique without slaves. In the beginning, the Collector's crew presented confusing evidences before the Court of Justice. However, one of the officers aboard the Collector eventually testified that two logbooks had been kept during the boat's voyage. Upon the investigation, the Court of Justice concluded that the Collector's 'prize slave' had not been seized from French vessels in the south-west Indian Ocean, but purchased illegally at Mozambique. Michael Hogan, therefore, was suspected of fraud.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In March 1802 Commission of Inquiry was formed to investigate charges made against Yonge. Yonge was the alleged recipient of a bribe worth several thousand pounds for a license that permitted Michael Hogan to import 600 slaves into the colony. This business was transacted through Yonge's private office by his niece's husband and private secretary, Blake, and Yonge's aide-de-camp, Major Cockburn. Blake and Cockburn had bought shares in Hogan's projected slave trade.  The Commissioners concluded that: ''A very strong degree of presumption appears in the several circumstances brought forward, that [Yonge] connived at and promoted the corrupt practices carried on in his family.''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Yonge informed the Secretary of State that he had 'consented to the supply of slaves being completed' in March 1800. The Commission of Inquiry (1802) concluded that Hogan was to blame for ''the Collector's'' illicit activities. Slave importation to the Cape was 'in its Zenith' during Yonge's&lt;br /&gt;
governorship.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When Dundas replaced Yonge in 1801, he was adamant to follow Macartney's example of a 'limited importation' of slaves to the Cape. Dundas permitted only&lt;br /&gt;
one importation of slaves into the colony from 1801-1803. This was the last 'permitted' admission of slaves of the first British occupation period.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Yonge Street Riot===&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:NOWarchives-May14 1992-2-DudleyLaws.jpg|thumb|Yonge Street riot remembered - NOW Magazine]]&lt;br /&gt;
The Yonge Street riot was an act of dissent in response to police brutality and police racism. The trigger was the acquittal of four white police officers in Los Angeles after the beating of Rodney King. Furthermore, another black man, Raymond Constantine Lawrence, was shot four times in the chest by a police officer within the same time frame of the Rodney King beating (Lawton 1992).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;msingh29. [https://criminalizingdissent.wordpress.com/2013/03/28/the-yonge-street-riot-significance-of-criminalization-and-dissent/ The Yonge Street Riot: Significance of Criminalization and Dissent]. Mar 28, 2013. ''criminalizingdissent.wordpress.com. A critical analysis''. Retrieved Feb 15, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The Yonge Street riot occurred on the night of May 4, 1992.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Yonge Street Riot started with a rally, organized by the Black Action Defence Committee in protest of the acquittal of four white police officers videotaped beating [[The Rodney King Beating | Rodney King]], a black man in Los Angeles. Two days earlier, another reason for taking to the streets emerged. A white, plain-clothed police officer, in Toronto, shot and killed a 22 year old black man, who police alleged was dealing crack. At the protest, speakers reminded the crowd that the victim, Raymond Constantine Lawrence, was the 14th black man shot by the Toronto Police Service since 1978, (an average of one a year), and the 4th to die. The crowd of about 1,000 people was full of anger. They marched from the US consulate to Yonge and Bloor, where they sat down to block traffic for 45 minutes.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://localwiki.org/toronto/The_Yonge_Street_Riot The Yonge Street Riot]. ''localwiki.org''. Retrieved Feb 15, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As the protest headed down Yonge Street toward City Hall, the crowd swelled with street youth and teens who, according to social workers and teachers interviewed later, heard via the grapevine that there was an opportunity to go wild as they had on New Year’s Eve and following the closure of the previous year’s CNE. They attempted to enter City Hall but was blocked by mounted police. The crowd headed back north along Yonge and spent the next few hours in a destructive mood, as a diverse crowd of youths tipped hot dog carts, smashed windows, and looted storefronts. Police were instructed not to intervene unless people appeared to be in danger of physical harm. Many of the original protesters either left the scene in disgust or urged rioters to go home. By 10 p.m., police formed a wall along St. Mary Street at Bay. A lingering group of rioters headed toward Yonge and Yorkville, where they were finally dispersed, but not before somebody tossed a Molotov cocktail into the middle of the crowd. When the night was over, 30 people were arrested, mostly on disorderly conduct charges. Around 37 police officers and three police horses were injured, and 100 storefronts were damaged.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;torontoist&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Bradburn, Jamie. [https://torontoist.com/2011/08/theres_a_riot_goin_on_down_yonge_street/ There’s a Riot Goin’ On Down Yonge Street]. Aug 11, 2011. ''torontoist.com''. Retrieved Feb 15, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As a result of the Yonge Street Uprising, several reports were commissioned in order to examine the extent of systemic racism within the Ontario criminal justice system. Although Ontario Premiere, Bob Rae, originally insisted that the riots were not due to racism, he later acknowledged that racism is “a Canadian fact of life that we all have to wrestle with”&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kyres, Maria. [https://qspace.library.queensu.ca/bitstream/handle/1974/22750/Kyres_Maria_201709_MA.pdf?sequence=2&amp;amp;isAllowed=y From the Yonge Street Riot to the Carding Controversy:Policing and Surveilling the Black Community in Toronto, Canada, 1992-2016]. Sept, 2017. ''Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada''. PDF. Retrieved Feb 15, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Black Racism in Street Names]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category: Racial Bias in Policing]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:History Corrections of Street Names]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Al</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Yonge_Street&amp;diff=7213794</id>
		<title>Yonge Street</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Yonge_Street&amp;diff=7213794"/>
		<updated>2021-03-25T14:44:54Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Al: /* Yonge, Michael Hogan, and the Collector Scandal */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;==The Street==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Yonge st.jpg|thumb|Yonge St.]]&lt;br /&gt;
Famously known as &amp;quot;the longest street in the world&amp;quot; – until 1999, Yonge Street is Toronto's main artery, connecting Lake Ontario to Lake Simcoe.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.yongelove.ca/history/ Yonge Street through the years]. ''yongelove.ca''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The Guinness Book of World Records held Yonge Street as the longest road until 1998, but it was taken out in 1999. The possibility that Yonge was the longest road in the world came from what appeared to be a continuation of Yonge on Highway 11. If it happened to be the same road, the street would be over 1800 kilometers in length.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;gh36&amp;quot;&amp;gt;mattsexsmith. [https://www.gh360.ca/?p=6819 WE ARE YONGE: EXPLORING 225 YEARS OF HISTORY ON ONTARIO'S OLDEST YONGE ST.] Dec 4, 2018. ''gh360.ca''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Yonge Street was integral to the original planning and settlement of western Upper Canada in the 1790s, forming the concession roads in Ontario today. Once the southernmost leg of Highway 11, linking the provincial capital with northern Ontario, Yonge Street has been referred to as &amp;quot;Main Street Ontario.&amp;quot; Ontario's first colonial administrator, [[John Graves Simcoe&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1|John Graves Simcoe]], named the road for his companion Sir George Yonge, an expert on ancient Roman roads.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonge_Street Yonge Street]. ''Wikipedia''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; However, the name has sparked controversies today because Sir George Yonge was a corrupt person and a slave trader.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==The Namesake: George Yonge, public figure background==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:1200px-George Yonge.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Sir George Yonge]]&lt;br /&gt;
''Sir George Yonge'' was a British Secretary at War (1782–1783 and 1783–1794). He was one of the experts on Roman Streets: ''“He was a man of letters, an F.R.S., and a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, to which he communicated an excellent memoir on the subject of Roman roads and camps, in connection with some discoveries that had been made at Mansfied, in Nottinghamshire, and hence the peculiar fitness of naming Yonge Street after him, it being precisely such a road, and adapted to similar uses, as those he had been engaged in examining.&amp;quot;''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJhDAQAAIAAJ&amp;amp;pg=PA389 Engineering]. Office for Advertisements and Publication. 1879. p. 389.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He was a Parliament member for his family's Rotten Borough of Honiton, Devon, from 1754 to 1761 and again from 1763 to 1796. He was cited for acquiring £80,000 from his father, received another £80,000 when he married, and £80,000 from Parliament, yet Honiton had &amp;quot;swallowed it all.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_George_Yonge,_5th_Baronet Sir George Yonge, 5th Baronet]. ''Wikipedia''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Honiton was one of the most venal boroughs in the kingdom. He is said to have spent colossal sums upon his constituency and trying to set up a woolen factory at Ottery St. Mary, by which he was known as a ''great loser.''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;history&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1790-1820/member/yonge-sir-george-1732-1812 YONGE, Sir George, 5th Bt. (1732-1812), of Colyton and Escott House, Devon]. ''historyofparliamentonline.org''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===George Yonge, the corrupt===&lt;br /&gt;
Yonge had had a long career as a public servant. He arrived at the British colony in South Africa, Cape Town, on 9 December 1799 as he was nominated, governor. George Yonge’s experience had no bearing on his governorship assignment. At 68 years old, he was said to be too old to become governor. His administration was marked by want of tact and judgment. For instance, he argued with [[wikipedia:Francis_Dundas|General Francis Dundas]]''',''' the officer in command of the troops, whose power he tried to usurp; he outraged the old Dutch settlers by increasing taxes, contrary, it was alleged, to the Dutch [[wikipedia:Capitulation_(surrender)|capitulation]]; he left the administration of affairs mostly to Mr. Blake, his private secretary, and Lieutenant-colonel Cockburn, his principal aide-de-camp, who, because they were notoriously corrupt, were known to bend Yonge’s governorship decisions in favor of the highest bidders.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Laughton, John Knox. [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Yonge,_George Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900, Volume 63: Yonge, George]. Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.286. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Yonge accepted the governorship of Cape Town to get away from his creditors. His appointment surprised many people, including the [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-Bathurst-3rd-Earl-Bathurst King. Lord Bathurst], member of Parliament for Cirencester, commented that ''&amp;quot;it seems to promise so very ill,&amp;quot;'' Macartney, the first governor of Cape Town, was said to be shocked by the decision of such a replacement and Addington, a member of Parliament for Devizes who later became Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1804, depicted it as a despicable job which he had tried to prevent.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Geo. III Corresp. iii. 1932; Wellesley Pprs. i. 89-90; Glenbervie Jnls. i. 148.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Within just ten months, Cape Town was a political catastrophe for the British Government and the colony. George Yonge found a formidable critique in [[wikipedia:Lady_Anne_Barnard|Lady Anne Barnard]].  [[wikipedia:Francis_Dundas|Francis Dundas]], former governor of Cape Town, told the King that Yonge’s governorship needed to be reviewed;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''his conduct ... has in such a variety of particulars been so wild and extravagant as to render it impossible to continue him in that government without exposing this country to the imputation of being indifferent to the concerns of that most important settlement.''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;history&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At the same time Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington who by the time was a Lieutenant Colonel in the [[wikipedia:Duke_of_Wellington's_Regiment|33rd Regiment]], wrote to Dundas from India:&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''My accounts from the Cape all concur in representing that government to be in a state of great confusion. The imbecility and ignorance of Sir George Yonge entirely disqualify him for his situation ... The importance of the Cape in its relation to India increases every hour ... Yonge is employed in founding theatres and masquerade rooms. He dances with more grace and perseverance than Lord Keeper Hatton; and the fame of his brawls has not only reached the kaffirs, and animated every kraal from the Cape to the desert of Sahara, but extended to the Indus and the Ganges.''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;history&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
George Yonge was dismissed in September 1801. [[wikipedia:Lady_Anne_Barnard|Lady Anne Barnard]], a wife of Andrew Bernard, a colonial secretary at the Cape of Good Hope and a Cape resident, told Wellesley that:&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''the Lofty Twaddler has had the lofty tumble I foresaw ... [he] was petrified at the event. He is so conceited of his own abilities that nothing was farther from his expectation than being blamed for anything.''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;history&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
She also mentioned that Yonge had taken an enormous bribe from a scandalous slave trader to land many slaves.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Knowles, Rachel. [https://www.regencyhistory.net/2016/11/the-unconventional-lady-anne-barnard.html The unconventional Lady Anne Barnard (1750-1825)]. Nov 8, 2016. ''regencyhistory.net''. Retrieved Feb 15, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Lady Anne Barnard, wife of the colonial secretary at the Cape of Good Hope, Andrew Barnard, had lived in Cape Town for five years. She kept a diary with information about George Yonge. She describes how Yonge's leadership caused the colony's political life to degenerate into a state of corruption worse even than the one under the [[wikipedia:Dutch_East_India_Company|VOC regime.]] Yonge did his business through his private secretary, Richard Blake, rather than through the more formal Colonial Secretary's office because Andrew Barnard, the colonial secretary, was critical of the pervasive abuses and official indulgence. Yonge plotted bribery and jobbery at illicit slave trading and other questionable practices.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Le Cordeur, Basil &amp;amp; Margaret Lenta. [https://books.google.ca/books?id=XuO1G1K1htMC&amp;amp;pg=PR23&amp;amp;lpg=PR23&amp;amp;dq=cape+articles+of+capitulation,+george+yonge&amp;amp;source=bl&amp;amp;ots=0ZGHYsZa9M&amp;amp;sig=ACfU3U3y6f20l3l6_dP4PBK4fPO-xBnxow&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwjDgsmKx_3lAhWiiOAKHY7KBZEQ6AEwAnoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=cape%20articles%20of%20capitulation%2C%20george%20yonge&amp;amp;f=false The Cape Diaries of Lady Anne Barnard, 1799-1800]. ''ebook''. p. xvii.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== George Yonge, the slave trader ===&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:1118-certificate-of-slave-registry-office-1827.jpg|thumb|left| © Iziko Museums of South Africa, Social History Collections]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Despite being known as a corrupt individual, Yonge was known to abuse his power by illegally issuing slave trade licenses. In the late 18th century, the British established a restriction on new licenses to bring new slaves to the Cape of Good Hope. Slave Trade Act 1788, also known as Dolben’s Act, was an effort by the British government to eliminate the transatlantic slave trade slowly. The British parliament passed a law restricting the number of licenses to private slave trade companies. Without licenses, Slave Traders (which are private entities) – who replenished the states with (new) slaves – could not operate. However, George Yonge, as the governor of the Cape Colony, disregarded the restriction (on slave import licenses). Yonge illegally granted countless new licenses to notoriously infamous slave traders such as Michael Hogan.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;JM Fuamba, Benéshé. [https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/yonge-street-named-after-britains-absolute-racist-worst-fuamba/ YONGE STREET NAMED AFTER BRITAIN'S ABSOLUTE RACIST AND WORST HUMAN BEING: BRITISH GOV. RECORDS. HENCE, NO YONGE LANDMARKS ANYWHERE IN THE UK]. Mar 2, 2020. ''LinkedIn article''. Retrieved Feb 15, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Wilberforce.jpg|thumb|[https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/wilberforce-finally-ended-slavery Adam Smith Institute] Wilberforce Anti-Slavery Campaign]]&lt;br /&gt;
On Tuesday, 12 May 1789, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wilberforce William Wilberforce] delivered a speech regarding slave trading in the House of Commons. Quoted from ''The Morning Star'' newspaper:&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;&amp;quot;This was a dreadful expedient; and till now, he could not believe that so much misery could be condensed in so little room. He could wish to rouse the feelings of every man on the occasion, and convince the people that their intention and aid were the were the result of consideration, which did awaken him.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;speech&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Carey, Brycchan. [https://brycchancarey.com/Carey_AOJ_2003.pdf WILLIAM WILBERFORCE'S&lt;br /&gt;
SENTIMENTAL RHETORIC: PARLIAMENTARY REPORTAGE AND THE ABOLITION SPEECH OF 1789]. PDF. ''AMS Press, Inc. New York''. Retrieved Feb 18, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Wilberforce passed an Order in Council by the House of Commons in 1796. The Order in Council specified that slaves must arrive at British possessions with the metropolitan government's consent. In other words, slave importation to the Cape would need permission from the government in the form of licenses. Slave importation to the Cape Colony during the first and second British occupation was consequently firmly restricted and regulated.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Slaves were constantly imported to the Cape from 1797-1808. The matter of provincial slave importation was a significant issue, considering the impact of the antislavery movement in London. As a slave society, the Cape depended on slave labor. Decisions related to slave importation to the Cape were left in the British Secretary for War and the colonies, Henry Dundas. Dundas allowed the Cape's governors to license slave importation only when they would deem it necessary. He permitted governors to utilize their discretion on his behalf since postal communications (by ship) were slow and because 'exceptional circumstances' constantly emerged. Slave importation was, subsequently, managed by the first British occupation's governors who kept up the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company VOC] ruling that slaves must be landed with the governor's consent.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Reidy, Michael Charles. [https://open.uct.ac.za/bitstream/handle/11427/12742/thesis_hum_1997_reidy_m_c.pdf?sequence=1 THE ADMISSION OF SLAVES AND 'PRIZE SLAVES' INTO THE CAPE COLONY, 1797-1818]. ''University of Cape Town''. Retrieved Feb 17, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sir George Yonge was the only governor who abused this power of discretion. Before Yonge, licenses were extremely scarce. During George Yonge’s first week as governor of the colony, he issued Hogan licenses to import over 600 slaves into the colony.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== George Yonge, the slave trader and his accomplice, Michael Hogan ===&lt;br /&gt;
'''Michael Hogan''' was an Irish-born shipowner, East India captain and slave runner.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.harlemworldmagazine.com/amazing-story-michael-hogan-founder-harlems-claremont-inn-1807-1833/ The Amazing Story Of Michael Hogan, Founder Of Harlem’s Claremont Inn, 1807-1833]. Sept 11, 2017. ''Harlem World Magazine''. Retrieved Feb 18, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; He had been importing slaves to Cape town ever since Macartney's governorship. In May 1798, Macartney (the first British governor of the Cape) got a proposal from Hogan and Tennant to import 400 slaves from the west coast of Africa to the Cape. He approved the application and allowed the merchants to import more than 400 slaves between 1 June 1798 and 31 May 1799. Hogan acknowledged this restriction in writing while expressing his discontentment of the quota in these terms, writing:&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''&amp;quot;as it is an undertaking that no other person or persons would enter into, totally unknown, never has been attempted&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;''A slave voyage to the west coast of Africa had not been attempted during the first British occupation of the Cape. The first slave trade expeditions to the Cape were from Angola, before the Dutch West India Company curtailed that trade. Michael Hogan would have been aware of this trade, however.''&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and in consequence attended with great difficulty and much risk to the first adventurers, we humbly hope that Government will extend its indulgence as far as the existing laws will admit. Should the West African slave trade be successful, Hogan argued, 'many Applications [would] be poured in [to the governor's office] by persons less enterprizing who only wait the issue of our undertaking&amp;quot;''&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Michael Hogan used legitimate and clandestine methods to bring slaves into the colony from ''La Rose'', ''La Africano'', the ''JoaQuim'' and ''Collector'' between November 1799 and April 1800. Shortly after the ''JoaQuim'''s departure (March 1799) from the Cape Hogan sent '''''the Collector''''' on a &amp;quot;privateering&amp;quot; 'cruise' for slaves in the Mozambique Channel - to seek out 'such Prizes as she may take'. This was the only legitimate way in which Hogan could work around the British colonial government's tight regulation of slave importation to the Cape. He first, however, had to obtain ''letters de marque'' from John Holand (judge of the Royal Navy's Vice-Admiralty Court). Yonge was rumored to have permitted Hogan the importation of at least 600 slaves into the colony during his first week as governor of the colony.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''''The Collector''''' however did not, capture slaves from French slave boats in the Mozambique channel. The boat was used to purchase slaves in Mozambique. This covert transaction ran contrary to the colonial administration's anti-slave trade stance. The 'prize slaves' were escorted to the Cape by the Collector, aboard its two French 'prize' vessels - ''La Rose'' and ''La Africano''. On November 1799, ''the Collector'' escorted La Rose into Table Bay where the crew testified before the Vice-Admiralty Court that the boat and its cargo had been taken in an abandoned state off the Mahle islands. Forty-eight (out of sixty-eight) of the vessel's 'prize slaves' survived quarantine on Robben Island. On December 1799, the second 'prize' vessel, La Africano, arrived at the Cape with 25 slaves. The crew testified before the Vice-Admiralty Court they had found the boat abandoned near the Seychelles. The Court was under the impression that the vessels were headed for Mauritius.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On March 1800, the ''JoaQuim'' arrived at the Cape with 422 slaves. Hogan reminded Yonge of the permission to import slaves, which the governor had been ''&amp;quot;pleased to allow ... under the date of the 15th of last February [1800]&amp;quot;''. It happened that Hogan had submitted a petition to import slaves to General Fraser (who was in command at the Cape between governorships) before Yonge's arrival to the Cape. Hogan asked General Fraser to leave the petition in the governor's office: 'in case permission was granted for Slaves to be imported from Mozambique ... as he had made the first application. Michael Hogan submitted a second petition through Yonge's personal office (and private secretary, Mr Blake) shortly after Yonge's arrival at the Cape in mid-February&lt;br /&gt;
1800. Hogan anticipated the JoaQuim's arrival for March 1800 would be arriving at the Cape early in March 1800. He informed Yonge that JoaQuim's slaves would benefit the colony and be a meaningful response to the colony's great demand for slaves. He had bought the cargo and the captain of the ship had given him the power to sell the slaves where he pleased. Yonge then permitted Hogan to land the slave cargo.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Logbook.jpg|thumb|Ship's log that was auctioned recently. Photo credit: NSW Government]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On 9 March 1800, Lady Anne witnessed the landing of these slaves. In her diary she mentioned; &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''&amp;quot;I passed a sort of open coast which had a paling round and on looking in saw an immense number of black bowls fixed to etruscan looking figures all in one attitude. I never saw anything so strange. I stopd the carriage and on inquiring what it was, was told it was 300 slaves of Mr Hogan's, part of his cargo which were to be sold next day and that 300 more were to be landed the day after tommorow.&amp;quot;''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;8Lady Anne Barnard's Cape Journal cited from, Margaret Lenta, 'Degrees of freedom: Lady Anne Barnard's Cape Diaries', in Mike Leighton (ed.), Eighteenth Century Studies: The Rights of Man, (HSRC, Pretoria, 1992), p.76.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Royal Navy captains (stationed in Table Bay) also received information that s that governor Yonge had ordered the cargo's landing with his 'Express Permission'. Andrew Barnard notified Macartney on this issue: ''I recollect right you declared a man should not be landed; however when your back was turned it proved otherwise''. Hogan sold a lading of 'prize slaves' on commission for the navy. After this sale, Hogan ostensibly sent the ''JoaQuim'' to Rio&lt;br /&gt;
de Janeiro, while in fact, it was sent to Mozambique.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In April 1800, Donald Campbell (Port Captain of Table Bay at the time) received reports of foul play with respect to the ''Collector'' from Walker and&lt;br /&gt;
Robertson (business rivals of Hogan and Tennant). Campbell wrote to governor Yonge and to W.S Van Ryneveldt stating that ''he had full proof to produce that the Prizes when taken had not a slave on board the Privateer''. Yonge had made veiled threats to Campbell in the hope that he would drop the matter.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Captain Smit and the crew of the Danish boat, the Holger Dansche, testified before the Court of Justice that they had witnessed the occurrence of a transshipment of slaves on the Zambezi river mouth between ''the JoaQuim'' and ''the Collector'' (under the name Mountain). It was unusual for ''the Collector'' to have flown British flags over French flags (signifying the capture of French 'prize vessels') when it had arrived at Mozambique without slaves. In the beginning, the Collector's crew presented confusing evidences before the Court of Justice. However, one of the officers aboard the Collector eventually testified that two logbooks had been kept during the boat's voyage. Upon the investigation, the Court of Justice concluded that the Collector's 'prize slave' had not been seized from French vessels in the south-west Indian Ocean, but purchased illegally at Mozambique. Michael Hogan, therefore, was suspected of fraud.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In March 1802 Commission of Inquiry was formed to investigate charges made against Yonge. Yonge was the alleged recipient of a bribe worth several thousand pounds for a license that permitted Michael Hogan to import 600 slaves into the colony. This business was transacted through Yonge's private office by his niece's husband and private secretary, Blake, and Yonge's aide-de-camp, Major Cockburn. Blake and Cockburn had bought shares in Hogan's projected slave trade.  The Commissioners concluded that: ''A very strong degree of presumption appears in the several circumstances brought forward, that [Yonge] connived at and promoted the corrupt practices carried on in his family.''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Yonge informed the Secretary of State that he had 'consented to the supply of slaves being completed' in March 1800. The Commission of Inquiry (1802) concluded that Hogan was to blame for ''the Collector's'' illicit activities. Slave importation to the Cape was 'in its Zenith' during Yonge's&lt;br /&gt;
governorship.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When Dundas replaced Yonge in 1801, he was adamant to follow Macartney's example of a 'limited importation' of slaves to the Cape. Dundas permitted only&lt;br /&gt;
one importation of slaves into the colony from 1801-1803. This was the last 'permitted' admission of slaves of the first British occupation period.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Yonge Street Riot===&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:NOWarchives-May14 1992-2-DudleyLaws.jpg|thumb|Yonge Street riot remembered - NOW Magazine]]&lt;br /&gt;
The Yonge Street riot was an act of dissent in response to police brutality and police racism. The trigger was the acquittal of four white police officers in Los Angeles after the beating of Rodney King. Furthermore, another black man, Raymond Constantine Lawrence, was shot four times in the chest by a police officer within the same time frame of the Rodney King beating (Lawton 1992).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;msingh29. [https://criminalizingdissent.wordpress.com/2013/03/28/the-yonge-street-riot-significance-of-criminalization-and-dissent/ The Yonge Street Riot: Significance of Criminalization and Dissent]. Mar 28, 2013. ''criminalizingdissent.wordpress.com. A critical analysis''. Retrieved Feb 15, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The Yonge Street riot occurred on the night of May 4, 1992.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Yonge Street Riot started with a rally, organized by the Black Action Defence Committee in protest of the acquittal of four white police officers videotaped beating [[The Rodney King Beating | Rodney King]], a black man in Los Angeles. Two days earlier, another reason for taking to the streets emerged. A white, plain-clothed police officer, in Toronto, shot and killed a 22 year old black man, who police alleged was dealing crack. At the protest, speakers reminded the crowd that the victim, Raymond Constantine Lawrence, was the 14th black man shot by the Toronto Police Service since 1978, (an average of one a year), and the 4th to die. The crowd of about 1,000 people was full of anger. They marched from the US consulate to Yonge and Bloor, where they sat down to block traffic for 45 minutes.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://localwiki.org/toronto/The_Yonge_Street_Riot The Yonge Street Riot]. ''localwiki.org''. Retrieved Feb 15, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As the protest headed down Yonge Street toward City Hall, the crowd swelled with street youth and teens who, according to social workers and teachers interviewed later, heard via the grapevine that there was an opportunity to go wild as they had on New Year’s Eve and following the closure of the previous year’s CNE. They attempted to enter City Hall but was blocked by mounted police. The crowd headed back north along Yonge and spent the next few hours in a destructive mood, as a diverse crowd of youths tipped hot dog carts, smashed windows, and looted storefronts. Police were instructed not to intervene unless people appeared to be in danger of physical harm. Many of the original protesters either left the scene in disgust or urged rioters to go home. By 10 p.m., police formed a wall along St. Mary Street at Bay. A lingering group of rioters headed toward Yonge and Yorkville, where they were finally dispersed, but not before somebody tossed a Molotov cocktail into the middle of the crowd. When the night was over, 30 people were arrested, mostly on disorderly conduct charges. Around 37 police officers and three police horses were injured, and 100 storefronts were damaged.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;torontoist&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Bradburn, Jamie. [https://torontoist.com/2011/08/theres_a_riot_goin_on_down_yonge_street/ There’s a Riot Goin’ On Down Yonge Street]. Aug 11, 2011. ''torontoist.com''. Retrieved Feb 15, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As a result of the Yonge Street Uprising, several reports were commissioned in order to examine the extent of systemic racism within the Ontario criminal justice system. Although Ontario Premiere, Bob Rae, originally insisted that the riots were not due to racism, he later acknowledged that racism is “a Canadian fact of life that we all have to wrestle with”&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kyres, Maria. [https://qspace.library.queensu.ca/bitstream/handle/1974/22750/Kyres_Maria_201709_MA.pdf?sequence=2&amp;amp;isAllowed=y From the Yonge Street Riot to the Carding Controversy:Policing and Surveilling the Black Community in Toronto, Canada, 1992-2016]. Sept, 2017. ''Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada''. PDF. Retrieved Feb 15, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Black Racism in Street Names]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category: Racial Bias in Policing]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:History Corrections of Street Names]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Al</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Yonge_Street&amp;diff=7213771</id>
		<title>Yonge Street</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Yonge_Street&amp;diff=7213771"/>
		<updated>2021-03-25T14:38:10Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Al: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;==The Street==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Yonge st.jpg|thumb|Yonge St.]]&lt;br /&gt;
Famously known as &amp;quot;the longest street in the world&amp;quot; – until 1999, Yonge Street is Toronto's main artery, connecting Lake Ontario to Lake Simcoe.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.yongelove.ca/history/ Yonge Street through the years]. ''yongelove.ca''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The Guinness Book of World Records held Yonge Street as the longest road until 1998, but it was taken out in 1999. The possibility that Yonge was the longest road in the world came from what appeared to be a continuation of Yonge on Highway 11. If it happened to be the same road, the street would be over 1800 kilometers in length.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;gh36&amp;quot;&amp;gt;mattsexsmith. [https://www.gh360.ca/?p=6819 WE ARE YONGE: EXPLORING 225 YEARS OF HISTORY ON ONTARIO'S OLDEST YONGE ST.] Dec 4, 2018. ''gh360.ca''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Yonge Street was integral to the original planning and settlement of western Upper Canada in the 1790s, forming the concession roads in Ontario today. Once the southernmost leg of Highway 11, linking the provincial capital with northern Ontario, Yonge Street has been referred to as &amp;quot;Main Street Ontario.&amp;quot; Ontario's first colonial administrator, [[John Graves Simcoe&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1|John Graves Simcoe]], named the road for his companion Sir George Yonge, an expert on ancient Roman roads.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonge_Street Yonge Street]. ''Wikipedia''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; However, the name has sparked controversies today because Sir George Yonge was a corrupt person and a slave trader.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==The Namesake: George Yonge, public figure background==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:1200px-George Yonge.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Sir George Yonge]]&lt;br /&gt;
''Sir George Yonge'' was a British Secretary at War (1782–1783 and 1783–1794). He was one of the experts on Roman Streets: ''“He was a man of letters, an F.R.S., and a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, to which he communicated an excellent memoir on the subject of Roman roads and camps, in connection with some discoveries that had been made at Mansfied, in Nottinghamshire, and hence the peculiar fitness of naming Yonge Street after him, it being precisely such a road, and adapted to similar uses, as those he had been engaged in examining.&amp;quot;''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJhDAQAAIAAJ&amp;amp;pg=PA389 Engineering]. Office for Advertisements and Publication. 1879. p. 389.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He was a Parliament member for his family's Rotten Borough of Honiton, Devon, from 1754 to 1761 and again from 1763 to 1796. He was cited for acquiring £80,000 from his father, received another £80,000 when he married, and £80,000 from Parliament, yet Honiton had &amp;quot;swallowed it all.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_George_Yonge,_5th_Baronet Sir George Yonge, 5th Baronet]. ''Wikipedia''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Honiton was one of the most venal boroughs in the kingdom. He is said to have spent colossal sums upon his constituency and trying to set up a woolen factory at Ottery St. Mary, by which he was known as a ''great loser.''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;history&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1790-1820/member/yonge-sir-george-1732-1812 YONGE, Sir George, 5th Bt. (1732-1812), of Colyton and Escott House, Devon]. ''historyofparliamentonline.org''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===George Yonge, the corrupt===&lt;br /&gt;
Yonge had had a long career as a public servant. He arrived at the British colony in South Africa, Cape Town, on 9 December 1799 as he was nominated, governor. George Yonge’s experience had no bearing on his governorship assignment. At 68 years old, he was said to be too old to become governor. His administration was marked by want of tact and judgment. For instance, he argued with [[wikipedia:Francis_Dundas|General Francis Dundas]]''',''' the officer in command of the troops, whose power he tried to usurp; he outraged the old Dutch settlers by increasing taxes, contrary, it was alleged, to the Dutch [[wikipedia:Capitulation_(surrender)|capitulation]]; he left the administration of affairs mostly to Mr. Blake, his private secretary, and Lieutenant-colonel Cockburn, his principal aide-de-camp, who, because they were notoriously corrupt, were known to bend Yonge’s governorship decisions in favor of the highest bidders.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Laughton, John Knox. [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Yonge,_George Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900, Volume 63: Yonge, George]. Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.286. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Yonge accepted the governorship of Cape Town to get away from his creditors. His appointment surprised many people, including the [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-Bathurst-3rd-Earl-Bathurst King. Lord Bathurst], member of Parliament for Cirencester, commented that ''&amp;quot;it seems to promise so very ill,&amp;quot;'' Macartney, the first governor of Cape Town, was said to be shocked by the decision of such a replacement and Addington, a member of Parliament for Devizes who later became Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1804, depicted it as a despicable job which he had tried to prevent.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Geo. III Corresp. iii. 1932; Wellesley Pprs. i. 89-90; Glenbervie Jnls. i. 148.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Within just ten months, Cape Town was a political catastrophe for the British Government and the colony. George Yonge found a formidable critique in [[wikipedia:Lady_Anne_Barnard|Lady Anne Barnard]].  [[wikipedia:Francis_Dundas|Francis Dundas]], former governor of Cape Town, told the King that Yonge’s governorship needed to be reviewed;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''his conduct ... has in such a variety of particulars been so wild and extravagant as to render it impossible to continue him in that government without exposing this country to the imputation of being indifferent to the concerns of that most important settlement.''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;history&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At the same time Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington who by the time was a Lieutenant Colonel in the [[wikipedia:Duke_of_Wellington's_Regiment|33rd Regiment]], wrote to Dundas from India:&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''My accounts from the Cape all concur in representing that government to be in a state of great confusion. The imbecility and ignorance of Sir George Yonge entirely disqualify him for his situation ... The importance of the Cape in its relation to India increases every hour ... Yonge is employed in founding theatres and masquerade rooms. He dances with more grace and perseverance than Lord Keeper Hatton; and the fame of his brawls has not only reached the kaffirs, and animated every kraal from the Cape to the desert of Sahara, but extended to the Indus and the Ganges.''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;history&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
George Yonge was dismissed in September 1801. [[wikipedia:Lady_Anne_Barnard|Lady Anne Barnard]], a wife of Andrew Bernard, a colonial secretary at the Cape of Good Hope and a Cape resident, told Wellesley that:&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''the Lofty Twaddler has had the lofty tumble I foresaw ... [he] was petrified at the event. He is so conceited of his own abilities that nothing was farther from his expectation than being blamed for anything.''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;history&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
She also mentioned that Yonge had taken an enormous bribe from a scandalous slave trader to land many slaves.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Knowles, Rachel. [https://www.regencyhistory.net/2016/11/the-unconventional-lady-anne-barnard.html The unconventional Lady Anne Barnard (1750-1825)]. Nov 8, 2016. ''regencyhistory.net''. Retrieved Feb 15, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Lady Anne Barnard, wife of the colonial secretary at the Cape of Good Hope, Andrew Barnard, had lived in Cape Town for five years. She kept a diary with information about George Yonge. She describes how Yonge's leadership caused the colony's political life to degenerate into a state of corruption worse even than the one under the [[wikipedia:Dutch_East_India_Company|VOC regime.]] Yonge did his business through his private secretary, Richard Blake, rather than through the more formal Colonial Secretary's office because Andrew Barnard, the colonial secretary, was critical of the pervasive abuses and official indulgence. Yonge plotted bribery and jobbery at illicit slave trading and other questionable practices.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Le Cordeur, Basil &amp;amp; Margaret Lenta. [https://books.google.ca/books?id=XuO1G1K1htMC&amp;amp;pg=PR23&amp;amp;lpg=PR23&amp;amp;dq=cape+articles+of+capitulation,+george+yonge&amp;amp;source=bl&amp;amp;ots=0ZGHYsZa9M&amp;amp;sig=ACfU3U3y6f20l3l6_dP4PBK4fPO-xBnxow&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwjDgsmKx_3lAhWiiOAKHY7KBZEQ6AEwAnoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=cape%20articles%20of%20capitulation%2C%20george%20yonge&amp;amp;f=false The Cape Diaries of Lady Anne Barnard, 1799-1800]. ''ebook''. p. xvii.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== George Yonge, the slave trader ===&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:1118-certificate-of-slave-registry-office-1827.jpg|thumb|left| © Iziko Museums of South Africa, Social History Collections]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Despite being known as a corrupt individual, Yonge was known to abuse his power by illegally issuing slave trade licenses. In the late 18th century, the British established a restriction on new licenses to bring new slaves to the Cape of Good Hope. Slave Trade Act 1788, also known as Dolben’s Act, was an effort by the British government to eliminate the transatlantic slave trade slowly. The British parliament passed a law restricting the number of licenses to private slave trade companies. Without licenses, Slave Traders (which are private entities) – who replenished the states with (new) slaves – could not operate. However, George Yonge, as the governor of the Cape Colony, disregarded the restriction (on slave import licenses). Yonge illegally granted countless new licenses to notoriously infamous slave traders such as Michael Hogan.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;JM Fuamba, Benéshé. [https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/yonge-street-named-after-britains-absolute-racist-worst-fuamba/ YONGE STREET NAMED AFTER BRITAIN'S ABSOLUTE RACIST AND WORST HUMAN BEING: BRITISH GOV. RECORDS. HENCE, NO YONGE LANDMARKS ANYWHERE IN THE UK]. Mar 2, 2020. ''LinkedIn article''. Retrieved Feb 15, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Wilberforce.jpg|thumb|[https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/wilberforce-finally-ended-slavery Adam Smith Institute] Wilberforce Anti-Slavery Campaign]]&lt;br /&gt;
On Tuesday, 12 May 1789, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wilberforce William Wilberforce] delivered a speech regarding slave trading in the House of Commons. Quoted from ''The Morning Star'' newspaper:&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;&amp;quot;This was a dreadful expedient; and till now, he could not believe that so much misery could be condensed in so little room. He could wish to rouse the feelings of every man on the occasion, and convince the people that their intention and aid were the were the result of consideration, which did awaken him.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;speech&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Carey, Brycchan. [https://brycchancarey.com/Carey_AOJ_2003.pdf WILLIAM WILBERFORCE'S&lt;br /&gt;
SENTIMENTAL RHETORIC: PARLIAMENTARY REPORTAGE AND THE ABOLITION SPEECH OF 1789]. PDF. ''AMS Press, Inc. New York''. Retrieved Feb 18, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Wilberforce passed an Order in Council by the House of Commons in 1796. The Order in Council specified that slaves must arrive at British possessions with the metropolitan government's consent. In other words, slave importation to the Cape would need permission from the government in the form of licenses. Slave importation to the Cape Colony during the first and second British occupation was consequently firmly restricted and regulated.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Slaves were constantly imported to the Cape from 1797-1808. The matter of provincial slave importation was a significant issue, considering the impact of the antislavery movement in London. As a slave society, the Cape depended on slave labor. Decisions related to slave importation to the Cape were left in the British Secretary for War and the colonies, Henry Dundas. Dundas allowed the Cape's governors to license slave importation only when they would deem it necessary. He permitted governors to utilize their discretion on his behalf since postal communications (by ship) were slow and because 'exceptional circumstances' constantly emerged. Slave importation was, subsequently, managed by the first British occupation's governors who kept up the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company VOC] ruling that slaves must be landed with the governor's consent.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Reidy, Michael Charles. [https://open.uct.ac.za/bitstream/handle/11427/12742/thesis_hum_1997_reidy_m_c.pdf?sequence=1 THE ADMISSION OF SLAVES AND 'PRIZE SLAVES' INTO THE CAPE COLONY, 1797-1818]. ''University of Cape Town''. Retrieved Feb 17, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sir George Yonge was the only governor who abused this power of discretion. Before Yonge, licenses were extremely scarce. During George Yonge’s first week as governor of the colony, he issued Hogan licenses to import over 600 slaves into the colony.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Yonge, Michael Hogan, and the Collector Scandal====&lt;br /&gt;
'''Michael Hogan''' was an Irish-born shipowner, East India captain and a slave runner.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.harlemworldmagazine.com/amazing-story-michael-hogan-founder-harlems-claremont-inn-1807-1833/ The Amazing Story Of Michael Hogan, Founder Of Harlem’s Claremont Inn, 1807-1833]. Sept 11, 2017. ''Harlem World Magazine''. Retrieved Feb 18, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; He had been importing slaves to Cape town ever since Macartney's governance. In May 1798, Macartney received a proposal from Hogan and Tennant to import 400 slaves from the west coast of Africa to the Cape. The governor accepted the application and gave the merchants twelve months (1 June 1798 to 31 May 1799) to complete their license. Hogan confirmed his acceptance of this license, writing: &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''&amp;quot;as it is an undertaking that no other person or persons would enter into, totally unknown, never has been attempted&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;''A slave voyage to the west coast of Africa had not been attempted during the first British occupation of the Cape. The first slave trade expeditions to the Cape were from Angola, before the Dutch West India Company curtailed that trade. Michael Hogan would have been aware of this trade, however.''&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and in consequence attended with great difficulty and much risk to the first adventurers, we humbly hope that Government will extend its indulgence as far as the existing laws will admit. Should the West African slave trade be successful, Hogan argued, 'many Applications [would] be poured in [to the governor's office] by persons less enterprizing who only wait the issue of our undertaking&amp;quot;''&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Hogan and Tennant's success in slave importation during the first British occupation suggests that this license secured the monopoly on slave importation to the Cape they so eagerly sought.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Michael Hogan used legitimate and clandestine methods to bring slaves into the colony from ''La Rose'', ''La Africano'', the ''JoaQuim'' and ''Collector'' between November 1799 and April 1800. Shortly after the ''JoaQuim'''s departure (March 1799) from the Cape Hogan sent '''''the Collector''''' on a &amp;quot;privateering&amp;quot; 'cruise' for slaves in the Mozambique Channel - to seek out 'such Prizes as she may take'. This was the only legitimate way in which Hogan could work around the British colonial government's tight regulation of slave importation to the Cape. He first, however, had to obtain ''letters de marque'' from John Holand (judge of the Royal Navy's Vice-Admiralty Court). Yonge was rumored to have permitted Hogan the importation of at least 600 slaves into the colony during his first week as governor of the colony.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''''The Collector''''' however did not, capture slaves from French slave boats in the Mozambique channel. The boat was used to purchase slaves in Mozambique. This covert transaction ran contrary to the colonial administration's anti-slave trade stance. The 'prize slaves' were escorted to the Cape by the Collector, aboard its two French 'prize' vessels - ''La Rose'' and ''La Africano''. On November 1799, ''the Collector'' escorted La Rose into Table Bay where the crew testified before the Vice-Admiralty Court that the boat and its cargo had been taken in an abandoned state off the Mahle islands. Forty-eight (out of sixty-eight) of the vessel's 'prize slaves' survived quarantine on Robben Island. On December 1799, the second 'prize' vessel, La Africano, arrived at the Cape with 25 slaves. The crew testified before the Vice-Admiralty Court they had found the boat abandoned near the Seychelles. The Court was under the impression that the vessels were headed for Mauritius.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On March 1800, the ''JoaQuim'' arrived at the Cape with 422 slaves. Hogan reminded Yonge of the permission to import slaves, which the governor had been ''&amp;quot;pleased to allow ... under the date of the 15th of last February [1800]&amp;quot;''. It happened that Hogan had submitted a petition to import slaves to General Fraser (who was in command at the Cape between governorships) before Yonge's arrival to the Cape. Hogan asked General Fraser to leave the petition in the governor's office: 'in case permission was granted for Slaves to be imported from Mozambique ... as he had made the first application. Michael Hogan submitted a second petition through Yonge's personal office (and private secretary, Mr Blake) shortly after Yonge's arrival at the Cape in mid-February&lt;br /&gt;
1800. Hogan anticipated the JoaQuim's arrival for March 1800 would be arriving at the Cape early in March 1800. He informed Yonge that JoaQuim's slaves would benefit the colony and be a meaningful response to the colony's great demand for slaves. He had bought the cargo and the captain of the ship had given him the power to sell the slaves where he pleased. Yonge then permitted Hogan to land the slave cargo.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Logbook.jpg|thumb|Ship's log that was auctioned recently. Photo credit: NSW Government]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On 9 March 1800, Lady Anne witnessed the landing of these slaves. In her diary she mentioned; &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''&amp;quot;I passed a sort of open coast which had a paling round and on looking in saw an immense number of black bowls fixed to etruscan looking figures all in one attitude. I never saw anything so strange. I stopd the carriage and on inquiring what it was, was told it was 300 slaves of Mr Hogan's, part of his cargo which were to be sold next day and that 300 more were to be landed the day after tommorow.&amp;quot;''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;8Lady Anne Barnard's Cape Journal cited from, Margaret Lenta, 'Degrees of freedom: Lady Anne Barnard's Cape Diaries', in Mike Leighton (ed.), Eighteenth Century Studies: The Rights of Man, (HSRC, Pretoria, 1992), p.76.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Royal Navy captains (stationed in Table Bay) also received information that s that governor Yonge had ordered the cargo's landing with his 'Express Permission'. Andrew Barnard notified Macartney on this issue: ''I recollect right you declared a man should not be landed; however when your back was turned it proved otherwise''. Hogan sold a lading of 'prize slaves' on commission for the navy. After this sale, Hogan ostensibly sent the ''JoaQuim'' to Rio&lt;br /&gt;
de Janeiro, while in fact, it was sent to Mozambique.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In April 1800, Donald Campbell (Port Captain of Table Bay at the time) received reports of foul play with respect to the ''Collector'' from Walker and&lt;br /&gt;
Robertson (business rivals of Hogan and Tennant). Campbell wrote to governor Yonge and to W.S Van Ryneveldt stating that ''he had full proof to produce that the Prizes when taken had not a slave on board the Privateer''. Yonge had made veiled threats to Campbell in the hope that he would drop the matter.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Captain Smit and the crew of the Danish boat, the Holger Dansche, testified before the Court of Justice that they had witnessed the occurrence of a transshipment of slaves on the Zambezi river mouth between ''the JoaQuim'' and ''the Collector'' (under the name Mountain). It was unusual for ''the Collector'' to have flown British flags over French flags (signifying the capture of French 'prize vessels') when it had arrived at Mozambique without slaves. In the beginning, the Collector's crew presented confusing evidences before the Court of Justice. However, one of the officers aboard the Collector eventually testified that two logbooks had been kept during the boat's voyage. Upon the investigation, the Court of Justice concluded that the Collector's 'prize slave' had not been seized from French vessels in the south-west Indian Ocean, but purchased illegally at Mozambique. Michael Hogan, therefore, was suspected of fraud.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In March 1802 Commission of Inquiry was formed to investigate charges made against Yonge. Yonge was the alleged recipient of a bribe worth several thousand pounds for a license that permitted Michael Hogan to import 600 slaves into the colony. This business was transacted through Yonge's private office by his niece's husband and private secretary, Blake, and Yonge's aide-de-camp, Major Cockburn. Blake and Cockburn had bought shares in Hogan's projected slave trade.  The Commissioners concluded that: ''A very strong degree of presumption appears in the several circumstances brought forward, that [Yonge] connived at and promoted the corrupt practices carried on in his family.''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Yonge informed the Secretary of State that he had 'consented to the supply of slaves being completed' in March 1800. The Commission of Inquiry (1802) concluded that Hogan was to blame for ''the Collector's'' illicit activities. Slave importation to the Cape was 'in its Zenith' during Yonge's&lt;br /&gt;
governorship.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When Dundas replaced Yonge in 1801, he was adamant to follow Macartney's example of a 'limited importation' of slaves to the Cape. Dundas permitted only&lt;br /&gt;
one importation of slaves into the colony from 1801-1803. This was the last 'permitted' admission of slaves of the first British occupation period.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Yonge Street Riot===&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:NOWarchives-May14 1992-2-DudleyLaws.jpg|thumb|Yonge Street riot remembered - NOW Magazine]]&lt;br /&gt;
The Yonge Street riot was an act of dissent in response to police brutality and police racism. The trigger was the acquittal of four white police officers in Los Angeles after the beating of Rodney King. Furthermore, another black man, Raymond Constantine Lawrence, was shot four times in the chest by a police officer within the same time frame of the Rodney King beating (Lawton 1992).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;msingh29. [https://criminalizingdissent.wordpress.com/2013/03/28/the-yonge-street-riot-significance-of-criminalization-and-dissent/ The Yonge Street Riot: Significance of Criminalization and Dissent]. Mar 28, 2013. ''criminalizingdissent.wordpress.com. A critical analysis''. Retrieved Feb 15, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The Yonge Street riot occurred on the night of May 4, 1992.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Yonge Street Riot started with a rally, organized by the Black Action Defence Committee in protest of the acquittal of four white police officers videotaped beating [[The Rodney King Beating | Rodney King]], a black man in Los Angeles. Two days earlier, another reason for taking to the streets emerged. A white, plain-clothed police officer, in Toronto, shot and killed a 22 year old black man, who police alleged was dealing crack. At the protest, speakers reminded the crowd that the victim, Raymond Constantine Lawrence, was the 14th black man shot by the Toronto Police Service since 1978, (an average of one a year), and the 4th to die. The crowd of about 1,000 people was full of anger. They marched from the US consulate to Yonge and Bloor, where they sat down to block traffic for 45 minutes.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://localwiki.org/toronto/The_Yonge_Street_Riot The Yonge Street Riot]. ''localwiki.org''. Retrieved Feb 15, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As the protest headed down Yonge Street toward City Hall, the crowd swelled with street youth and teens who, according to social workers and teachers interviewed later, heard via the grapevine that there was an opportunity to go wild as they had on New Year’s Eve and following the closure of the previous year’s CNE. They attempted to enter City Hall but was blocked by mounted police. The crowd headed back north along Yonge and spent the next few hours in a destructive mood, as a diverse crowd of youths tipped hot dog carts, smashed windows, and looted storefronts. Police were instructed not to intervene unless people appeared to be in danger of physical harm. Many of the original protesters either left the scene in disgust or urged rioters to go home. By 10 p.m., police formed a wall along St. Mary Street at Bay. A lingering group of rioters headed toward Yonge and Yorkville, where they were finally dispersed, but not before somebody tossed a Molotov cocktail into the middle of the crowd. When the night was over, 30 people were arrested, mostly on disorderly conduct charges. Around 37 police officers and three police horses were injured, and 100 storefronts were damaged.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;torontoist&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Bradburn, Jamie. [https://torontoist.com/2011/08/theres_a_riot_goin_on_down_yonge_street/ There’s a Riot Goin’ On Down Yonge Street]. Aug 11, 2011. ''torontoist.com''. Retrieved Feb 15, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As a result of the Yonge Street Uprising, several reports were commissioned in order to examine the extent of systemic racism within the Ontario criminal justice system. Although Ontario Premiere, Bob Rae, originally insisted that the riots were not due to racism, he later acknowledged that racism is “a Canadian fact of life that we all have to wrestle with”&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kyres, Maria. [https://qspace.library.queensu.ca/bitstream/handle/1974/22750/Kyres_Maria_201709_MA.pdf?sequence=2&amp;amp;isAllowed=y From the Yonge Street Riot to the Carding Controversy:Policing and Surveilling the Black Community in Toronto, Canada, 1992-2016]. Sept, 2017. ''Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada''. PDF. Retrieved Feb 15, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Black Racism in Street Names]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category: Racial Bias in Policing]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:History Corrections of Street Names]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Al</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Yonge_Street&amp;diff=7213729</id>
		<title>Yonge Street</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Yonge_Street&amp;diff=7213729"/>
		<updated>2021-03-25T14:28:50Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Al: /* George Yonge, the corrupt */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;==The Street==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Yonge st.jpg|thumb|Yonge St.]]&lt;br /&gt;
Famously known as &amp;quot;the longest street in the world&amp;quot; – until 1999, Yonge Street is Toronto's main artery, connecting Lake Ontario to Lake Simcoe.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.yongelove.ca/history/ Yonge Street through the years]. ''yongelove.ca''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The Guinness Book of World Records held Yonge Street as the longest road until 1998, but it was taken out in 1999. The possibility that Yonge was the longest road in the world came from what appeared to be a continuation of Yonge on Highway 11. If it happened to be the same road, the street would be over 1800 kilometers in length.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;gh36&amp;quot;&amp;gt;mattsexsmith. [https://www.gh360.ca/?p=6819 WE ARE YONGE: EXPLORING 225 YEARS OF HISTORY ON ONTARIO'S OLDEST YONGE ST.] Dec 4, 2018. ''gh360.ca''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Yonge Street was integral to the original planning and settlement of western Upper Canada in the 1790s, forming the concession roads in Ontario today. Once the southernmost leg of Highway 11, linking the provincial capital with northern Ontario, Yonge Street has been referred to as &amp;quot;Main Street Ontario.&amp;quot; Ontario's first colonial administrator, [[John Graves Simcoe&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1|John Graves Simcoe]], named the road for his companion Sir George Yonge, an expert on ancient Roman roads.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonge_Street Yonge Street]. ''Wikipedia''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; However, the name has sparked controversies today because Sir George Yonge was a corrupt person and a slave trader.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==The Namesake: George Yonge, public figure background==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:1200px-George Yonge.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Sir George Yonge]]&lt;br /&gt;
''Sir George Yonge'' was a British Secretary at War (1782–1783 and 1783–1794). He was one of the experts on Roman Streets: ''“He was a man of letters, an F.R.S., and a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, to which he communicated an excellent memoir on the subject of Roman roads and camps, in connection with some discoveries that had been made at Mansfied, in Nottinghamshire, and hence the peculiar fitness of naming Yonge Street after him, it being precisely such a road, and adapted to similar uses, as those he had been engaged in examining.&amp;quot;''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJhDAQAAIAAJ&amp;amp;pg=PA389 Engineering]. Office for Advertisements and Publication. 1879. p. 389.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He was a Parliament member for his family's Rotten Borough of Honiton, Devon, from 1754 to 1761 and again from 1763 to 1796. He was cited for acquiring £80,000 from his father, received another £80,000 when he married, and £80,000 from Parliament, yet Honiton had &amp;quot;swallowed it all.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_George_Yonge,_5th_Baronet Sir George Yonge, 5th Baronet]. ''Wikipedia''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Honiton was one of the most venal boroughs in the kingdom. He is said to have spent colossal sums upon his constituency and trying to set up a woolen factory at Ottery St. Mary, by which he was known as a ''great loser.''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;history&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1790-1820/member/yonge-sir-george-1732-1812 YONGE, Sir George, 5th Bt. (1732-1812), of Colyton and Escott House, Devon]. ''historyofparliamentonline.org''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===George Yonge, the corrupt===&lt;br /&gt;
Yonge had had a long career as a public servant. He arrived at the British colony in South Africa, Cape Town, on 9 December 1799 as he was nominated, governor. George Yonge’s experience had no bearing on his governorship assignment. At 68 years old, he was said to be too old to become governor. His administration was marked by want of tact and judgment. For instance, he argued with [[wikipedia:Francis_Dundas|General Francis Dundas]]''',''' the officer in command of the troops, whose power he tried to usurp; he outraged the old Dutch settlers by increasing taxes, contrary, it was alleged, to the Dutch [[wikipedia:Capitulation_(surrender)|capitulation]]; he left the administration of affairs mostly to Mr. Blake, his private secretary, and Lieutenant-colonel Cockburn, his principal aide-de-camp, who, because they were notoriously corrupt, were known to bend Yonge’s governorship decisions in favor of the highest bidders.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Laughton, John Knox. [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Yonge,_George Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900, Volume 63: Yonge, George]. Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.286. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Yonge accepted the governorship of Cape Town to get away from his creditors. His appointment surprised many people, including the [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-Bathurst-3rd-Earl-Bathurst King. Lord Bathurst], member of Parliament for Cirencester, commented that ''&amp;quot;it seems to promise so very ill,&amp;quot;'' Macartney, the first governor of Cape Town, was said to be shocked by the decision of such a replacement and Addington, a member of Parliament for Devizes who later became Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1804, depicted it as a despicable job which he had tried to prevent.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Geo. III Corresp. iii. 1932; Wellesley Pprs. i. 89-90; Glenbervie Jnls. i. 148.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Within just ten months, Cape Town was a political catastrophe for the British Government and the colony. George Yonge found a formidable critique in [[wikipedia:Lady_Anne_Barnard|Lady Anne Barnard]].  [[wikipedia:Francis_Dundas|Francis Dundas]], former governor of Cape Town, told the King that Yonge’s governorship needed to be reviewed;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''his conduct ... has in such a variety of particulars been so wild and extravagant as to render it impossible to continue him in that government without exposing this country to the imputation of being indifferent to the concerns of that most important settlement.''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;history&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At the same time Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington who by the time was a Lieutenant Colonel in the [[wikipedia:Duke_of_Wellington's_Regiment|33rd Regiment]], wrote to Dundas from India:&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''My accounts from the Cape all concur in representing that government to be in a state of great confusion. The imbecility and ignorance of Sir George Yonge entirely disqualify him for his situation ... The importance of the Cape in its relation to India increases every hour ... Yonge is employed in founding theatres and masquerade rooms. He dances with more grace and perseverance than Lord Keeper Hatton; and the fame of his brawls has not only reached the kaffirs, and animated every kraal from the Cape to the desert of Sahara, but extended to the Indus and the Ganges.''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;history&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
George Yonge was dismissed in September 1801. [[wikipedia:Lady_Anne_Barnard|Lady Anne Barnard]], a wife of Andrew Bernard, a colonial secretary at the Cape of Good Hope and a Cape resident, told Wellesley that:&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''the Lofty Twaddler has had the lofty tumble I foresaw ... [he] was petrified at the event. He is so conceited of his own abilities that nothing was farther from his expectation than being blamed for anything.''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;history&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
She also mentioned that Yonge had taken an enormous bribe from a scandalous slave trader to land many slaves.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Knowles, Rachel. [https://www.regencyhistory.net/2016/11/the-unconventional-lady-anne-barnard.html The unconventional Lady Anne Barnard (1750-1825)]. Nov 8, 2016. ''regencyhistory.net''. Retrieved Feb 15, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Lady Anne Barnard, wife of the colonial secretary at the Cape of Good Hope, Andrew Barnard, had lived in Cape Town for five years. She kept a diary with information about George Yonge. She describes how Yonge's leadership caused the colony's political life to degenerate into a state of corruption worse even than the one under the [[wikipedia:Dutch_East_India_Company|VOC regime.]] Yonge did his business through his private secretary, Richard Blake, rather than through the more formal Colonial Secretary's office because Andrew Barnard, the colonial secretary, was critical of the pervasive abuses and official indulgence. Yonge plotted bribery and jobbery at illicit slave trading and other questionable practices.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==The Controversy==&lt;br /&gt;
===Street Named After a Slave Trader===&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:1118-certificate-of-slave-registry-office-1827.jpg|thumb|left| © Iziko Museums of South Africa, Social History Collections]]&lt;br /&gt;
Toronto Mayor John Tory is willing to consider renaming a major city street whose namesake obstructed the abolition of slavery, as a global movement to re-examine which historical figures are being honored gains momentum. Toronto Mayor John Tory said he had asked the city manager to strike a working group to look at the names of streets and public spaces, including [[Dundas Street | Dundas]] and Yonge, that may not be acceptable at this time.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/toronto/article-tory-open-to-renaming-dundas-street-over-concerns-about-anti-black/ Tory open to renaming Dundas Street over concerns about anti-Black racism]. Publisher Jun 10, 2020. Updated Jun 11, 2020. ''theglobeandmail.com''. Retrieved Feb 15, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
According to Lady Anne Barnard, in her diary, Sir George Yonge was manipulated by members of his &amp;quot;court&amp;quot; and by leading colonists to such a degree that the political life of the colony degenerated into a state of corruption worse even than that which had obtained under the VOC regime. Yonge did his business through his private secretary, Richard Blake, instead of through the Colonial Secretary's office because Barnard was critical of the pervasive abuses and official indulgence. He connived at the bribery and jobbery, at illegal slave-trading and other dubious practices, such as granting of exclusive rights to favorites or the awarding of government land to supplicants.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Le Cordeur, Basil &amp;amp; Margaret Lenta. [https://books.google.ca/books?id=XuO1G1K1htMC&amp;amp;pg=PR23&amp;amp;lpg=PR23&amp;amp;dq=cape+articles+of+capitulation,+george+yonge&amp;amp;source=bl&amp;amp;ots=0ZGHYsZa9M&amp;amp;sig=ACfU3U3y6f20l3l6_dP4PBK4fPO-xBnxow&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwjDgsmKx_3lAhWiiOAKHY7KBZEQ6AEwAnoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=cape%20articles%20of%20capitulation%2C%20george%20yonge&amp;amp;f=false The Cape Diaries of Lady Anne Barnard, 1799-1800]. ''ebook''. p. xvii.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Despite being known as a corrupt person, Yonge was also known as a slave trader. By the early 1790s, the British instituted a ban on new licenses to bring in new slaves. Slave trade players were banned. This was an effort by the British government to gradually phase out the transatlantic slave trade.  A law limiting the number of licenses to private slave trade companies was passed by the British parliament. Without licenses, Slave Traders (which are private entities) – who replenished the colonies with (new) slaves –  could no longer operate. However, as governor of the Cape colony, George Yonge disregarded the ban (on slave import licenses). Yonge illegally granted countless new licenses to known abominable slave trade players such as Michael Hogan and others.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;JM Fuamba, Benéshé. [https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/yonge-street-named-after-britains-absolute-racist-worst-fuamba/ YONGE STREET NAMED AFTER BRITAIN'S ABSOLUTE RACIST AND WORST HUMAN BEING: BRITISH GOV. RECORDS. HENCE, NO YONGE LANDMARKS ANYWHERE IN THE UK]. Mar 2, 2020. ''LinkedIn article''. Retrieved Feb 15, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Wilberforce's Anti-Slavery Movement====&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Wilberforce.jpg|thumb|[https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/wilberforce-finally-ended-slavery Adam Smith Institute] Wilberforce Anti-Slavery Campaign]]&lt;br /&gt;
On Tuesday 12 May 1789, William Wilberforce delivered a speech regarding slave trading in the House of Commons. As reported by ''The Morning Star'' newspaper the after the speech; ''This was a dreadful expedient; and till now, he could not believe that so much misery could be condensed in so little room. He could wish to rouse the feelings of every man on the occasion, and convince the people that their intention and aid were the were the result of consideration, which did awaken him''.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;speech&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Carey, Brycchan. [https://brycchancarey.com/Carey_AOJ_2003.pdf WILLIAM WILBERFORCE'S&lt;br /&gt;
SENTIMENTAL RHETORIC: PARLIAMENTARY REPORTAGE AND THE ABOLITION SPEECH OF 1789]. PDF. ''AMS Press, Inc. New York''. Retrieved Feb 18, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''The manner of treating negroes, during a long voyage, was to the following effect:—the space between the decks is appointed entirely for their lodging; every attention is paid to keep that as clean as possible; the negroes are kept on deck all day, if the weather be fine; they are fed with two meals of comfortable victuals; they are supplied with the luxuries of pipe and tobacco, and a dram occasionally, when the coldness of the weather requires it; they are supplied with the musical instruments of their country; they are encouraged to be cheerful, to sing and to dance, and they do both; the women are supplied with beads to ornament themselves; they are kept clean shaved; and every attention paid to their heads that there be no vermin lodged there; they are secured with fetters on their legs, two and two together; and if a turbulent disposition appears, with another on the wrist; their apartments are clean washed, and fumigated with the fumes of tar and frankincense, and sprinkled with vinegar, &amp;amp;c. As an extenuation of the crimes laid to the charge of the Agents for the Merchants, who are accustomed to this traffic, it has been mentioned with some degree of triumph, that they were treated on board with all manner of luxurious indulgence. The luxury alluded to was this—the song and the dance were promoted; the women were employed in weaving ornaments for the hair, and the utmost attention was observed to keep up their spirits. The truth of this observation was evidently the very reverse, and if it were possible to cast a film over the eyes of mankind, so as to deprive them of sight by a total blindness, the prevaricating mode of mentioning the transactions, could not be depicted in a more absurd point of view. The poor wretches were in such a deplorable state and unparalleled torment, and suffering such torture, that the surgeon who visited them, when bound two and two, could not pass without having his legs bitten by the slaves. . .  It was extremely worthy of observation to explain how the songs and dances were promoted. It was not a scene of freedom or spontaneous joy; for one man was employed to dance the men, and another to dance the women. If they found themselves inclined not to undergo the fatigue, certain persons were ordered to whip them into a compliance.''&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As reported, Wilberforce first did not believe what he had heard; ''When first I heard, Sir, of these iniquities, I considered them as exaggerations, and could not believe it possible, that men had determined to live by exerting themselves for the torture and misery of their fellow-creatures. I have taken great pains to make myself master of the subject, and can declare, that such scenes of barbarity are enough to rouse the indignation and horror of the most callous of mankind.'' However, upon having more observation, he finally came up to the idea of anti-slavery movement.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;speech&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''From every consideration I shall deal frankly with the House, by declaring, that no act of policy whatever will make me swerve from my duty and oblige me to abandon a measure which I think will be an honour to humanity. Mr. Wilberforce then mentioned, that he intended to submit to the consideration of the House, several resolutions, upon which a General Motion should be found for the TOTAL ABOLITION of the SLAVE TRADE.''&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Wilberforce passed as an Order in Council by the House of Commons in 1796. The Order in Council stipulated that slaves could only be landed at British possessions with the consent of the metropolitan government. Slave importation to the Cape Colony during the first and second British occupation was thus&lt;br /&gt;
tightly limited and regulated.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Slaves were continuously imported to the Cape from 1797-1808. The matter of colonial slave importation was a big issue, considering the influence of the antislavery movement in London. As a slave society, the Cape relied on slave labor. Slave importation was managed by the first British occupation's governors who maintained the VOC ruling that slaves had to be landed with the consent of the governor. Dundas permitted the Cape's governors to license slave importation when the time was right at the Cape. He allowed governors to use their discretion on his behalf, since postal communications (by ship) were slow and because 'exceptional circumstances' always arose. Slave importation was, therefore, managed by the first British occupation's governors who maintained the VOC ruling that slaves had to be landed with the consent of the governor. Sir George Yonge was the only governor who allegedly abused this power of discretion.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Reidy, Michael Charles. [https://open.uct.ac.za/bitstream/handle/11427/12742/thesis_hum_1997_reidy_m_c.pdf?sequence=1 THE ADMISSION OF SLAVES AND 'PRIZE SLAVES' INTO THE CAPE COLONY, 1797-1818]. ''University of Cape Town''. Retrieved Feb 17, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Licenses for slave importation were sparingly issued by British governors after 1797. According to the Order-in-Council of December 1796, the British metropolitan government approved of licenses for the importation of slaves into the Cape colony.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;CA A (Accession) 1415 (74), 'The Andrew Barnard Letterbook, 1797-1803', Andrew Barnard to Macartney, 10 March 1800.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Yonge, Michael Hogan, and the Collector Scandal====&lt;br /&gt;
'''Michael Hogan''' was an Irish-born shipowner, East India captain and a slave runner.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.harlemworldmagazine.com/amazing-story-michael-hogan-founder-harlems-claremont-inn-1807-1833/ The Amazing Story Of Michael Hogan, Founder Of Harlem’s Claremont Inn, 1807-1833]. Sept 11, 2017. ''Harlem World Magazine''. Retrieved Feb 18, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; He had been importing slaves to Cape town ever since Macartney's governance. In May 1798, Macartney received a proposal from Hogan and Tennant to import 400 slaves from the west coast of Africa to the Cape. The governor accepted the application and gave the merchants twelve months (1 June 1798 to 31 May 1799) to complete their license. Hogan confirmed his acceptance of this license, writing: &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''&amp;quot;as it is an undertaking that no other person or persons would enter into, totally unknown, never has been attempted&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;''A slave voyage to the west coast of Africa had not been attempted during the first British occupation of the Cape. The first slave trade expeditions to the Cape were from Angola, before the Dutch West India Company curtailed that trade. Michael Hogan would have been aware of this trade, however.''&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and in consequence attended with great difficulty and much risk to the first adventurers, we humbly hope that Government will extend its indulgence as far as the existing laws will admit. Should the West African slave trade be successful, Hogan argued, 'many Applications [would] be poured in [to the governor's office] by persons less enterprizing who only wait the issue of our undertaking&amp;quot;''&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Hogan and Tennant's success in slave importation during the first British occupation suggests that this license secured the monopoly on slave importation to the Cape they so eagerly sought.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Michael Hogan used legitimate and clandestine methods to bring slaves into the colony from ''La Rose'', ''La Africano'', the ''JoaQuim'' and ''Collector'' between November 1799 and April 1800. Shortly after the ''JoaQuim'''s departure (March 1799) from the Cape Hogan sent '''''the Collector''''' on a &amp;quot;privateering&amp;quot; 'cruise' for slaves in the Mozambique Channel - to seek out 'such Prizes as she may take'. This was the only legitimate way in which Hogan could work around the British colonial government's tight regulation of slave importation to the Cape. He first, however, had to obtain ''letters de marque'' from John Holand (judge of the Royal Navy's Vice-Admiralty Court). Yonge was rumored to have permitted Hogan the importation of at least 600 slaves into the colony during his first week as governor of the colony.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''''The Collector''''' however did not, capture slaves from French slave boats in the Mozambique channel. The boat was used to purchase slaves in Mozambique. This covert transaction ran contrary to the colonial administration's anti-slave trade stance. The 'prize slaves' were escorted to the Cape by the Collector, aboard its two French 'prize' vessels - ''La Rose'' and ''La Africano''. On November 1799, ''the Collector'' escorted La Rose into Table Bay where the crew testified before the Vice-Admiralty Court that the boat and its cargo had been taken in an abandoned state off the Mahle islands. Forty-eight (out of sixty-eight) of the vessel's 'prize slaves' survived quarantine on Robben Island. On December 1799, the second 'prize' vessel, La Africano, arrived at the Cape with 25 slaves. The crew testified before the Vice-Admiralty Court they had found the boat abandoned near the Seychelles. The Court was under the impression that the vessels were headed for Mauritius.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On March 1800, the ''JoaQuim'' arrived at the Cape with 422 slaves. Hogan reminded Yonge of the permission to import slaves, which the governor had been ''&amp;quot;pleased to allow ... under the date of the 15th of last February [1800]&amp;quot;''. It happened that Hogan had submitted a petition to import slaves to General Fraser (who was in command at the Cape between governorships) before Yonge's arrival to the Cape. Hogan asked General Fraser to leave the petition in the governor's office: 'in case permission was granted for Slaves to be imported from Mozambique ... as he had made the first application. Michael Hogan submitted a second petition through Yonge's personal office (and private secretary, Mr Blake) shortly after Yonge's arrival at the Cape in mid-February&lt;br /&gt;
1800. Hogan anticipated the JoaQuim's arrival for March 1800 would be arriving at the Cape early in March 1800. He informed Yonge that JoaQuim's slaves would benefit the colony and be a meaningful response to the colony's great demand for slaves. He had bought the cargo and the captain of the ship had given him the power to sell the slaves where he pleased. Yonge then permitted Hogan to land the slave cargo.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Logbook.jpg|thumb|Ship's log that was auctioned recently. Photo credit: NSW Government]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On 9 March 1800, Lady Anne witnessed the landing of these slaves. In her diary she mentioned; &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''&amp;quot;I passed a sort of open coast which had a paling round and on looking in saw an immense number of black bowls fixed to etruscan looking figures all in one attitude. I never saw anything so strange. I stopd the carriage and on inquiring what it was, was told it was 300 slaves of Mr Hogan's, part of his cargo which were to be sold next day and that 300 more were to be landed the day after tommorow.&amp;quot;''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;8Lady Anne Barnard's Cape Journal cited from, Margaret Lenta, 'Degrees of freedom: Lady Anne Barnard's Cape Diaries', in Mike Leighton (ed.), Eighteenth Century Studies: The Rights of Man, (HSRC, Pretoria, 1992), p.76.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Royal Navy captains (stationed in Table Bay) also received information that s that governor Yonge had ordered the cargo's landing with his 'Express Permission'. Andrew Barnard notified Macartney on this issue: ''I recollect right you declared a man should not be landed; however when your back was turned it proved otherwise''. Hogan sold a lading of 'prize slaves' on commission for the navy. After this sale, Hogan ostensibly sent the ''JoaQuim'' to Rio&lt;br /&gt;
de Janeiro, while in fact, it was sent to Mozambique.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In April 1800, Donald Campbell (Port Captain of Table Bay at the time) received reports of foul play with respect to the ''Collector'' from Walker and&lt;br /&gt;
Robertson (business rivals of Hogan and Tennant). Campbell wrote to governor Yonge and to W.S Van Ryneveldt stating that ''he had full proof to produce that the Prizes when taken had not a slave on board the Privateer''. Yonge had made veiled threats to Campbell in the hope that he would drop the matter.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Captain Smit and the crew of the Danish boat, the Holger Dansche, testified before the Court of Justice that they had witnessed the occurrence of a transshipment of slaves on the Zambezi river mouth between ''the JoaQuim'' and ''the Collector'' (under the name Mountain). It was unusual for ''the Collector'' to have flown British flags over French flags (signifying the capture of French 'prize vessels') when it had arrived at Mozambique without slaves. In the beginning, the Collector's crew presented confusing evidences before the Court of Justice. However, one of the officers aboard the Collector eventually testified that two logbooks had been kept during the boat's voyage. Upon the investigation, the Court of Justice concluded that the Collector's 'prize slave' had not been seized from French vessels in the south-west Indian Ocean, but purchased illegally at Mozambique. Michael Hogan, therefore, was suspected of fraud.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In March 1802 Commission of Inquiry was formed to investigate charges made against Yonge. Yonge was the alleged recipient of a bribe worth several thousand pounds for a license that permitted Michael Hogan to import 600 slaves into the colony. This business was transacted through Yonge's private office by his niece's husband and private secretary, Blake, and Yonge's aide-de-camp, Major Cockburn. Blake and Cockburn had bought shares in Hogan's projected slave trade.  The Commissioners concluded that: ''A very strong degree of presumption appears in the several circumstances brought forward, that [Yonge] connived at and promoted the corrupt practices carried on in his family.''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Yonge informed the Secretary of State that he had 'consented to the supply of slaves being completed' in March 1800. The Commission of Inquiry (1802) concluded that Hogan was to blame for ''the Collector's'' illicit activities. Slave importation to the Cape was 'in its Zenith' during Yonge's&lt;br /&gt;
governorship.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When Dundas replaced Yonge in 1801, he was adamant to follow Macartney's example of a 'limited importation' of slaves to the Cape. Dundas permitted only&lt;br /&gt;
one importation of slaves into the colony from 1801-1803. This was the last 'permitted' admission of slaves of the first British occupation period.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Yonge Street Riot===&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:NOWarchives-May14 1992-2-DudleyLaws.jpg|thumb|Yonge Street riot remembered - NOW Magazine]]&lt;br /&gt;
The Yonge Street riot was an act of dissent in response to police brutality and police racism. The trigger was the acquittal of four white police officers in Los Angeles after the beating of Rodney King. Furthermore, another black man, Raymond Constantine Lawrence, was shot four times in the chest by a police officer within the same time frame of the Rodney King beating (Lawton 1992).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;msingh29. [https://criminalizingdissent.wordpress.com/2013/03/28/the-yonge-street-riot-significance-of-criminalization-and-dissent/ The Yonge Street Riot: Significance of Criminalization and Dissent]. Mar 28, 2013. ''criminalizingdissent.wordpress.com. A critical analysis''. Retrieved Feb 15, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The Yonge Street riot occurred on the night of May 4, 1992.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Yonge Street Riot started with a rally, organized by the Black Action Defence Committee in protest of the acquittal of four white police officers videotaped beating [[The Rodney King Beating | Rodney King]], a black man in Los Angeles. Two days earlier, another reason for taking to the streets emerged. A white, plain-clothed police officer, in Toronto, shot and killed a 22 year old black man, who police alleged was dealing crack. At the protest, speakers reminded the crowd that the victim, Raymond Constantine Lawrence, was the 14th black man shot by the Toronto Police Service since 1978, (an average of one a year), and the 4th to die. The crowd of about 1,000 people was full of anger. They marched from the US consulate to Yonge and Bloor, where they sat down to block traffic for 45 minutes.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://localwiki.org/toronto/The_Yonge_Street_Riot The Yonge Street Riot]. ''localwiki.org''. Retrieved Feb 15, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As the protest headed down Yonge Street toward City Hall, the crowd swelled with street youth and teens who, according to social workers and teachers interviewed later, heard via the grapevine that there was an opportunity to go wild as they had on New Year’s Eve and following the closure of the previous year’s CNE. They attempted to enter City Hall but was blocked by mounted police. The crowd headed back north along Yonge and spent the next few hours in a destructive mood, as a diverse crowd of youths tipped hot dog carts, smashed windows, and looted storefronts. Police were instructed not to intervene unless people appeared to be in danger of physical harm. Many of the original protesters either left the scene in disgust or urged rioters to go home. By 10 p.m., police formed a wall along St. Mary Street at Bay. A lingering group of rioters headed toward Yonge and Yorkville, where they were finally dispersed, but not before somebody tossed a Molotov cocktail into the middle of the crowd. When the night was over, 30 people were arrested, mostly on disorderly conduct charges. Around 37 police officers and three police horses were injured, and 100 storefronts were damaged.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;torontoist&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Bradburn, Jamie. [https://torontoist.com/2011/08/theres_a_riot_goin_on_down_yonge_street/ There’s a Riot Goin’ On Down Yonge Street]. Aug 11, 2011. ''torontoist.com''. Retrieved Feb 15, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As a result of the Yonge Street Uprising, several reports were commissioned in order to examine the extent of systemic racism within the Ontario criminal justice system. Although Ontario Premiere, Bob Rae, originally insisted that the riots were not due to racism, he later acknowledged that racism is “a Canadian fact of life that we all have to wrestle with”&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kyres, Maria. [https://qspace.library.queensu.ca/bitstream/handle/1974/22750/Kyres_Maria_201709_MA.pdf?sequence=2&amp;amp;isAllowed=y From the Yonge Street Riot to the Carding Controversy:Policing and Surveilling the Black Community in Toronto, Canada, 1992-2016]. Sept, 2017. ''Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada''. PDF. Retrieved Feb 15, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Black Racism in Street Names]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category: Racial Bias in Policing]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:History Corrections of Street Names]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Al</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Yonge_Street&amp;diff=7213483</id>
		<title>Yonge Street</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Yonge_Street&amp;diff=7213483"/>
		<updated>2021-03-25T14:16:57Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Al: /* The Namesake: George Yonge, public figure background */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;==The Street==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Yonge st.jpg|thumb|Yonge St.]]&lt;br /&gt;
Famously known as &amp;quot;the longest street in the world&amp;quot; – until 1999, Yonge Street is Toronto's main artery, connecting Lake Ontario to Lake Simcoe.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.yongelove.ca/history/ Yonge Street through the years]. ''yongelove.ca''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The Guinness Book of World Records held Yonge Street as the longest road until 1998, but it was taken out in 1999. The possibility that Yonge was the longest road in the world came from what appeared to be a continuation of Yonge on Highway 11. If it happened to be the same road, the street would be over 1800 kilometers in length.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;gh36&amp;quot;&amp;gt;mattsexsmith. [https://www.gh360.ca/?p=6819 WE ARE YONGE: EXPLORING 225 YEARS OF HISTORY ON ONTARIO'S OLDEST YONGE ST.] Dec 4, 2018. ''gh360.ca''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Yonge Street was integral to the original planning and settlement of western Upper Canada in the 1790s, forming the concession roads in Ontario today. Once the southernmost leg of Highway 11, linking the provincial capital with northern Ontario, Yonge Street has been referred to as &amp;quot;Main Street Ontario.&amp;quot; Ontario's first colonial administrator, [[John Graves Simcoe&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1|John Graves Simcoe]], named the road for his companion Sir George Yonge, an expert on ancient Roman roads.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonge_Street Yonge Street]. ''Wikipedia''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; However, the name has sparked controversies today because Sir George Yonge was a corrupt person and a slave trader.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==The Namesake: George Yonge, public figure background==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:1200px-George Yonge.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Sir George Yonge]]&lt;br /&gt;
''Sir George Yonge'' was a British Secretary at War (1782–1783 and 1783–1794). He was one of the experts on Roman Streets: ''“He was a man of letters, an F.R.S., and a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, to which he communicated an excellent memoir on the subject of Roman roads and camps, in connection with some discoveries that had been made at Mansfied, in Nottinghamshire, and hence the peculiar fitness of naming Yonge Street after him, it being precisely such a road, and adapted to similar uses, as those he had been engaged in examining.&amp;quot;''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJhDAQAAIAAJ&amp;amp;pg=PA389 Engineering]. Office for Advertisements and Publication. 1879. p. 389.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He was a Parliament member for his family's Rotten Borough of Honiton, Devon, from 1754 to 1761 and again from 1763 to 1796. He was cited for acquiring £80,000 from his father, received another £80,000 when he married, and £80,000 from Parliament, yet Honiton had &amp;quot;swallowed it all.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_George_Yonge,_5th_Baronet Sir George Yonge, 5th Baronet]. ''Wikipedia''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Honiton was one of the most venal boroughs in the kingdom. He is said to have spent colossal sums upon his constituency and trying to set up a woolen factory at Ottery St. Mary, by which he was known as a ''great loser.''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;history&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1790-1820/member/yonge-sir-george-1732-1812 YONGE, Sir George, 5th Bt. (1732-1812), of Colyton and Escott House, Devon]. ''historyofparliamentonline.org''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== George Yonge, the corrupt ===&lt;br /&gt;
He was a man of long official experience when, on 9 Dec. 1799, he arrived at Cape Town; but it was an experience that had no special bearing on the work he had undertaken, and he was probably too old to fall readily into new lines of thought and conduct. He was appointed governor of the Cape of Good Hope in 1799. His government was marked by want of tact and judgment; he quarrelled with General Francis Dundas, the officer in command of the troops, whose authority he attempted to usurp; he offended the old Dutch settlers by increased taxes, contrary, it was alleged, to the capitulation; he left the administration of affairs almost entirely in the hands of Mr. Blake, his private secretary, and Lieutenant-colonel Cockburn, his principal aide-de-camp, whose influence and support were believed to be marketable commodities.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Laughton, John Knox. [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Yonge,_George Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900, Volume 63: Yonge, George]. Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.286. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Apparently, Yonge acted as a government of Cape Town to escape his debt. Before he left for the Cape, Yonge was returned for Old Sarum as an act of ‘compassion’ by Pitt’s kinsman Lord Camelford, who disregarded their political differences to provide him with immunity from his creditors: ‘he could not before that go beyond the precincts of the palace for fear of being arrested’. His appointment surprised many people, including the King. Lord Bathurst commented that ‘it seems to promise so very ill’, Macartney was said to be outraged by the choice of such a successor and Addington later described it as a disgraceful job which he had tried to prevent.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Geo. III Corresp. iii. 1932; Wellesley Pprs. i. 89-90; Glenbervie Jnls. i. 148.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Within ten months, the Cape town was largely a political disaster for the British Government and the colony, and he found a formidable enemy in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Anne_Barnard Lady Anne Barnard]. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Dundas Dundas] told the King that he would have to be recalled:&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''his conduct ... has in such a variety of particulars been so wild and extravagant as to render it impossible to continue him in that government without exposing this country to the imputation of being indifferent to the concerns of that most important settlement.''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;history&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At the same time Wellesley wrote to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Dundas Dundas] from India:&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''My accounts from the Cape all concur in representing that government to be in a state of great confusion. The imbecility and ignorance of Sir George Yonge entirely disqualify him for his situation ... The importance of the Cape in its relation to India increases every hour ... Yonge is employed in founding theatres and masquerade rooms. He dances with more grace and perseverance than Lord Keeper Hatton; and the fame of his brawls has not only reached the kaffirs, and animated every kraal from the Cape to the desert of Sahara, but extended to the Indus and the Ganges.''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;history&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He was dismissed in September 1801. His enemy [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Anne_Barnard Lady Anne Barnard], a Cape resident, told Wellesley that:&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''the Lofty Twaddler has had the lofty tumble I foresaw ... [he] was petrified at the event. He is so conceited of his own abilities that nothing was farther from his expectation than being blamed for anything.''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;history&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
She also mentioned that Yonge had accepted a huge bribe from an infamous slave trader to land a large number of slaves.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Knowles, Rachel. [https://www.regencyhistory.net/2016/11/the-unconventional-lady-anne-barnard.html The unconventional Lady Anne Barnard (1750-1825)]. Nov 8, 2016. ''regencyhistory.net''. Retrieved Feb 15, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==The Controversy==&lt;br /&gt;
===Street Named After a Slave Trader===&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:1118-certificate-of-slave-registry-office-1827.jpg|thumb|left| © Iziko Museums of South Africa, Social History Collections]]&lt;br /&gt;
Toronto Mayor John Tory is willing to consider renaming a major city street whose namesake obstructed the abolition of slavery, as a global movement to re-examine which historical figures are being honored gains momentum. Toronto Mayor John Tory said he had asked the city manager to strike a working group to look at the names of streets and public spaces, including [[Dundas Street | Dundas]] and Yonge, that may not be acceptable at this time.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/toronto/article-tory-open-to-renaming-dundas-street-over-concerns-about-anti-black/ Tory open to renaming Dundas Street over concerns about anti-Black racism]. Publisher Jun 10, 2020. Updated Jun 11, 2020. ''theglobeandmail.com''. Retrieved Feb 15, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
According to Lady Anne Barnard, in her diary, Sir George Yonge was manipulated by members of his &amp;quot;court&amp;quot; and by leading colonists to such a degree that the political life of the colony degenerated into a state of corruption worse even than that which had obtained under the VOC regime. Yonge did his business through his private secretary, Richard Blake, instead of through the Colonial Secretary's office because Barnard was critical of the pervasive abuses and official indulgence. He connived at the bribery and jobbery, at illegal slave-trading and other dubious practices, such as granting of exclusive rights to favorites or the awarding of government land to supplicants.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Le Cordeur, Basil &amp;amp; Margaret Lenta. [https://books.google.ca/books?id=XuO1G1K1htMC&amp;amp;pg=PR23&amp;amp;lpg=PR23&amp;amp;dq=cape+articles+of+capitulation,+george+yonge&amp;amp;source=bl&amp;amp;ots=0ZGHYsZa9M&amp;amp;sig=ACfU3U3y6f20l3l6_dP4PBK4fPO-xBnxow&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwjDgsmKx_3lAhWiiOAKHY7KBZEQ6AEwAnoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=cape%20articles%20of%20capitulation%2C%20george%20yonge&amp;amp;f=false The Cape Diaries of Lady Anne Barnard, 1799-1800]. ''ebook''. p. xvii.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Despite being known as a corrupt person, Yonge was also known as a slave trader. By the early 1790s, the British instituted a ban on new licenses to bring in new slaves. Slave trade players were banned. This was an effort by the British government to gradually phase out the transatlantic slave trade.  A law limiting the number of licenses to private slave trade companies was passed by the British parliament. Without licenses, Slave Traders (which are private entities) – who replenished the colonies with (new) slaves –  could no longer operate. However, as governor of the Cape colony, George Yonge disregarded the ban (on slave import licenses). Yonge illegally granted countless new licenses to known abominable slave trade players such as Michael Hogan and others.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;JM Fuamba, Benéshé. [https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/yonge-street-named-after-britains-absolute-racist-worst-fuamba/ YONGE STREET NAMED AFTER BRITAIN'S ABSOLUTE RACIST AND WORST HUMAN BEING: BRITISH GOV. RECORDS. HENCE, NO YONGE LANDMARKS ANYWHERE IN THE UK]. Mar 2, 2020. ''LinkedIn article''. Retrieved Feb 15, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Wilberforce's Anti-Slavery Movement====&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Wilberforce.jpg|thumb|[https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/wilberforce-finally-ended-slavery Adam Smith Institute] Wilberforce Anti-Slavery Campaign]]&lt;br /&gt;
On Tuesday 12 May 1789, William Wilberforce delivered a speech regarding slave trading in the House of Commons. As reported by ''The Morning Star'' newspaper the after the speech; ''This was a dreadful expedient; and till now, he could not believe that so much misery could be condensed in so little room. He could wish to rouse the feelings of every man on the occasion, and convince the people that their intention and aid were the were the result of consideration, which did awaken him''.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;speech&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Carey, Brycchan. [https://brycchancarey.com/Carey_AOJ_2003.pdf WILLIAM WILBERFORCE'S&lt;br /&gt;
SENTIMENTAL RHETORIC: PARLIAMENTARY REPORTAGE AND THE ABOLITION SPEECH OF 1789]. PDF. ''AMS Press, Inc. New York''. Retrieved Feb 18, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''The manner of treating negroes, during a long voyage, was to the following effect:—the space between the decks is appointed entirely for their lodging; every attention is paid to keep that as clean as possible; the negroes are kept on deck all day, if the weather be fine; they are fed with two meals of comfortable victuals; they are supplied with the luxuries of pipe and tobacco, and a dram occasionally, when the coldness of the weather requires it; they are supplied with the musical instruments of their country; they are encouraged to be cheerful, to sing and to dance, and they do both; the women are supplied with beads to ornament themselves; they are kept clean shaved; and every attention paid to their heads that there be no vermin lodged there; they are secured with fetters on their legs, two and two together; and if a turbulent disposition appears, with another on the wrist; their apartments are clean washed, and fumigated with the fumes of tar and frankincense, and sprinkled with vinegar, &amp;amp;c. As an extenuation of the crimes laid to the charge of the Agents for the Merchants, who are accustomed to this traffic, it has been mentioned with some degree of triumph, that they were treated on board with all manner of luxurious indulgence. The luxury alluded to was this—the song and the dance were promoted; the women were employed in weaving ornaments for the hair, and the utmost attention was observed to keep up their spirits. The truth of this observation was evidently the very reverse, and if it were possible to cast a film over the eyes of mankind, so as to deprive them of sight by a total blindness, the prevaricating mode of mentioning the transactions, could not be depicted in a more absurd point of view. The poor wretches were in such a deplorable state and unparalleled torment, and suffering such torture, that the surgeon who visited them, when bound two and two, could not pass without having his legs bitten by the slaves. . .  It was extremely worthy of observation to explain how the songs and dances were promoted. It was not a scene of freedom or spontaneous joy; for one man was employed to dance the men, and another to dance the women. If they found themselves inclined not to undergo the fatigue, certain persons were ordered to whip them into a compliance.''&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As reported, Wilberforce first did not believe what he had heard; ''When first I heard, Sir, of these iniquities, I considered them as exaggerations, and could not believe it possible, that men had determined to live by exerting themselves for the torture and misery of their fellow-creatures. I have taken great pains to make myself master of the subject, and can declare, that such scenes of barbarity are enough to rouse the indignation and horror of the most callous of mankind.'' However, upon having more observation, he finally came up to the idea of anti-slavery movement.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;speech&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''From every consideration I shall deal frankly with the House, by declaring, that no act of policy whatever will make me swerve from my duty and oblige me to abandon a measure which I think will be an honour to humanity. Mr. Wilberforce then mentioned, that he intended to submit to the consideration of the House, several resolutions, upon which a General Motion should be found for the TOTAL ABOLITION of the SLAVE TRADE.''&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Wilberforce passed as an Order in Council by the House of Commons in 1796. The Order in Council stipulated that slaves could only be landed at British possessions with the consent of the metropolitan government. Slave importation to the Cape Colony during the first and second British occupation was thus&lt;br /&gt;
tightly limited and regulated.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Slaves were continuously imported to the Cape from 1797-1808. The matter of colonial slave importation was a big issue, considering the influence of the antislavery movement in London. As a slave society, the Cape relied on slave labor. Slave importation was managed by the first British occupation's governors who maintained the VOC ruling that slaves had to be landed with the consent of the governor. Dundas permitted the Cape's governors to license slave importation when the time was right at the Cape. He allowed governors to use their discretion on his behalf, since postal communications (by ship) were slow and because 'exceptional circumstances' always arose. Slave importation was, therefore, managed by the first British occupation's governors who maintained the VOC ruling that slaves had to be landed with the consent of the governor. Sir George Yonge was the only governor who allegedly abused this power of discretion.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Reidy, Michael Charles. [https://open.uct.ac.za/bitstream/handle/11427/12742/thesis_hum_1997_reidy_m_c.pdf?sequence=1 THE ADMISSION OF SLAVES AND 'PRIZE SLAVES' INTO THE CAPE COLONY, 1797-1818]. ''University of Cape Town''. Retrieved Feb 17, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Licenses for slave importation were sparingly issued by British governors after 1797. According to the Order-in-Council of December 1796, the British metropolitan government approved of licenses for the importation of slaves into the Cape colony.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;CA A (Accession) 1415 (74), 'The Andrew Barnard Letterbook, 1797-1803', Andrew Barnard to Macartney, 10 March 1800.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Yonge, Michael Hogan, and the Collector Scandal====&lt;br /&gt;
'''Michael Hogan''' was an Irish-born shipowner, East India captain and a slave runner.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.harlemworldmagazine.com/amazing-story-michael-hogan-founder-harlems-claremont-inn-1807-1833/ The Amazing Story Of Michael Hogan, Founder Of Harlem’s Claremont Inn, 1807-1833]. Sept 11, 2017. ''Harlem World Magazine''. Retrieved Feb 18, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; He had been importing slaves to Cape town ever since Macartney's governance. In May 1798, Macartney received a proposal from Hogan and Tennant to import 400 slaves from the west coast of Africa to the Cape. The governor accepted the application and gave the merchants twelve months (1 June 1798 to 31 May 1799) to complete their license. Hogan confirmed his acceptance of this license, writing: &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''&amp;quot;as it is an undertaking that no other person or persons would enter into, totally unknown, never has been attempted&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;''A slave voyage to the west coast of Africa had not been attempted during the first British occupation of the Cape. The first slave trade expeditions to the Cape were from Angola, before the Dutch West India Company curtailed that trade. Michael Hogan would have been aware of this trade, however.''&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and in consequence attended with great difficulty and much risk to the first adventurers, we humbly hope that Government will extend its indulgence as far as the existing laws will admit. Should the West African slave trade be successful, Hogan argued, 'many Applications [would] be poured in [to the governor's office] by persons less enterprizing who only wait the issue of our undertaking&amp;quot;''&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Hogan and Tennant's success in slave importation during the first British occupation suggests that this license secured the monopoly on slave importation to the Cape they so eagerly sought.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Michael Hogan used legitimate and clandestine methods to bring slaves into the colony from ''La Rose'', ''La Africano'', the ''JoaQuim'' and ''Collector'' between November 1799 and April 1800. Shortly after the ''JoaQuim'''s departure (March 1799) from the Cape Hogan sent '''''the Collector''''' on a &amp;quot;privateering&amp;quot; 'cruise' for slaves in the Mozambique Channel - to seek out 'such Prizes as she may take'. This was the only legitimate way in which Hogan could work around the British colonial government's tight regulation of slave importation to the Cape. He first, however, had to obtain ''letters de marque'' from John Holand (judge of the Royal Navy's Vice-Admiralty Court). Yonge was rumored to have permitted Hogan the importation of at least 600 slaves into the colony during his first week as governor of the colony.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''''The Collector''''' however did not, capture slaves from French slave boats in the Mozambique channel. The boat was used to purchase slaves in Mozambique. This covert transaction ran contrary to the colonial administration's anti-slave trade stance. The 'prize slaves' were escorted to the Cape by the Collector, aboard its two French 'prize' vessels - ''La Rose'' and ''La Africano''. On November 1799, ''the Collector'' escorted La Rose into Table Bay where the crew testified before the Vice-Admiralty Court that the boat and its cargo had been taken in an abandoned state off the Mahle islands. Forty-eight (out of sixty-eight) of the vessel's 'prize slaves' survived quarantine on Robben Island. On December 1799, the second 'prize' vessel, La Africano, arrived at the Cape with 25 slaves. The crew testified before the Vice-Admiralty Court they had found the boat abandoned near the Seychelles. The Court was under the impression that the vessels were headed for Mauritius.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On March 1800, the ''JoaQuim'' arrived at the Cape with 422 slaves. Hogan reminded Yonge of the permission to import slaves, which the governor had been ''&amp;quot;pleased to allow ... under the date of the 15th of last February [1800]&amp;quot;''. It happened that Hogan had submitted a petition to import slaves to General Fraser (who was in command at the Cape between governorships) before Yonge's arrival to the Cape. Hogan asked General Fraser to leave the petition in the governor's office: 'in case permission was granted for Slaves to be imported from Mozambique ... as he had made the first application. Michael Hogan submitted a second petition through Yonge's personal office (and private secretary, Mr Blake) shortly after Yonge's arrival at the Cape in mid-February&lt;br /&gt;
1800. Hogan anticipated the JoaQuim's arrival for March 1800 would be arriving at the Cape early in March 1800. He informed Yonge that JoaQuim's slaves would benefit the colony and be a meaningful response to the colony's great demand for slaves. He had bought the cargo and the captain of the ship had given him the power to sell the slaves where he pleased. Yonge then permitted Hogan to land the slave cargo.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Logbook.jpg|thumb|Ship's log that was auctioned recently. Photo credit: NSW Government]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On 9 March 1800, Lady Anne witnessed the landing of these slaves. In her diary she mentioned; &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''&amp;quot;I passed a sort of open coast which had a paling round and on looking in saw an immense number of black bowls fixed to etruscan looking figures all in one attitude. I never saw anything so strange. I stopd the carriage and on inquiring what it was, was told it was 300 slaves of Mr Hogan's, part of his cargo which were to be sold next day and that 300 more were to be landed the day after tommorow.&amp;quot;''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;8Lady Anne Barnard's Cape Journal cited from, Margaret Lenta, 'Degrees of freedom: Lady Anne Barnard's Cape Diaries', in Mike Leighton (ed.), Eighteenth Century Studies: The Rights of Man, (HSRC, Pretoria, 1992), p.76.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Royal Navy captains (stationed in Table Bay) also received information that s that governor Yonge had ordered the cargo's landing with his 'Express Permission'. Andrew Barnard notified Macartney on this issue: ''I recollect right you declared a man should not be landed; however when your back was turned it proved otherwise''. Hogan sold a lading of 'prize slaves' on commission for the navy. After this sale, Hogan ostensibly sent the ''JoaQuim'' to Rio&lt;br /&gt;
de Janeiro, while in fact, it was sent to Mozambique.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In April 1800, Donald Campbell (Port Captain of Table Bay at the time) received reports of foul play with respect to the ''Collector'' from Walker and&lt;br /&gt;
Robertson (business rivals of Hogan and Tennant). Campbell wrote to governor Yonge and to W.S Van Ryneveldt stating that ''he had full proof to produce that the Prizes when taken had not a slave on board the Privateer''. Yonge had made veiled threats to Campbell in the hope that he would drop the matter.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Captain Smit and the crew of the Danish boat, the Holger Dansche, testified before the Court of Justice that they had witnessed the occurrence of a transshipment of slaves on the Zambezi river mouth between ''the JoaQuim'' and ''the Collector'' (under the name Mountain). It was unusual for ''the Collector'' to have flown British flags over French flags (signifying the capture of French 'prize vessels') when it had arrived at Mozambique without slaves. In the beginning, the Collector's crew presented confusing evidences before the Court of Justice. However, one of the officers aboard the Collector eventually testified that two logbooks had been kept during the boat's voyage. Upon the investigation, the Court of Justice concluded that the Collector's 'prize slave' had not been seized from French vessels in the south-west Indian Ocean, but purchased illegally at Mozambique. Michael Hogan, therefore, was suspected of fraud.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In March 1802 Commission of Inquiry was formed to investigate charges made against Yonge. Yonge was the alleged recipient of a bribe worth several thousand pounds for a license that permitted Michael Hogan to import 600 slaves into the colony. This business was transacted through Yonge's private office by his niece's husband and private secretary, Blake, and Yonge's aide-de-camp, Major Cockburn. Blake and Cockburn had bought shares in Hogan's projected slave trade.  The Commissioners concluded that: ''A very strong degree of presumption appears in the several circumstances brought forward, that [Yonge] connived at and promoted the corrupt practices carried on in his family.''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Yonge informed the Secretary of State that he had 'consented to the supply of slaves being completed' in March 1800. The Commission of Inquiry (1802) concluded that Hogan was to blame for ''the Collector's'' illicit activities. Slave importation to the Cape was 'in its Zenith' during Yonge's&lt;br /&gt;
governorship.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When Dundas replaced Yonge in 1801, he was adamant to follow Macartney's example of a 'limited importation' of slaves to the Cape. Dundas permitted only&lt;br /&gt;
one importation of slaves into the colony from 1801-1803. This was the last 'permitted' admission of slaves of the first British occupation period.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Yonge Street Riot===&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:NOWarchives-May14 1992-2-DudleyLaws.jpg|thumb|Yonge Street riot remembered - NOW Magazine]]&lt;br /&gt;
The Yonge Street riot was an act of dissent in response to police brutality and police racism. The trigger was the acquittal of four white police officers in Los Angeles after the beating of Rodney King. Furthermore, another black man, Raymond Constantine Lawrence, was shot four times in the chest by a police officer within the same time frame of the Rodney King beating (Lawton 1992).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;msingh29. [https://criminalizingdissent.wordpress.com/2013/03/28/the-yonge-street-riot-significance-of-criminalization-and-dissent/ The Yonge Street Riot: Significance of Criminalization and Dissent]. Mar 28, 2013. ''criminalizingdissent.wordpress.com. A critical analysis''. Retrieved Feb 15, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The Yonge Street riot occurred on the night of May 4, 1992.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Yonge Street Riot started with a rally, organized by the Black Action Defence Committee in protest of the acquittal of four white police officers videotaped beating [[The Rodney King Beating | Rodney King]], a black man in Los Angeles. Two days earlier, another reason for taking to the streets emerged. A white, plain-clothed police officer, in Toronto, shot and killed a 22 year old black man, who police alleged was dealing crack. At the protest, speakers reminded the crowd that the victim, Raymond Constantine Lawrence, was the 14th black man shot by the Toronto Police Service since 1978, (an average of one a year), and the 4th to die. The crowd of about 1,000 people was full of anger. They marched from the US consulate to Yonge and Bloor, where they sat down to block traffic for 45 minutes.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://localwiki.org/toronto/The_Yonge_Street_Riot The Yonge Street Riot]. ''localwiki.org''. Retrieved Feb 15, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As the protest headed down Yonge Street toward City Hall, the crowd swelled with street youth and teens who, according to social workers and teachers interviewed later, heard via the grapevine that there was an opportunity to go wild as they had on New Year’s Eve and following the closure of the previous year’s CNE. They attempted to enter City Hall but was blocked by mounted police. The crowd headed back north along Yonge and spent the next few hours in a destructive mood, as a diverse crowd of youths tipped hot dog carts, smashed windows, and looted storefronts. Police were instructed not to intervene unless people appeared to be in danger of physical harm. Many of the original protesters either left the scene in disgust or urged rioters to go home. By 10 p.m., police formed a wall along St. Mary Street at Bay. A lingering group of rioters headed toward Yonge and Yorkville, where they were finally dispersed, but not before somebody tossed a Molotov cocktail into the middle of the crowd. When the night was over, 30 people were arrested, mostly on disorderly conduct charges. Around 37 police officers and three police horses were injured, and 100 storefronts were damaged.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;torontoist&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Bradburn, Jamie. [https://torontoist.com/2011/08/theres_a_riot_goin_on_down_yonge_street/ There’s a Riot Goin’ On Down Yonge Street]. Aug 11, 2011. ''torontoist.com''. Retrieved Feb 15, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As a result of the Yonge Street Uprising, several reports were commissioned in order to examine the extent of systemic racism within the Ontario criminal justice system. Although Ontario Premiere, Bob Rae, originally insisted that the riots were not due to racism, he later acknowledged that racism is “a Canadian fact of life that we all have to wrestle with”&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kyres, Maria. [https://qspace.library.queensu.ca/bitstream/handle/1974/22750/Kyres_Maria_201709_MA.pdf?sequence=2&amp;amp;isAllowed=y From the Yonge Street Riot to the Carding Controversy:Policing and Surveilling the Black Community in Toronto, Canada, 1992-2016]. Sept, 2017. ''Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada''. PDF. Retrieved Feb 15, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Black Racism in Street Names]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category: Racial Bias in Policing]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:History Corrections of Street Names]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Al</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Yonge_Street&amp;diff=7213474</id>
		<title>Yonge Street</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Yonge_Street&amp;diff=7213474"/>
		<updated>2021-03-25T14:16:38Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Al: /* The Namesake: George Yonge, public figure background */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;==The Street==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Yonge st.jpg|thumb|Yonge St.]]&lt;br /&gt;
Famously known as &amp;quot;the longest street in the world&amp;quot; – until 1999, Yonge Street is Toronto's main artery, connecting Lake Ontario to Lake Simcoe.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.yongelove.ca/history/ Yonge Street through the years]. ''yongelove.ca''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The Guinness Book of World Records held Yonge Street as the longest road until 1998, but it was taken out in 1999. The possibility that Yonge was the longest road in the world came from what appeared to be a continuation of Yonge on Highway 11. If it happened to be the same road, the street would be over 1800 kilometers in length.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;gh36&amp;quot;&amp;gt;mattsexsmith. [https://www.gh360.ca/?p=6819 WE ARE YONGE: EXPLORING 225 YEARS OF HISTORY ON ONTARIO'S OLDEST YONGE ST.] Dec 4, 2018. ''gh360.ca''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Yonge Street was integral to the original planning and settlement of western Upper Canada in the 1790s, forming the concession roads in Ontario today. Once the southernmost leg of Highway 11, linking the provincial capital with northern Ontario, Yonge Street has been referred to as &amp;quot;Main Street Ontario.&amp;quot; Ontario's first colonial administrator, [[John Graves Simcoe&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1|John Graves Simcoe]], named the road for his companion Sir George Yonge, an expert on ancient Roman roads.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonge_Street Yonge Street]. ''Wikipedia''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; However, the name has sparked controversies today because Sir George Yonge was a corrupt person and a slave trader.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==The Namesake: George Yonge, public figure background==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:1200px-George Yonge.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Sir George Yonge]]&lt;br /&gt;
''Sir George Yonge'' was a British Secretary at War (1782–1783 and 1783–1794). He was one of the experts on Roman Streets: ''“He was a man of letters, an F.R.S., and a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, to which he communicated an excellent memoir on the subject of Roman roads and camps, in connection with some discoveries that had been made at Mansfied, in Nottinghamshire, and hence the peculiar fitness of naming Yonge Street after him, it being precisely such a road, and adapted to similar uses, as those he had been engaged in examining.&amp;quot;''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJhDAQAAIAAJ&amp;amp;pg=PA389 Engineering]. Office for Advertisements and Publication. 1879. p. 389.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He was a Parliament member for his family's Rotten Borough of Honiton, Devon, from 1754 to 1761 and again from 1763 to 1796. He was cited for acquiring £80,000 from his father, received another £80,000 when he married, and £80,000 from Parliament, yet Honiton had &amp;quot;swallowed it all.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_George_Yonge,_5th_Baronet Sir George Yonge, 5th Baronet]. ''Wikipedia''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Honiton was one of the most venal boroughs in the kingdom. He is said to have spent colossal sums upon his constituency and trying to set up a woolen factory at Ottery St. Mary, by which he was known as a ''great loser.''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;history&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1790-1820/member/yonge-sir-george-1732-1812 YONGE, Sir George, 5th Bt. (1732-1812), of Colyton and Escott House, Devon]. ''historyofparliamentonline.org''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He was a man of long official experience when, on 9 Dec. 1799, he arrived at Cape Town; but it was an experience that had no special bearing on the work he had undertaken, and he was probably too old to fall readily into new lines of thought and conduct. He was appointed governor of the Cape of Good Hope in 1799. His government was marked by want of tact and judgment; he quarrelled with General Francis Dundas, the officer in command of the troops, whose authority he attempted to usurp; he offended the old Dutch settlers by increased taxes, contrary, it was alleged, to the capitulation; he left the administration of affairs almost entirely in the hands of Mr. Blake, his private secretary, and Lieutenant-colonel Cockburn, his principal aide-de-camp, whose influence and support were believed to be marketable commodities.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Laughton, John Knox. [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Yonge,_George Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900, Volume 63: Yonge, George]. Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.286. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Apparently, Yonge acted as a government of Cape Town to escape his debt. Before he left for the Cape, Yonge was returned for Old Sarum as an act of ‘compassion’ by Pitt’s kinsman Lord Camelford, who disregarded their political differences to provide him with immunity from his creditors: ‘he could not before that go beyond the precincts of the palace for fear of being arrested’. His appointment surprised many people, including the King. Lord Bathurst commented that ‘it seems to promise so very ill’, Macartney was said to be outraged by the choice of such a successor and Addington later described it as a disgraceful job which he had tried to prevent.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Geo. III Corresp. iii. 1932; Wellesley Pprs. i. 89-90; Glenbervie Jnls. i. 148.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Within ten months, the Cape town was largely a political disaster for the British Government and the colony, and he found a formidable enemy in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Anne_Barnard Lady Anne Barnard]. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Dundas Dundas] told the King that he would have to be recalled:&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''his conduct ... has in such a variety of particulars been so wild and extravagant as to render it impossible to continue him in that government without exposing this country to the imputation of being indifferent to the concerns of that most important settlement.''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;history&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At the same time Wellesley wrote to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Dundas Dundas] from India:&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''My accounts from the Cape all concur in representing that government to be in a state of great confusion. The imbecility and ignorance of Sir George Yonge entirely disqualify him for his situation ... The importance of the Cape in its relation to India increases every hour ... Yonge is employed in founding theatres and masquerade rooms. He dances with more grace and perseverance than Lord Keeper Hatton; and the fame of his brawls has not only reached the kaffirs, and animated every kraal from the Cape to the desert of Sahara, but extended to the Indus and the Ganges.''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;history&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He was dismissed in September 1801. His enemy [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Anne_Barnard Lady Anne Barnard], a Cape resident, told Wellesley that:&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''the Lofty Twaddler has had the lofty tumble I foresaw ... [he] was petrified at the event. He is so conceited of his own abilities that nothing was farther from his expectation than being blamed for anything.''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;history&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
She also mentioned that Yonge had accepted a huge bribe from an infamous slave trader to land a large number of slaves.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Knowles, Rachel. [https://www.regencyhistory.net/2016/11/the-unconventional-lady-anne-barnard.html The unconventional Lady Anne Barnard (1750-1825)]. Nov 8, 2016. ''regencyhistory.net''. Retrieved Feb 15, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==The Controversy==&lt;br /&gt;
===Street Named After a Slave Trader===&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:1118-certificate-of-slave-registry-office-1827.jpg|thumb|left| © Iziko Museums of South Africa, Social History Collections]]&lt;br /&gt;
Toronto Mayor John Tory is willing to consider renaming a major city street whose namesake obstructed the abolition of slavery, as a global movement to re-examine which historical figures are being honored gains momentum. Toronto Mayor John Tory said he had asked the city manager to strike a working group to look at the names of streets and public spaces, including [[Dundas Street | Dundas]] and Yonge, that may not be acceptable at this time.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/toronto/article-tory-open-to-renaming-dundas-street-over-concerns-about-anti-black/ Tory open to renaming Dundas Street over concerns about anti-Black racism]. Publisher Jun 10, 2020. Updated Jun 11, 2020. ''theglobeandmail.com''. Retrieved Feb 15, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
According to Lady Anne Barnard, in her diary, Sir George Yonge was manipulated by members of his &amp;quot;court&amp;quot; and by leading colonists to such a degree that the political life of the colony degenerated into a state of corruption worse even than that which had obtained under the VOC regime. Yonge did his business through his private secretary, Richard Blake, instead of through the Colonial Secretary's office because Barnard was critical of the pervasive abuses and official indulgence. He connived at the bribery and jobbery, at illegal slave-trading and other dubious practices, such as granting of exclusive rights to favorites or the awarding of government land to supplicants.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Le Cordeur, Basil &amp;amp; Margaret Lenta. [https://books.google.ca/books?id=XuO1G1K1htMC&amp;amp;pg=PR23&amp;amp;lpg=PR23&amp;amp;dq=cape+articles+of+capitulation,+george+yonge&amp;amp;source=bl&amp;amp;ots=0ZGHYsZa9M&amp;amp;sig=ACfU3U3y6f20l3l6_dP4PBK4fPO-xBnxow&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwjDgsmKx_3lAhWiiOAKHY7KBZEQ6AEwAnoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=cape%20articles%20of%20capitulation%2C%20george%20yonge&amp;amp;f=false The Cape Diaries of Lady Anne Barnard, 1799-1800]. ''ebook''. p. xvii.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Despite being known as a corrupt person, Yonge was also known as a slave trader. By the early 1790s, the British instituted a ban on new licenses to bring in new slaves. Slave trade players were banned. This was an effort by the British government to gradually phase out the transatlantic slave trade.  A law limiting the number of licenses to private slave trade companies was passed by the British parliament. Without licenses, Slave Traders (which are private entities) – who replenished the colonies with (new) slaves –  could no longer operate. However, as governor of the Cape colony, George Yonge disregarded the ban (on slave import licenses). Yonge illegally granted countless new licenses to known abominable slave trade players such as Michael Hogan and others.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;JM Fuamba, Benéshé. [https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/yonge-street-named-after-britains-absolute-racist-worst-fuamba/ YONGE STREET NAMED AFTER BRITAIN'S ABSOLUTE RACIST AND WORST HUMAN BEING: BRITISH GOV. RECORDS. HENCE, NO YONGE LANDMARKS ANYWHERE IN THE UK]. Mar 2, 2020. ''LinkedIn article''. Retrieved Feb 15, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Wilberforce's Anti-Slavery Movement====&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Wilberforce.jpg|thumb|[https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/wilberforce-finally-ended-slavery Adam Smith Institute] Wilberforce Anti-Slavery Campaign]]&lt;br /&gt;
On Tuesday 12 May 1789, William Wilberforce delivered a speech regarding slave trading in the House of Commons. As reported by ''The Morning Star'' newspaper the after the speech; ''This was a dreadful expedient; and till now, he could not believe that so much misery could be condensed in so little room. He could wish to rouse the feelings of every man on the occasion, and convince the people that their intention and aid were the were the result of consideration, which did awaken him''.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;speech&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Carey, Brycchan. [https://brycchancarey.com/Carey_AOJ_2003.pdf WILLIAM WILBERFORCE'S&lt;br /&gt;
SENTIMENTAL RHETORIC: PARLIAMENTARY REPORTAGE AND THE ABOLITION SPEECH OF 1789]. PDF. ''AMS Press, Inc. New York''. Retrieved Feb 18, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''The manner of treating negroes, during a long voyage, was to the following effect:—the space between the decks is appointed entirely for their lodging; every attention is paid to keep that as clean as possible; the negroes are kept on deck all day, if the weather be fine; they are fed with two meals of comfortable victuals; they are supplied with the luxuries of pipe and tobacco, and a dram occasionally, when the coldness of the weather requires it; they are supplied with the musical instruments of their country; they are encouraged to be cheerful, to sing and to dance, and they do both; the women are supplied with beads to ornament themselves; they are kept clean shaved; and every attention paid to their heads that there be no vermin lodged there; they are secured with fetters on their legs, two and two together; and if a turbulent disposition appears, with another on the wrist; their apartments are clean washed, and fumigated with the fumes of tar and frankincense, and sprinkled with vinegar, &amp;amp;c. As an extenuation of the crimes laid to the charge of the Agents for the Merchants, who are accustomed to this traffic, it has been mentioned with some degree of triumph, that they were treated on board with all manner of luxurious indulgence. The luxury alluded to was this—the song and the dance were promoted; the women were employed in weaving ornaments for the hair, and the utmost attention was observed to keep up their spirits. The truth of this observation was evidently the very reverse, and if it were possible to cast a film over the eyes of mankind, so as to deprive them of sight by a total blindness, the prevaricating mode of mentioning the transactions, could not be depicted in a more absurd point of view. The poor wretches were in such a deplorable state and unparalleled torment, and suffering such torture, that the surgeon who visited them, when bound two and two, could not pass without having his legs bitten by the slaves. . .  It was extremely worthy of observation to explain how the songs and dances were promoted. It was not a scene of freedom or spontaneous joy; for one man was employed to dance the men, and another to dance the women. If they found themselves inclined not to undergo the fatigue, certain persons were ordered to whip them into a compliance.''&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As reported, Wilberforce first did not believe what he had heard; ''When first I heard, Sir, of these iniquities, I considered them as exaggerations, and could not believe it possible, that men had determined to live by exerting themselves for the torture and misery of their fellow-creatures. I have taken great pains to make myself master of the subject, and can declare, that such scenes of barbarity are enough to rouse the indignation and horror of the most callous of mankind.'' However, upon having more observation, he finally came up to the idea of anti-slavery movement.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;speech&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''From every consideration I shall deal frankly with the House, by declaring, that no act of policy whatever will make me swerve from my duty and oblige me to abandon a measure which I think will be an honour to humanity. Mr. Wilberforce then mentioned, that he intended to submit to the consideration of the House, several resolutions, upon which a General Motion should be found for the TOTAL ABOLITION of the SLAVE TRADE.''&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Wilberforce passed as an Order in Council by the House of Commons in 1796. The Order in Council stipulated that slaves could only be landed at British possessions with the consent of the metropolitan government. Slave importation to the Cape Colony during the first and second British occupation was thus&lt;br /&gt;
tightly limited and regulated.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Slaves were continuously imported to the Cape from 1797-1808. The matter of colonial slave importation was a big issue, considering the influence of the antislavery movement in London. As a slave society, the Cape relied on slave labor. Slave importation was managed by the first British occupation's governors who maintained the VOC ruling that slaves had to be landed with the consent of the governor. Dundas permitted the Cape's governors to license slave importation when the time was right at the Cape. He allowed governors to use their discretion on his behalf, since postal communications (by ship) were slow and because 'exceptional circumstances' always arose. Slave importation was, therefore, managed by the first British occupation's governors who maintained the VOC ruling that slaves had to be landed with the consent of the governor. Sir George Yonge was the only governor who allegedly abused this power of discretion.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Reidy, Michael Charles. [https://open.uct.ac.za/bitstream/handle/11427/12742/thesis_hum_1997_reidy_m_c.pdf?sequence=1 THE ADMISSION OF SLAVES AND 'PRIZE SLAVES' INTO THE CAPE COLONY, 1797-1818]. ''University of Cape Town''. Retrieved Feb 17, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Licenses for slave importation were sparingly issued by British governors after 1797. According to the Order-in-Council of December 1796, the British metropolitan government approved of licenses for the importation of slaves into the Cape colony.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;CA A (Accession) 1415 (74), 'The Andrew Barnard Letterbook, 1797-1803', Andrew Barnard to Macartney, 10 March 1800.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Yonge, Michael Hogan, and the Collector Scandal====&lt;br /&gt;
'''Michael Hogan''' was an Irish-born shipowner, East India captain and a slave runner.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.harlemworldmagazine.com/amazing-story-michael-hogan-founder-harlems-claremont-inn-1807-1833/ The Amazing Story Of Michael Hogan, Founder Of Harlem’s Claremont Inn, 1807-1833]. Sept 11, 2017. ''Harlem World Magazine''. Retrieved Feb 18, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; He had been importing slaves to Cape town ever since Macartney's governance. In May 1798, Macartney received a proposal from Hogan and Tennant to import 400 slaves from the west coast of Africa to the Cape. The governor accepted the application and gave the merchants twelve months (1 June 1798 to 31 May 1799) to complete their license. Hogan confirmed his acceptance of this license, writing: &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''&amp;quot;as it is an undertaking that no other person or persons would enter into, totally unknown, never has been attempted&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;''A slave voyage to the west coast of Africa had not been attempted during the first British occupation of the Cape. The first slave trade expeditions to the Cape were from Angola, before the Dutch West India Company curtailed that trade. Michael Hogan would have been aware of this trade, however.''&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and in consequence attended with great difficulty and much risk to the first adventurers, we humbly hope that Government will extend its indulgence as far as the existing laws will admit. Should the West African slave trade be successful, Hogan argued, 'many Applications [would] be poured in [to the governor's office] by persons less enterprizing who only wait the issue of our undertaking&amp;quot;''&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Hogan and Tennant's success in slave importation during the first British occupation suggests that this license secured the monopoly on slave importation to the Cape they so eagerly sought.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Michael Hogan used legitimate and clandestine methods to bring slaves into the colony from ''La Rose'', ''La Africano'', the ''JoaQuim'' and ''Collector'' between November 1799 and April 1800. Shortly after the ''JoaQuim'''s departure (March 1799) from the Cape Hogan sent '''''the Collector''''' on a &amp;quot;privateering&amp;quot; 'cruise' for slaves in the Mozambique Channel - to seek out 'such Prizes as she may take'. This was the only legitimate way in which Hogan could work around the British colonial government's tight regulation of slave importation to the Cape. He first, however, had to obtain ''letters de marque'' from John Holand (judge of the Royal Navy's Vice-Admiralty Court). Yonge was rumored to have permitted Hogan the importation of at least 600 slaves into the colony during his first week as governor of the colony.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''''The Collector''''' however did not, capture slaves from French slave boats in the Mozambique channel. The boat was used to purchase slaves in Mozambique. This covert transaction ran contrary to the colonial administration's anti-slave trade stance. The 'prize slaves' were escorted to the Cape by the Collector, aboard its two French 'prize' vessels - ''La Rose'' and ''La Africano''. On November 1799, ''the Collector'' escorted La Rose into Table Bay where the crew testified before the Vice-Admiralty Court that the boat and its cargo had been taken in an abandoned state off the Mahle islands. Forty-eight (out of sixty-eight) of the vessel's 'prize slaves' survived quarantine on Robben Island. On December 1799, the second 'prize' vessel, La Africano, arrived at the Cape with 25 slaves. The crew testified before the Vice-Admiralty Court they had found the boat abandoned near the Seychelles. The Court was under the impression that the vessels were headed for Mauritius.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On March 1800, the ''JoaQuim'' arrived at the Cape with 422 slaves. Hogan reminded Yonge of the permission to import slaves, which the governor had been ''&amp;quot;pleased to allow ... under the date of the 15th of last February [1800]&amp;quot;''. It happened that Hogan had submitted a petition to import slaves to General Fraser (who was in command at the Cape between governorships) before Yonge's arrival to the Cape. Hogan asked General Fraser to leave the petition in the governor's office: 'in case permission was granted for Slaves to be imported from Mozambique ... as he had made the first application. Michael Hogan submitted a second petition through Yonge's personal office (and private secretary, Mr Blake) shortly after Yonge's arrival at the Cape in mid-February&lt;br /&gt;
1800. Hogan anticipated the JoaQuim's arrival for March 1800 would be arriving at the Cape early in March 1800. He informed Yonge that JoaQuim's slaves would benefit the colony and be a meaningful response to the colony's great demand for slaves. He had bought the cargo and the captain of the ship had given him the power to sell the slaves where he pleased. Yonge then permitted Hogan to land the slave cargo.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Logbook.jpg|thumb|Ship's log that was auctioned recently. Photo credit: NSW Government]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On 9 March 1800, Lady Anne witnessed the landing of these slaves. In her diary she mentioned; &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''&amp;quot;I passed a sort of open coast which had a paling round and on looking in saw an immense number of black bowls fixed to etruscan looking figures all in one attitude. I never saw anything so strange. I stopd the carriage and on inquiring what it was, was told it was 300 slaves of Mr Hogan's, part of his cargo which were to be sold next day and that 300 more were to be landed the day after tommorow.&amp;quot;''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;8Lady Anne Barnard's Cape Journal cited from, Margaret Lenta, 'Degrees of freedom: Lady Anne Barnard's Cape Diaries', in Mike Leighton (ed.), Eighteenth Century Studies: The Rights of Man, (HSRC, Pretoria, 1992), p.76.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Royal Navy captains (stationed in Table Bay) also received information that s that governor Yonge had ordered the cargo's landing with his 'Express Permission'. Andrew Barnard notified Macartney on this issue: ''I recollect right you declared a man should not be landed; however when your back was turned it proved otherwise''. Hogan sold a lading of 'prize slaves' on commission for the navy. After this sale, Hogan ostensibly sent the ''JoaQuim'' to Rio&lt;br /&gt;
de Janeiro, while in fact, it was sent to Mozambique.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In April 1800, Donald Campbell (Port Captain of Table Bay at the time) received reports of foul play with respect to the ''Collector'' from Walker and&lt;br /&gt;
Robertson (business rivals of Hogan and Tennant). Campbell wrote to governor Yonge and to W.S Van Ryneveldt stating that ''he had full proof to produce that the Prizes when taken had not a slave on board the Privateer''. Yonge had made veiled threats to Campbell in the hope that he would drop the matter.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Captain Smit and the crew of the Danish boat, the Holger Dansche, testified before the Court of Justice that they had witnessed the occurrence of a transshipment of slaves on the Zambezi river mouth between ''the JoaQuim'' and ''the Collector'' (under the name Mountain). It was unusual for ''the Collector'' to have flown British flags over French flags (signifying the capture of French 'prize vessels') when it had arrived at Mozambique without slaves. In the beginning, the Collector's crew presented confusing evidences before the Court of Justice. However, one of the officers aboard the Collector eventually testified that two logbooks had been kept during the boat's voyage. Upon the investigation, the Court of Justice concluded that the Collector's 'prize slave' had not been seized from French vessels in the south-west Indian Ocean, but purchased illegally at Mozambique. Michael Hogan, therefore, was suspected of fraud.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In March 1802 Commission of Inquiry was formed to investigate charges made against Yonge. Yonge was the alleged recipient of a bribe worth several thousand pounds for a license that permitted Michael Hogan to import 600 slaves into the colony. This business was transacted through Yonge's private office by his niece's husband and private secretary, Blake, and Yonge's aide-de-camp, Major Cockburn. Blake and Cockburn had bought shares in Hogan's projected slave trade.  The Commissioners concluded that: ''A very strong degree of presumption appears in the several circumstances brought forward, that [Yonge] connived at and promoted the corrupt practices carried on in his family.''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Yonge informed the Secretary of State that he had 'consented to the supply of slaves being completed' in March 1800. The Commission of Inquiry (1802) concluded that Hogan was to blame for ''the Collector's'' illicit activities. Slave importation to the Cape was 'in its Zenith' during Yonge's&lt;br /&gt;
governorship.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When Dundas replaced Yonge in 1801, he was adamant to follow Macartney's example of a 'limited importation' of slaves to the Cape. Dundas permitted only&lt;br /&gt;
one importation of slaves into the colony from 1801-1803. This was the last 'permitted' admission of slaves of the first British occupation period.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Yonge Street Riot===&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:NOWarchives-May14 1992-2-DudleyLaws.jpg|thumb|Yonge Street riot remembered - NOW Magazine]]&lt;br /&gt;
The Yonge Street riot was an act of dissent in response to police brutality and police racism. The trigger was the acquittal of four white police officers in Los Angeles after the beating of Rodney King. Furthermore, another black man, Raymond Constantine Lawrence, was shot four times in the chest by a police officer within the same time frame of the Rodney King beating (Lawton 1992).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;msingh29. [https://criminalizingdissent.wordpress.com/2013/03/28/the-yonge-street-riot-significance-of-criminalization-and-dissent/ The Yonge Street Riot: Significance of Criminalization and Dissent]. Mar 28, 2013. ''criminalizingdissent.wordpress.com. A critical analysis''. Retrieved Feb 15, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The Yonge Street riot occurred on the night of May 4, 1992.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Yonge Street Riot started with a rally, organized by the Black Action Defence Committee in protest of the acquittal of four white police officers videotaped beating [[The Rodney King Beating | Rodney King]], a black man in Los Angeles. Two days earlier, another reason for taking to the streets emerged. A white, plain-clothed police officer, in Toronto, shot and killed a 22 year old black man, who police alleged was dealing crack. At the protest, speakers reminded the crowd that the victim, Raymond Constantine Lawrence, was the 14th black man shot by the Toronto Police Service since 1978, (an average of one a year), and the 4th to die. The crowd of about 1,000 people was full of anger. They marched from the US consulate to Yonge and Bloor, where they sat down to block traffic for 45 minutes.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://localwiki.org/toronto/The_Yonge_Street_Riot The Yonge Street Riot]. ''localwiki.org''. Retrieved Feb 15, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As the protest headed down Yonge Street toward City Hall, the crowd swelled with street youth and teens who, according to social workers and teachers interviewed later, heard via the grapevine that there was an opportunity to go wild as they had on New Year’s Eve and following the closure of the previous year’s CNE. They attempted to enter City Hall but was blocked by mounted police. The crowd headed back north along Yonge and spent the next few hours in a destructive mood, as a diverse crowd of youths tipped hot dog carts, smashed windows, and looted storefronts. Police were instructed not to intervene unless people appeared to be in danger of physical harm. Many of the original protesters either left the scene in disgust or urged rioters to go home. By 10 p.m., police formed a wall along St. Mary Street at Bay. A lingering group of rioters headed toward Yonge and Yorkville, where they were finally dispersed, but not before somebody tossed a Molotov cocktail into the middle of the crowd. When the night was over, 30 people were arrested, mostly on disorderly conduct charges. Around 37 police officers and three police horses were injured, and 100 storefronts were damaged.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;torontoist&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Bradburn, Jamie. [https://torontoist.com/2011/08/theres_a_riot_goin_on_down_yonge_street/ There’s a Riot Goin’ On Down Yonge Street]. Aug 11, 2011. ''torontoist.com''. Retrieved Feb 15, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As a result of the Yonge Street Uprising, several reports were commissioned in order to examine the extent of systemic racism within the Ontario criminal justice system. Although Ontario Premiere, Bob Rae, originally insisted that the riots were not due to racism, he later acknowledged that racism is “a Canadian fact of life that we all have to wrestle with”&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kyres, Maria. [https://qspace.library.queensu.ca/bitstream/handle/1974/22750/Kyres_Maria_201709_MA.pdf?sequence=2&amp;amp;isAllowed=y From the Yonge Street Riot to the Carding Controversy:Policing and Surveilling the Black Community in Toronto, Canada, 1992-2016]. Sept, 2017. ''Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada''. PDF. Retrieved Feb 15, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Black Racism in Street Names]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category: Racial Bias in Policing]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:History Corrections of Street Names]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Al</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Yonge_Street&amp;diff=7213344</id>
		<title>Yonge Street</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Yonge_Street&amp;diff=7213344"/>
		<updated>2021-03-25T14:13:42Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Al: /* The Namesake: George Yonge, public figure background */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;==The Street==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Yonge st.jpg|thumb|Yonge St.]]&lt;br /&gt;
Famously known as &amp;quot;the longest street in the world&amp;quot; – until 1999, Yonge Street is Toronto's main artery, connecting Lake Ontario to Lake Simcoe.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.yongelove.ca/history/ Yonge Street through the years]. ''yongelove.ca''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The Guinness Book of World Records held Yonge Street as the longest road until 1998, but it was taken out in 1999. The possibility that Yonge was the longest road in the world came from what appeared to be a continuation of Yonge on Highway 11. If it happened to be the same road, the street would be over 1800 kilometers in length.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;gh36&amp;quot;&amp;gt;mattsexsmith. [https://www.gh360.ca/?p=6819 WE ARE YONGE: EXPLORING 225 YEARS OF HISTORY ON ONTARIO'S OLDEST YONGE ST.] Dec 4, 2018. ''gh360.ca''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Yonge Street was integral to the original planning and settlement of western Upper Canada in the 1790s, forming the concession roads in Ontario today. Once the southernmost leg of Highway 11, linking the provincial capital with northern Ontario, Yonge Street has been referred to as &amp;quot;Main Street Ontario.&amp;quot; Ontario's first colonial administrator, [[John Graves Simcoe&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1|John Graves Simcoe]], named the road for his companion Sir George Yonge, an expert on ancient Roman roads.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonge_Street Yonge Street]. ''Wikipedia''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; However, the name has sparked controversies today because Sir George Yonge was a corrupt person and a slave trader.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== The Namesake: George Yonge, public figure background ==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:1200px-George Yonge.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Sir George Yonge]]&lt;br /&gt;
''Sir George Yonge'' was a British Secretary at War (1782–1783 and 1783–1794). Yonge was considered an expert on Roman roads: 'He was a man of letters, an F.R.S., and a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, to which he communicated an excellent memoir on the subject of Roman roads and camps, in connection with some discoveries that had been made at Mansfied, in Nottinghamshire, and hence the peculiar fitness of naming Yonge Street after him, it being precisely such a road, and adapted to similar uses, as those he had been engaged in examining.'&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJhDAQAAIAAJ&amp;amp;pg=PA389 Engineering]. Office for Advertisements and Publication. 1879. p. 389.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; He served as a Member of Parliament for his family's Rotten Borough of Honiton, Devon, from 1754 to 1761 and again from 1763 to 1796. He was quoted to have often said that he had inherited £80,000 from his father, acquired another £80,000 when he married and £80,000 from Parliament but Honiton had &amp;quot;swallowed it all,&amp;quot; This was due to the huge briberies which were commonplace to influence the electorate in rotten borough elections of the time.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_George_Yonge,_5th_Baronet Sir George Yonge, 5th Baronet]. ''Wikipedia''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; He is said to have spent enormous sums upon his constituency, and in an attempt to establish a woollen factory at Ottery St. Mary, by which he was known as a ''great loser''.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;history&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1790-1820/member/yonge-sir-george-1732-1812 YONGE, Sir George, 5th Bt. (1732-1812), of Colyton and Escott House, Devon]. ''historyofparliamentonline.org''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He was a man of long official experience when, on 9 Dec. 1799, he arrived at Cape Town; but it was an experience that had no special bearing on the work he had undertaken, and he was probably too old to fall readily into new lines of thought and conduct. He was appointed governor of the Cape of Good Hope in 1799. His government was marked by want of tact and judgment; he quarrelled with General Francis Dundas, the officer in command of the troops, whose authority he attempted to usurp; he offended the old Dutch settlers by increased taxes, contrary, it was alleged, to the capitulation; he left the administration of affairs almost entirely in the hands of Mr. Blake, his private secretary, and Lieutenant-colonel Cockburn, his principal aide-de-camp, whose influence and support were believed to be marketable commodities.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Laughton, John Knox. [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Yonge,_George Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900, Volume 63: Yonge, George]. Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.286. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Apparently, Yonge acted as a government of Cape Town to escape his debt. Before he left for the Cape, Yonge was returned for Old Sarum as an act of ‘compassion’ by Pitt’s kinsman Lord Camelford, who disregarded their political differences to provide him with immunity from his creditors: ‘he could not before that go beyond the precincts of the palace for fear of being arrested’. His appointment surprised many people, including the King. Lord Bathurst commented that ‘it seems to promise so very ill’, Macartney was said to be outraged by the choice of such a successor and Addington later described it as a disgraceful job which he had tried to prevent.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Geo. III Corresp. iii. 1932; Wellesley Pprs. i. 89-90; Glenbervie Jnls. i. 148.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Within ten months, the Cape town was largely a political disaster for the British Government and the colony, and he found a formidable enemy in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Anne_Barnard Lady Anne Barnard]. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Dundas Dundas] told the King that he would have to be recalled:&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''his conduct ... has in such a variety of particulars been so wild and extravagant as to render it impossible to continue him in that government without exposing this country to the imputation of being indifferent to the concerns of that most important settlement.''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;history&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At the same time Wellesley wrote to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Dundas Dundas] from India:&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''My accounts from the Cape all concur in representing that government to be in a state of great confusion. The imbecility and ignorance of Sir George Yonge entirely disqualify him for his situation ... The importance of the Cape in its relation to India increases every hour ... Yonge is employed in founding theatres and masquerade rooms. He dances with more grace and perseverance than Lord Keeper Hatton; and the fame of his brawls has not only reached the kaffirs, and animated every kraal from the Cape to the desert of Sahara, but extended to the Indus and the Ganges.''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;history&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He was dismissed in September 1801. His enemy [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Anne_Barnard Lady Anne Barnard], a Cape resident, told Wellesley that:&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''the Lofty Twaddler has had the lofty tumble I foresaw ... [he] was petrified at the event. He is so conceited of his own abilities that nothing was farther from his expectation than being blamed for anything.''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;history&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
She also mentioned that Yonge had accepted a huge bribe from an infamous slave trader to land a large number of slaves.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Knowles, Rachel. [https://www.regencyhistory.net/2016/11/the-unconventional-lady-anne-barnard.html The unconventional Lady Anne Barnard (1750-1825)]. Nov 8, 2016. ''regencyhistory.net''. Retrieved Feb 15, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==The Controversy==&lt;br /&gt;
===Street Named After a Slave Trader===&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:1118-certificate-of-slave-registry-office-1827.jpg|thumb|left| © Iziko Museums of South Africa, Social History Collections]]&lt;br /&gt;
Toronto Mayor John Tory is willing to consider renaming a major city street whose namesake obstructed the abolition of slavery, as a global movement to re-examine which historical figures are being honored gains momentum. Toronto Mayor John Tory said he had asked the city manager to strike a working group to look at the names of streets and public spaces, including [[Dundas Street | Dundas]] and Yonge, that may not be acceptable at this time.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/toronto/article-tory-open-to-renaming-dundas-street-over-concerns-about-anti-black/ Tory open to renaming Dundas Street over concerns about anti-Black racism]. Publisher Jun 10, 2020. Updated Jun 11, 2020. ''theglobeandmail.com''. Retrieved Feb 15, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
According to Lady Anne Barnard, in her diary, Sir George Yonge was manipulated by members of his &amp;quot;court&amp;quot; and by leading colonists to such a degree that the political life of the colony degenerated into a state of corruption worse even than that which had obtained under the VOC regime. Yonge did his business through his private secretary, Richard Blake, instead of through the Colonial Secretary's office because Barnard was critical of the pervasive abuses and official indulgence. He connived at the bribery and jobbery, at illegal slave-trading and other dubious practices, such as granting of exclusive rights to favorites or the awarding of government land to supplicants.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Le Cordeur, Basil &amp;amp; Margaret Lenta. [https://books.google.ca/books?id=XuO1G1K1htMC&amp;amp;pg=PR23&amp;amp;lpg=PR23&amp;amp;dq=cape+articles+of+capitulation,+george+yonge&amp;amp;source=bl&amp;amp;ots=0ZGHYsZa9M&amp;amp;sig=ACfU3U3y6f20l3l6_dP4PBK4fPO-xBnxow&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwjDgsmKx_3lAhWiiOAKHY7KBZEQ6AEwAnoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=cape%20articles%20of%20capitulation%2C%20george%20yonge&amp;amp;f=false The Cape Diaries of Lady Anne Barnard, 1799-1800]. ''ebook''. p. xvii.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Despite being known as a corrupt person, Yonge was also known as a slave trader. By the early 1790s, the British instituted a ban on new licenses to bring in new slaves. Slave trade players were banned. This was an effort by the British government to gradually phase out the transatlantic slave trade.  A law limiting the number of licenses to private slave trade companies was passed by the British parliament. Without licenses, Slave Traders (which are private entities) – who replenished the colonies with (new) slaves –  could no longer operate. However, as governor of the Cape colony, George Yonge disregarded the ban (on slave import licenses). Yonge illegally granted countless new licenses to known abominable slave trade players such as Michael Hogan and others.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;JM Fuamba, Benéshé. [https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/yonge-street-named-after-britains-absolute-racist-worst-fuamba/ YONGE STREET NAMED AFTER BRITAIN'S ABSOLUTE RACIST AND WORST HUMAN BEING: BRITISH GOV. RECORDS. HENCE, NO YONGE LANDMARKS ANYWHERE IN THE UK]. Mar 2, 2020. ''LinkedIn article''. Retrieved Feb 15, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Wilberforce's Anti-Slavery Movement====&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Wilberforce.jpg|thumb|[https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/wilberforce-finally-ended-slavery Adam Smith Institute] Wilberforce Anti-Slavery Campaign]]&lt;br /&gt;
On Tuesday 12 May 1789, William Wilberforce delivered a speech regarding slave trading in the House of Commons. As reported by ''The Morning Star'' newspaper the after the speech; ''This was a dreadful expedient; and till now, he could not believe that so much misery could be condensed in so little room. He could wish to rouse the feelings of every man on the occasion, and convince the people that their intention and aid were the were the result of consideration, which did awaken him''.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;speech&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Carey, Brycchan. [https://brycchancarey.com/Carey_AOJ_2003.pdf WILLIAM WILBERFORCE'S&lt;br /&gt;
SENTIMENTAL RHETORIC: PARLIAMENTARY REPORTAGE AND THE ABOLITION SPEECH OF 1789]. PDF. ''AMS Press, Inc. New York''. Retrieved Feb 18, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''The manner of treating negroes, during a long voyage, was to the following effect:—the space between the decks is appointed entirely for their lodging; every attention is paid to keep that as clean as possible; the negroes are kept on deck all day, if the weather be fine; they are fed with two meals of comfortable victuals; they are supplied with the luxuries of pipe and tobacco, and a dram occasionally, when the coldness of the weather requires it; they are supplied with the musical instruments of their country; they are encouraged to be cheerful, to sing and to dance, and they do both; the women are supplied with beads to ornament themselves; they are kept clean shaved; and every attention paid to their heads that there be no vermin lodged there; they are secured with fetters on their legs, two and two together; and if a turbulent disposition appears, with another on the wrist; their apartments are clean washed, and fumigated with the fumes of tar and frankincense, and sprinkled with vinegar, &amp;amp;c. As an extenuation of the crimes laid to the charge of the Agents for the Merchants, who are accustomed to this traffic, it has been mentioned with some degree of triumph, that they were treated on board with all manner of luxurious indulgence. The luxury alluded to was this—the song and the dance were promoted; the women were employed in weaving ornaments for the hair, and the utmost attention was observed to keep up their spirits. The truth of this observation was evidently the very reverse, and if it were possible to cast a film over the eyes of mankind, so as to deprive them of sight by a total blindness, the prevaricating mode of mentioning the transactions, could not be depicted in a more absurd point of view. The poor wretches were in such a deplorable state and unparalleled torment, and suffering such torture, that the surgeon who visited them, when bound two and two, could not pass without having his legs bitten by the slaves. . .  It was extremely worthy of observation to explain how the songs and dances were promoted. It was not a scene of freedom or spontaneous joy; for one man was employed to dance the men, and another to dance the women. If they found themselves inclined not to undergo the fatigue, certain persons were ordered to whip them into a compliance.''&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As reported, Wilberforce first did not believe what he had heard; ''When first I heard, Sir, of these iniquities, I considered them as exaggerations, and could not believe it possible, that men had determined to live by exerting themselves for the torture and misery of their fellow-creatures. I have taken great pains to make myself master of the subject, and can declare, that such scenes of barbarity are enough to rouse the indignation and horror of the most callous of mankind.'' However, upon having more observation, he finally came up to the idea of anti-slavery movement.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;speech&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''From every consideration I shall deal frankly with the House, by declaring, that no act of policy whatever will make me swerve from my duty and oblige me to abandon a measure which I think will be an honour to humanity. Mr. Wilberforce then mentioned, that he intended to submit to the consideration of the House, several resolutions, upon which a General Motion should be found for the TOTAL ABOLITION of the SLAVE TRADE.''&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Wilberforce passed as an Order in Council by the House of Commons in 1796. The Order in Council stipulated that slaves could only be landed at British possessions with the consent of the metropolitan government. Slave importation to the Cape Colony during the first and second British occupation was thus&lt;br /&gt;
tightly limited and regulated.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Slaves were continuously imported to the Cape from 1797-1808. The matter of colonial slave importation was a big issue, considering the influence of the antislavery movement in London. As a slave society, the Cape relied on slave labor. Slave importation was managed by the first British occupation's governors who maintained the VOC ruling that slaves had to be landed with the consent of the governor. Dundas permitted the Cape's governors to license slave importation when the time was right at the Cape. He allowed governors to use their discretion on his behalf, since postal communications (by ship) were slow and because 'exceptional circumstances' always arose. Slave importation was, therefore, managed by the first British occupation's governors who maintained the VOC ruling that slaves had to be landed with the consent of the governor. Sir George Yonge was the only governor who allegedly abused this power of discretion.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Reidy, Michael Charles. [https://open.uct.ac.za/bitstream/handle/11427/12742/thesis_hum_1997_reidy_m_c.pdf?sequence=1 THE ADMISSION OF SLAVES AND 'PRIZE SLAVES' INTO THE CAPE COLONY, 1797-1818]. ''University of Cape Town''. Retrieved Feb 17, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Licenses for slave importation were sparingly issued by British governors after 1797. According to the Order-in-Council of December 1796, the British metropolitan government approved of licenses for the importation of slaves into the Cape colony.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;CA A (Accession) 1415 (74), 'The Andrew Barnard Letterbook, 1797-1803', Andrew Barnard to Macartney, 10 March 1800.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Yonge, Michael Hogan, and the Collector Scandal====&lt;br /&gt;
'''Michael Hogan''' was an Irish-born shipowner, East India captain and a slave runner.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.harlemworldmagazine.com/amazing-story-michael-hogan-founder-harlems-claremont-inn-1807-1833/ The Amazing Story Of Michael Hogan, Founder Of Harlem’s Claremont Inn, 1807-1833]. Sept 11, 2017. ''Harlem World Magazine''. Retrieved Feb 18, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; He had been importing slaves to Cape town ever since Macartney's governance. In May 1798, Macartney received a proposal from Hogan and Tennant to import 400 slaves from the west coast of Africa to the Cape. The governor accepted the application and gave the merchants twelve months (1 June 1798 to 31 May 1799) to complete their license. Hogan confirmed his acceptance of this license, writing: &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''&amp;quot;as it is an undertaking that no other person or persons would enter into, totally unknown, never has been attempted&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;''A slave voyage to the west coast of Africa had not been attempted during the first British occupation of the Cape. The first slave trade expeditions to the Cape were from Angola, before the Dutch West India Company curtailed that trade. Michael Hogan would have been aware of this trade, however.''&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and in consequence attended with great difficulty and much risk to the first adventurers, we humbly hope that Government will extend its indulgence as far as the existing laws will admit. Should the West African slave trade be successful, Hogan argued, 'many Applications [would] be poured in [to the governor's office] by persons less enterprizing who only wait the issue of our undertaking&amp;quot;''&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Hogan and Tennant's success in slave importation during the first British occupation suggests that this license secured the monopoly on slave importation to the Cape they so eagerly sought.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Michael Hogan used legitimate and clandestine methods to bring slaves into the colony from ''La Rose'', ''La Africano'', the ''JoaQuim'' and ''Collector'' between November 1799 and April 1800. Shortly after the ''JoaQuim'''s departure (March 1799) from the Cape Hogan sent '''''the Collector''''' on a &amp;quot;privateering&amp;quot; 'cruise' for slaves in the Mozambique Channel - to seek out 'such Prizes as she may take'. This was the only legitimate way in which Hogan could work around the British colonial government's tight regulation of slave importation to the Cape. He first, however, had to obtain ''letters de marque'' from John Holand (judge of the Royal Navy's Vice-Admiralty Court). Yonge was rumored to have permitted Hogan the importation of at least 600 slaves into the colony during his first week as governor of the colony.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''''The Collector''''' however did not, capture slaves from French slave boats in the Mozambique channel. The boat was used to purchase slaves in Mozambique. This covert transaction ran contrary to the colonial administration's anti-slave trade stance. The 'prize slaves' were escorted to the Cape by the Collector, aboard its two French 'prize' vessels - ''La Rose'' and ''La Africano''. On November 1799, ''the Collector'' escorted La Rose into Table Bay where the crew testified before the Vice-Admiralty Court that the boat and its cargo had been taken in an abandoned state off the Mahle islands. Forty-eight (out of sixty-eight) of the vessel's 'prize slaves' survived quarantine on Robben Island. On December 1799, the second 'prize' vessel, La Africano, arrived at the Cape with 25 slaves. The crew testified before the Vice-Admiralty Court they had found the boat abandoned near the Seychelles. The Court was under the impression that the vessels were headed for Mauritius.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On March 1800, the ''JoaQuim'' arrived at the Cape with 422 slaves. Hogan reminded Yonge of the permission to import slaves, which the governor had been ''&amp;quot;pleased to allow ... under the date of the 15th of last February [1800]&amp;quot;''. It happened that Hogan had submitted a petition to import slaves to General Fraser (who was in command at the Cape between governorships) before Yonge's arrival to the Cape. Hogan asked General Fraser to leave the petition in the governor's office: 'in case permission was granted for Slaves to be imported from Mozambique ... as he had made the first application. Michael Hogan submitted a second petition through Yonge's personal office (and private secretary, Mr Blake) shortly after Yonge's arrival at the Cape in mid-February&lt;br /&gt;
1800. Hogan anticipated the JoaQuim's arrival for March 1800 would be arriving at the Cape early in March 1800. He informed Yonge that JoaQuim's slaves would benefit the colony and be a meaningful response to the colony's great demand for slaves. He had bought the cargo and the captain of the ship had given him the power to sell the slaves where he pleased. Yonge then permitted Hogan to land the slave cargo.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Logbook.jpg|thumb|Ship's log that was auctioned recently. Photo credit: NSW Government]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On 9 March 1800, Lady Anne witnessed the landing of these slaves. In her diary she mentioned; &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''&amp;quot;I passed a sort of open coast which had a paling round and on looking in saw an immense number of black bowls fixed to etruscan looking figures all in one attitude. I never saw anything so strange. I stopd the carriage and on inquiring what it was, was told it was 300 slaves of Mr Hogan's, part of his cargo which were to be sold next day and that 300 more were to be landed the day after tommorow.&amp;quot;''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;8Lady Anne Barnard's Cape Journal cited from, Margaret Lenta, 'Degrees of freedom: Lady Anne Barnard's Cape Diaries', in Mike Leighton (ed.), Eighteenth Century Studies: The Rights of Man, (HSRC, Pretoria, 1992), p.76.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Royal Navy captains (stationed in Table Bay) also received information that s that governor Yonge had ordered the cargo's landing with his 'Express Permission'. Andrew Barnard notified Macartney on this issue: ''I recollect right you declared a man should not be landed; however when your back was turned it proved otherwise''. Hogan sold a lading of 'prize slaves' on commission for the navy. After this sale, Hogan ostensibly sent the ''JoaQuim'' to Rio&lt;br /&gt;
de Janeiro, while in fact, it was sent to Mozambique.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In April 1800, Donald Campbell (Port Captain of Table Bay at the time) received reports of foul play with respect to the ''Collector'' from Walker and&lt;br /&gt;
Robertson (business rivals of Hogan and Tennant). Campbell wrote to governor Yonge and to W.S Van Ryneveldt stating that ''he had full proof to produce that the Prizes when taken had not a slave on board the Privateer''. Yonge had made veiled threats to Campbell in the hope that he would drop the matter.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Captain Smit and the crew of the Danish boat, the Holger Dansche, testified before the Court of Justice that they had witnessed the occurrence of a transshipment of slaves on the Zambezi river mouth between ''the JoaQuim'' and ''the Collector'' (under the name Mountain). It was unusual for ''the Collector'' to have flown British flags over French flags (signifying the capture of French 'prize vessels') when it had arrived at Mozambique without slaves. In the beginning, the Collector's crew presented confusing evidences before the Court of Justice. However, one of the officers aboard the Collector eventually testified that two logbooks had been kept during the boat's voyage. Upon the investigation, the Court of Justice concluded that the Collector's 'prize slave' had not been seized from French vessels in the south-west Indian Ocean, but purchased illegally at Mozambique. Michael Hogan, therefore, was suspected of fraud.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In March 1802 Commission of Inquiry was formed to investigate charges made against Yonge. Yonge was the alleged recipient of a bribe worth several thousand pounds for a license that permitted Michael Hogan to import 600 slaves into the colony. This business was transacted through Yonge's private office by his niece's husband and private secretary, Blake, and Yonge's aide-de-camp, Major Cockburn. Blake and Cockburn had bought shares in Hogan's projected slave trade.  The Commissioners concluded that: ''A very strong degree of presumption appears in the several circumstances brought forward, that [Yonge] connived at and promoted the corrupt practices carried on in his family.''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Yonge informed the Secretary of State that he had 'consented to the supply of slaves being completed' in March 1800. The Commission of Inquiry (1802) concluded that Hogan was to blame for ''the Collector's'' illicit activities. Slave importation to the Cape was 'in its Zenith' during Yonge's&lt;br /&gt;
governorship.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When Dundas replaced Yonge in 1801, he was adamant to follow Macartney's example of a 'limited importation' of slaves to the Cape. Dundas permitted only&lt;br /&gt;
one importation of slaves into the colony from 1801-1803. This was the last 'permitted' admission of slaves of the first British occupation period.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Yonge Street Riot===&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:NOWarchives-May14 1992-2-DudleyLaws.jpg|thumb|Yonge Street riot remembered - NOW Magazine]]&lt;br /&gt;
The Yonge Street riot was an act of dissent in response to police brutality and police racism. The trigger was the acquittal of four white police officers in Los Angeles after the beating of Rodney King. Furthermore, another black man, Raymond Constantine Lawrence, was shot four times in the chest by a police officer within the same time frame of the Rodney King beating (Lawton 1992).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;msingh29. [https://criminalizingdissent.wordpress.com/2013/03/28/the-yonge-street-riot-significance-of-criminalization-and-dissent/ The Yonge Street Riot: Significance of Criminalization and Dissent]. Mar 28, 2013. ''criminalizingdissent.wordpress.com. A critical analysis''. Retrieved Feb 15, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The Yonge Street riot occurred on the night of May 4, 1992.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Yonge Street Riot started with a rally, organized by the Black Action Defence Committee in protest of the acquittal of four white police officers videotaped beating [[The Rodney King Beating | Rodney King]], a black man in Los Angeles. Two days earlier, another reason for taking to the streets emerged. A white, plain-clothed police officer, in Toronto, shot and killed a 22 year old black man, who police alleged was dealing crack. At the protest, speakers reminded the crowd that the victim, Raymond Constantine Lawrence, was the 14th black man shot by the Toronto Police Service since 1978, (an average of one a year), and the 4th to die. The crowd of about 1,000 people was full of anger. They marched from the US consulate to Yonge and Bloor, where they sat down to block traffic for 45 minutes.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://localwiki.org/toronto/The_Yonge_Street_Riot The Yonge Street Riot]. ''localwiki.org''. Retrieved Feb 15, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As the protest headed down Yonge Street toward City Hall, the crowd swelled with street youth and teens who, according to social workers and teachers interviewed later, heard via the grapevine that there was an opportunity to go wild as they had on New Year’s Eve and following the closure of the previous year’s CNE. They attempted to enter City Hall but was blocked by mounted police. The crowd headed back north along Yonge and spent the next few hours in a destructive mood, as a diverse crowd of youths tipped hot dog carts, smashed windows, and looted storefronts. Police were instructed not to intervene unless people appeared to be in danger of physical harm. Many of the original protesters either left the scene in disgust or urged rioters to go home. By 10 p.m., police formed a wall along St. Mary Street at Bay. A lingering group of rioters headed toward Yonge and Yorkville, where they were finally dispersed, but not before somebody tossed a Molotov cocktail into the middle of the crowd. When the night was over, 30 people were arrested, mostly on disorderly conduct charges. Around 37 police officers and three police horses were injured, and 100 storefronts were damaged.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;torontoist&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Bradburn, Jamie. [https://torontoist.com/2011/08/theres_a_riot_goin_on_down_yonge_street/ There’s a Riot Goin’ On Down Yonge Street]. Aug 11, 2011. ''torontoist.com''. Retrieved Feb 15, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As a result of the Yonge Street Uprising, several reports were commissioned in order to examine the extent of systemic racism within the Ontario criminal justice system. Although Ontario Premiere, Bob Rae, originally insisted that the riots were not due to racism, he later acknowledged that racism is “a Canadian fact of life that we all have to wrestle with”&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kyres, Maria. [https://qspace.library.queensu.ca/bitstream/handle/1974/22750/Kyres_Maria_201709_MA.pdf?sequence=2&amp;amp;isAllowed=y From the Yonge Street Riot to the Carding Controversy:Policing and Surveilling the Black Community in Toronto, Canada, 1992-2016]. Sept, 2017. ''Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada''. PDF. Retrieved Feb 15, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Black Racism in Street Names]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category: Racial Bias in Policing]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:History Corrections of Street Names]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Al</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Yonge_Street&amp;diff=7213324</id>
		<title>Yonge Street</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Yonge_Street&amp;diff=7213324"/>
		<updated>2021-03-25T14:13:12Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Al: /* The Street */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;==The Street==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Yonge st.jpg|thumb|Yonge St.]]&lt;br /&gt;
Famously known as &amp;quot;the longest street in the world&amp;quot; – until 1999, Yonge Street is Toronto's main artery, connecting Lake Ontario to Lake Simcoe.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.yongelove.ca/history/ Yonge Street through the years]. ''yongelove.ca''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The Guinness Book of World Records held Yonge Street as the longest road until 1998, but it was taken out in 1999. The possibility that Yonge was the longest road in the world came from what appeared to be a continuation of Yonge on Highway 11. If it happened to be the same road, the street would be over 1800 kilometers in length.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;gh36&amp;quot;&amp;gt;mattsexsmith. [https://www.gh360.ca/?p=6819 WE ARE YONGE: EXPLORING 225 YEARS OF HISTORY ON ONTARIO'S OLDEST YONGE ST.] Dec 4, 2018. ''gh360.ca''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Yonge Street was integral to the original planning and settlement of western Upper Canada in the 1790s, forming the concession roads in Ontario today. Once the southernmost leg of Highway 11, linking the provincial capital with northern Ontario, Yonge Street has been referred to as &amp;quot;Main Street Ontario.&amp;quot; Ontario's first colonial administrator, [[John Graves Simcoe&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1|John Graves Simcoe]], named the road for his companion Sir George Yonge, an expert on ancient Roman roads.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonge_Street Yonge Street]. ''Wikipedia''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; However, the name has sparked controversies today because Sir George Yonge was a corrupt person and a slave trader.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== The Namesake: George Yonge, public figure background ==&lt;br /&gt;
In its earliest incarnation, Yonge St was a wild, tangled, muddy affair. By the time soldiers from the Queens’ Rangers, a British Army regiment, finished clearing it at the shores of Lake Simcoe on Feb 16, 1796, it barely deserved the title of ‘street’, it was a rough track connecting the obscure army town of York (now Toronto) to the Upper Great Lakes. A decade after the American Revolution, Lieutenant-Governor [[John Graves Simcoe]] commissioned Yonge St. in 1793 as a military highway for British troops in the event the U.S. invaded.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thestar&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Doherty, Brennan. [https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2017/02/16/yonge-st-was-originally-designed-to-ward-off-us-attack.html How Yonge St. began two centuries ago, to help ward off U.S. attack]. Feb. 16, 2017. ''thestar.com''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; With its foundations dating back to the end of the 18th century as a military road, Yonge Street borrows its name from Sir George Yonge, who served as the British Secretary of War around the time that the initial portion of the road was established, who was also a friend of [[John Graves Simcoe]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;guide&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[https://www.guidedtoronto.com/blog/yonge-at-heart YONGE AT HEART]. AUG 18, 2018. ''guidedtoronto.com''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Even though it was named after an expert on ancient Roman roads, Sir George Yonge, Yonge St. had little in common with the paved, rigorously marked, and ruthlessly straight roads of the Roman Empire.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thestar&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Throughout Yonge Street's history, Yonge Street has great changes.  From a very practical standpoint, Yonge Street became the baseline for dividing the city's east and west, making it an indispensable reference point. Yonge Street would go on to become the heart of Toronto's shopping district in the early 1900s, in large part due to the establishment of the original Eaton's department store around Yonge and Queen. Crowds and businesses gathered along Yonge, leading to its selection as one of the first routes for the city's fleet of horse-drawn streetcars. Electric streetcars appeared in 1892, and this set the tone for even greater expansions in public transit. The first subway line soon followed in the 1950s, and the original Yonge Street subway ran from Union Station up to Eglinton Station. Not only was this a first for the city, but it also represented a first for all of Canada.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;guide&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Sir George Yonge===&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:1200px-George Yonge.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Sir George Yonge]]&lt;br /&gt;
''Sir George Yonge'' was a British Secretary at War (1782–1783 and 1783–1794). Yonge was considered an expert on Roman roads: 'He was a man of letters, an F.R.S., and a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, to which he communicated an excellent memoir on the subject of Roman roads and camps, in connection with some discoveries that had been made at Mansfied, in Nottinghamshire, and hence the peculiar fitness of naming Yonge Street after him, it being precisely such a road, and adapted to similar uses, as those he had been engaged in examining.'&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJhDAQAAIAAJ&amp;amp;pg=PA389 Engineering]. Office for Advertisements and Publication. 1879. p. 389.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; He served as a Member of Parliament for his family's Rotten Borough of Honiton, Devon, from 1754 to 1761 and again from 1763 to 1796. He was quoted to have often said that he had inherited £80,000 from his father, acquired another £80,000 when he married and £80,000 from Parliament but Honiton had &amp;quot;swallowed it all,&amp;quot; This was due to the huge briberies which were commonplace to influence the electorate in rotten borough elections of the time.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_George_Yonge,_5th_Baronet Sir George Yonge, 5th Baronet]. ''Wikipedia''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; He is said to have spent enormous sums upon his constituency, and in an attempt to establish a woollen factory at Ottery St. Mary, by which he was known as a ''great loser''.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;history&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1790-1820/member/yonge-sir-george-1732-1812 YONGE, Sir George, 5th Bt. (1732-1812), of Colyton and Escott House, Devon]. ''historyofparliamentonline.org''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He was a man of long official experience when, on 9 Dec. 1799, he arrived at Cape Town; but it was an experience that had no special bearing on the work he had undertaken, and he was probably too old to fall readily into new lines of thought and conduct. He was appointed governor of the Cape of Good Hope in 1799. His government was marked by want of tact and judgment; he quarrelled with General Francis Dundas, the officer in command of the troops, whose authority he attempted to usurp; he offended the old Dutch settlers by increased taxes, contrary, it was alleged, to the capitulation; he left the administration of affairs almost entirely in the hands of Mr. Blake, his private secretary, and Lieutenant-colonel Cockburn, his principal aide-de-camp, whose influence and support were believed to be marketable commodities.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Laughton, John Knox. [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Yonge,_George Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900, Volume 63: Yonge, George]. Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.286. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Apparently, Yonge acted as a government of Cape Town to escape his debt. Before he left for the Cape, Yonge was returned for Old Sarum as an act of ‘compassion’ by Pitt’s kinsman Lord Camelford, who disregarded their political differences to provide him with immunity from his creditors: ‘he could not before that go beyond the precincts of the palace for fear of being arrested’. His appointment surprised many people, including the King. Lord Bathurst commented that ‘it seems to promise so very ill’, Macartney was said to be outraged by the choice of such a successor and Addington later described it as a disgraceful job which he had tried to prevent.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Geo. III Corresp. iii. 1932; Wellesley Pprs. i. 89-90; Glenbervie Jnls. i. 148.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Within ten months, the Cape town was largely a political disaster for the British Government and the colony, and he found a formidable enemy in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Anne_Barnard Lady Anne Barnard]. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Dundas Dundas] told the King that he would have to be recalled:&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''his conduct ... has in such a variety of particulars been so wild and extravagant as to render it impossible to continue him in that government without exposing this country to the imputation of being indifferent to the concerns of that most important settlement.''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;history&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At the same time Wellesley wrote to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Dundas Dundas] from India:&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''My accounts from the Cape all concur in representing that government to be in a state of great confusion. The imbecility and ignorance of Sir George Yonge entirely disqualify him for his situation ... The importance of the Cape in its relation to India increases every hour ... Yonge is employed in founding theatres and masquerade rooms. He dances with more grace and perseverance than Lord Keeper Hatton; and the fame of his brawls has not only reached the kaffirs, and animated every kraal from the Cape to the desert of Sahara, but extended to the Indus and the Ganges.''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;history&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He was dismissed in September 1801. His enemy [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Anne_Barnard Lady Anne Barnard], a Cape resident, told Wellesley that:&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''the Lofty Twaddler has had the lofty tumble I foresaw ... [he] was petrified at the event. He is so conceited of his own abilities that nothing was farther from his expectation than being blamed for anything.''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;history&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
She also mentioned that Yonge had accepted a huge bribe from an infamous slave trader to land a large number of slaves.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Knowles, Rachel. [https://www.regencyhistory.net/2016/11/the-unconventional-lady-anne-barnard.html The unconventional Lady Anne Barnard (1750-1825)]. Nov 8, 2016. ''regencyhistory.net''. Retrieved Feb 15, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==The Controversy==&lt;br /&gt;
===Street Named After a Slave Trader===&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:1118-certificate-of-slave-registry-office-1827.jpg|thumb|left| © Iziko Museums of South Africa, Social History Collections]]&lt;br /&gt;
Toronto Mayor John Tory is willing to consider renaming a major city street whose namesake obstructed the abolition of slavery, as a global movement to re-examine which historical figures are being honored gains momentum. Toronto Mayor John Tory said he had asked the city manager to strike a working group to look at the names of streets and public spaces, including [[Dundas Street | Dundas]] and Yonge, that may not be acceptable at this time.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/toronto/article-tory-open-to-renaming-dundas-street-over-concerns-about-anti-black/ Tory open to renaming Dundas Street over concerns about anti-Black racism]. Publisher Jun 10, 2020. Updated Jun 11, 2020. ''theglobeandmail.com''. Retrieved Feb 15, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
According to Lady Anne Barnard, in her diary, Sir George Yonge was manipulated by members of his &amp;quot;court&amp;quot; and by leading colonists to such a degree that the political life of the colony degenerated into a state of corruption worse even than that which had obtained under the VOC regime. Yonge did his business through his private secretary, Richard Blake, instead of through the Colonial Secretary's office because Barnard was critical of the pervasive abuses and official indulgence. He connived at the bribery and jobbery, at illegal slave-trading and other dubious practices, such as granting of exclusive rights to favorites or the awarding of government land to supplicants.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Le Cordeur, Basil &amp;amp; Margaret Lenta. [https://books.google.ca/books?id=XuO1G1K1htMC&amp;amp;pg=PR23&amp;amp;lpg=PR23&amp;amp;dq=cape+articles+of+capitulation,+george+yonge&amp;amp;source=bl&amp;amp;ots=0ZGHYsZa9M&amp;amp;sig=ACfU3U3y6f20l3l6_dP4PBK4fPO-xBnxow&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwjDgsmKx_3lAhWiiOAKHY7KBZEQ6AEwAnoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=cape%20articles%20of%20capitulation%2C%20george%20yonge&amp;amp;f=false The Cape Diaries of Lady Anne Barnard, 1799-1800]. ''ebook''. p. xvii.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Despite being known as a corrupt person, Yonge was also known as a slave trader. By the early 1790s, the British instituted a ban on new licenses to bring in new slaves. Slave trade players were banned. This was an effort by the British government to gradually phase out the transatlantic slave trade.  A law limiting the number of licenses to private slave trade companies was passed by the British parliament. Without licenses, Slave Traders (which are private entities) – who replenished the colonies with (new) slaves –  could no longer operate. However, as governor of the Cape colony, George Yonge disregarded the ban (on slave import licenses). Yonge illegally granted countless new licenses to known abominable slave trade players such as Michael Hogan and others.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;JM Fuamba, Benéshé. [https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/yonge-street-named-after-britains-absolute-racist-worst-fuamba/ YONGE STREET NAMED AFTER BRITAIN'S ABSOLUTE RACIST AND WORST HUMAN BEING: BRITISH GOV. RECORDS. HENCE, NO YONGE LANDMARKS ANYWHERE IN THE UK]. Mar 2, 2020. ''LinkedIn article''. Retrieved Feb 15, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Wilberforce's Anti-Slavery Movement====&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Wilberforce.jpg|thumb|[https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/wilberforce-finally-ended-slavery Adam Smith Institute] Wilberforce Anti-Slavery Campaign]]&lt;br /&gt;
On Tuesday 12 May 1789, William Wilberforce delivered a speech regarding slave trading in the House of Commons. As reported by ''The Morning Star'' newspaper the after the speech; ''This was a dreadful expedient; and till now, he could not believe that so much misery could be condensed in so little room. He could wish to rouse the feelings of every man on the occasion, and convince the people that their intention and aid were the were the result of consideration, which did awaken him''.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;speech&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Carey, Brycchan. [https://brycchancarey.com/Carey_AOJ_2003.pdf WILLIAM WILBERFORCE'S&lt;br /&gt;
SENTIMENTAL RHETORIC: PARLIAMENTARY REPORTAGE AND THE ABOLITION SPEECH OF 1789]. PDF. ''AMS Press, Inc. New York''. Retrieved Feb 18, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''The manner of treating negroes, during a long voyage, was to the following effect:—the space between the decks is appointed entirely for their lodging; every attention is paid to keep that as clean as possible; the negroes are kept on deck all day, if the weather be fine; they are fed with two meals of comfortable victuals; they are supplied with the luxuries of pipe and tobacco, and a dram occasionally, when the coldness of the weather requires it; they are supplied with the musical instruments of their country; they are encouraged to be cheerful, to sing and to dance, and they do both; the women are supplied with beads to ornament themselves; they are kept clean shaved; and every attention paid to their heads that there be no vermin lodged there; they are secured with fetters on their legs, two and two together; and if a turbulent disposition appears, with another on the wrist; their apartments are clean washed, and fumigated with the fumes of tar and frankincense, and sprinkled with vinegar, &amp;amp;c. As an extenuation of the crimes laid to the charge of the Agents for the Merchants, who are accustomed to this traffic, it has been mentioned with some degree of triumph, that they were treated on board with all manner of luxurious indulgence. The luxury alluded to was this—the song and the dance were promoted; the women were employed in weaving ornaments for the hair, and the utmost attention was observed to keep up their spirits. The truth of this observation was evidently the very reverse, and if it were possible to cast a film over the eyes of mankind, so as to deprive them of sight by a total blindness, the prevaricating mode of mentioning the transactions, could not be depicted in a more absurd point of view. The poor wretches were in such a deplorable state and unparalleled torment, and suffering such torture, that the surgeon who visited them, when bound two and two, could not pass without having his legs bitten by the slaves. . .  It was extremely worthy of observation to explain how the songs and dances were promoted. It was not a scene of freedom or spontaneous joy; for one man was employed to dance the men, and another to dance the women. If they found themselves inclined not to undergo the fatigue, certain persons were ordered to whip them into a compliance.''&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As reported, Wilberforce first did not believe what he had heard; ''When first I heard, Sir, of these iniquities, I considered them as exaggerations, and could not believe it possible, that men had determined to live by exerting themselves for the torture and misery of their fellow-creatures. I have taken great pains to make myself master of the subject, and can declare, that such scenes of barbarity are enough to rouse the indignation and horror of the most callous of mankind.'' However, upon having more observation, he finally came up to the idea of anti-slavery movement.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;speech&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''From every consideration I shall deal frankly with the House, by declaring, that no act of policy whatever will make me swerve from my duty and oblige me to abandon a measure which I think will be an honour to humanity. Mr. Wilberforce then mentioned, that he intended to submit to the consideration of the House, several resolutions, upon which a General Motion should be found for the TOTAL ABOLITION of the SLAVE TRADE.''&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Wilberforce passed as an Order in Council by the House of Commons in 1796. The Order in Council stipulated that slaves could only be landed at British possessions with the consent of the metropolitan government. Slave importation to the Cape Colony during the first and second British occupation was thus&lt;br /&gt;
tightly limited and regulated.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Slaves were continuously imported to the Cape from 1797-1808. The matter of colonial slave importation was a big issue, considering the influence of the antislavery movement in London. As a slave society, the Cape relied on slave labor. Slave importation was managed by the first British occupation's governors who maintained the VOC ruling that slaves had to be landed with the consent of the governor. Dundas permitted the Cape's governors to license slave importation when the time was right at the Cape. He allowed governors to use their discretion on his behalf, since postal communications (by ship) were slow and because 'exceptional circumstances' always arose. Slave importation was, therefore, managed by the first British occupation's governors who maintained the VOC ruling that slaves had to be landed with the consent of the governor. Sir George Yonge was the only governor who allegedly abused this power of discretion.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Reidy, Michael Charles. [https://open.uct.ac.za/bitstream/handle/11427/12742/thesis_hum_1997_reidy_m_c.pdf?sequence=1 THE ADMISSION OF SLAVES AND 'PRIZE SLAVES' INTO THE CAPE COLONY, 1797-1818]. ''University of Cape Town''. Retrieved Feb 17, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Licenses for slave importation were sparingly issued by British governors after 1797. According to the Order-in-Council of December 1796, the British metropolitan government approved of licenses for the importation of slaves into the Cape colony.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;CA A (Accession) 1415 (74), 'The Andrew Barnard Letterbook, 1797-1803', Andrew Barnard to Macartney, 10 March 1800.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Yonge, Michael Hogan, and the Collector Scandal====&lt;br /&gt;
'''Michael Hogan''' was an Irish-born shipowner, East India captain and a slave runner.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.harlemworldmagazine.com/amazing-story-michael-hogan-founder-harlems-claremont-inn-1807-1833/ The Amazing Story Of Michael Hogan, Founder Of Harlem’s Claremont Inn, 1807-1833]. Sept 11, 2017. ''Harlem World Magazine''. Retrieved Feb 18, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; He had been importing slaves to Cape town ever since Macartney's governance. In May 1798, Macartney received a proposal from Hogan and Tennant to import 400 slaves from the west coast of Africa to the Cape. The governor accepted the application and gave the merchants twelve months (1 June 1798 to 31 May 1799) to complete their license. Hogan confirmed his acceptance of this license, writing: &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''&amp;quot;as it is an undertaking that no other person or persons would enter into, totally unknown, never has been attempted&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;''A slave voyage to the west coast of Africa had not been attempted during the first British occupation of the Cape. The first slave trade expeditions to the Cape were from Angola, before the Dutch West India Company curtailed that trade. Michael Hogan would have been aware of this trade, however.''&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and in consequence attended with great difficulty and much risk to the first adventurers, we humbly hope that Government will extend its indulgence as far as the existing laws will admit. Should the West African slave trade be successful, Hogan argued, 'many Applications [would] be poured in [to the governor's office] by persons less enterprizing who only wait the issue of our undertaking&amp;quot;''&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Hogan and Tennant's success in slave importation during the first British occupation suggests that this license secured the monopoly on slave importation to the Cape they so eagerly sought.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Michael Hogan used legitimate and clandestine methods to bring slaves into the colony from ''La Rose'', ''La Africano'', the ''JoaQuim'' and ''Collector'' between November 1799 and April 1800. Shortly after the ''JoaQuim'''s departure (March 1799) from the Cape Hogan sent '''''the Collector''''' on a &amp;quot;privateering&amp;quot; 'cruise' for slaves in the Mozambique Channel - to seek out 'such Prizes as she may take'. This was the only legitimate way in which Hogan could work around the British colonial government's tight regulation of slave importation to the Cape. He first, however, had to obtain ''letters de marque'' from John Holand (judge of the Royal Navy's Vice-Admiralty Court). Yonge was rumored to have permitted Hogan the importation of at least 600 slaves into the colony during his first week as governor of the colony.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''''The Collector''''' however did not, capture slaves from French slave boats in the Mozambique channel. The boat was used to purchase slaves in Mozambique. This covert transaction ran contrary to the colonial administration's anti-slave trade stance. The 'prize slaves' were escorted to the Cape by the Collector, aboard its two French 'prize' vessels - ''La Rose'' and ''La Africano''. On November 1799, ''the Collector'' escorted La Rose into Table Bay where the crew testified before the Vice-Admiralty Court that the boat and its cargo had been taken in an abandoned state off the Mahle islands. Forty-eight (out of sixty-eight) of the vessel's 'prize slaves' survived quarantine on Robben Island. On December 1799, the second 'prize' vessel, La Africano, arrived at the Cape with 25 slaves. The crew testified before the Vice-Admiralty Court they had found the boat abandoned near the Seychelles. The Court was under the impression that the vessels were headed for Mauritius.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On March 1800, the ''JoaQuim'' arrived at the Cape with 422 slaves. Hogan reminded Yonge of the permission to import slaves, which the governor had been ''&amp;quot;pleased to allow ... under the date of the 15th of last February [1800]&amp;quot;''. It happened that Hogan had submitted a petition to import slaves to General Fraser (who was in command at the Cape between governorships) before Yonge's arrival to the Cape. Hogan asked General Fraser to leave the petition in the governor's office: 'in case permission was granted for Slaves to be imported from Mozambique ... as he had made the first application. Michael Hogan submitted a second petition through Yonge's personal office (and private secretary, Mr Blake) shortly after Yonge's arrival at the Cape in mid-February&lt;br /&gt;
1800. Hogan anticipated the JoaQuim's arrival for March 1800 would be arriving at the Cape early in March 1800. He informed Yonge that JoaQuim's slaves would benefit the colony and be a meaningful response to the colony's great demand for slaves. He had bought the cargo and the captain of the ship had given him the power to sell the slaves where he pleased. Yonge then permitted Hogan to land the slave cargo.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Logbook.jpg|thumb|Ship's log that was auctioned recently. Photo credit: NSW Government]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On 9 March 1800, Lady Anne witnessed the landing of these slaves. In her diary she mentioned; &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''&amp;quot;I passed a sort of open coast which had a paling round and on looking in saw an immense number of black bowls fixed to etruscan looking figures all in one attitude. I never saw anything so strange. I stopd the carriage and on inquiring what it was, was told it was 300 slaves of Mr Hogan's, part of his cargo which were to be sold next day and that 300 more were to be landed the day after tommorow.&amp;quot;''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;8Lady Anne Barnard's Cape Journal cited from, Margaret Lenta, 'Degrees of freedom: Lady Anne Barnard's Cape Diaries', in Mike Leighton (ed.), Eighteenth Century Studies: The Rights of Man, (HSRC, Pretoria, 1992), p.76.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Royal Navy captains (stationed in Table Bay) also received information that s that governor Yonge had ordered the cargo's landing with his 'Express Permission'. Andrew Barnard notified Macartney on this issue: ''I recollect right you declared a man should not be landed; however when your back was turned it proved otherwise''. Hogan sold a lading of 'prize slaves' on commission for the navy. After this sale, Hogan ostensibly sent the ''JoaQuim'' to Rio&lt;br /&gt;
de Janeiro, while in fact, it was sent to Mozambique.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In April 1800, Donald Campbell (Port Captain of Table Bay at the time) received reports of foul play with respect to the ''Collector'' from Walker and&lt;br /&gt;
Robertson (business rivals of Hogan and Tennant). Campbell wrote to governor Yonge and to W.S Van Ryneveldt stating that ''he had full proof to produce that the Prizes when taken had not a slave on board the Privateer''. Yonge had made veiled threats to Campbell in the hope that he would drop the matter.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Captain Smit and the crew of the Danish boat, the Holger Dansche, testified before the Court of Justice that they had witnessed the occurrence of a transshipment of slaves on the Zambezi river mouth between ''the JoaQuim'' and ''the Collector'' (under the name Mountain). It was unusual for ''the Collector'' to have flown British flags over French flags (signifying the capture of French 'prize vessels') when it had arrived at Mozambique without slaves. In the beginning, the Collector's crew presented confusing evidences before the Court of Justice. However, one of the officers aboard the Collector eventually testified that two logbooks had been kept during the boat's voyage. Upon the investigation, the Court of Justice concluded that the Collector's 'prize slave' had not been seized from French vessels in the south-west Indian Ocean, but purchased illegally at Mozambique. Michael Hogan, therefore, was suspected of fraud.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In March 1802 Commission of Inquiry was formed to investigate charges made against Yonge. Yonge was the alleged recipient of a bribe worth several thousand pounds for a license that permitted Michael Hogan to import 600 slaves into the colony. This business was transacted through Yonge's private office by his niece's husband and private secretary, Blake, and Yonge's aide-de-camp, Major Cockburn. Blake and Cockburn had bought shares in Hogan's projected slave trade.  The Commissioners concluded that: ''A very strong degree of presumption appears in the several circumstances brought forward, that [Yonge] connived at and promoted the corrupt practices carried on in his family.''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Yonge informed the Secretary of State that he had 'consented to the supply of slaves being completed' in March 1800. The Commission of Inquiry (1802) concluded that Hogan was to blame for ''the Collector's'' illicit activities. Slave importation to the Cape was 'in its Zenith' during Yonge's&lt;br /&gt;
governorship.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When Dundas replaced Yonge in 1801, he was adamant to follow Macartney's example of a 'limited importation' of slaves to the Cape. Dundas permitted only&lt;br /&gt;
one importation of slaves into the colony from 1801-1803. This was the last 'permitted' admission of slaves of the first British occupation period.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Yonge Street Riot===&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:NOWarchives-May14 1992-2-DudleyLaws.jpg|thumb|Yonge Street riot remembered - NOW Magazine]]&lt;br /&gt;
The Yonge Street riot was an act of dissent in response to police brutality and police racism. The trigger was the acquittal of four white police officers in Los Angeles after the beating of Rodney King. Furthermore, another black man, Raymond Constantine Lawrence, was shot four times in the chest by a police officer within the same time frame of the Rodney King beating (Lawton 1992).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;msingh29. [https://criminalizingdissent.wordpress.com/2013/03/28/the-yonge-street-riot-significance-of-criminalization-and-dissent/ The Yonge Street Riot: Significance of Criminalization and Dissent]. Mar 28, 2013. ''criminalizingdissent.wordpress.com. A critical analysis''. Retrieved Feb 15, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The Yonge Street riot occurred on the night of May 4, 1992.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Yonge Street Riot started with a rally, organized by the Black Action Defence Committee in protest of the acquittal of four white police officers videotaped beating [[The Rodney King Beating | Rodney King]], a black man in Los Angeles. Two days earlier, another reason for taking to the streets emerged. A white, plain-clothed police officer, in Toronto, shot and killed a 22 year old black man, who police alleged was dealing crack. At the protest, speakers reminded the crowd that the victim, Raymond Constantine Lawrence, was the 14th black man shot by the Toronto Police Service since 1978, (an average of one a year), and the 4th to die. The crowd of about 1,000 people was full of anger. They marched from the US consulate to Yonge and Bloor, where they sat down to block traffic for 45 minutes.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://localwiki.org/toronto/The_Yonge_Street_Riot The Yonge Street Riot]. ''localwiki.org''. Retrieved Feb 15, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As the protest headed down Yonge Street toward City Hall, the crowd swelled with street youth and teens who, according to social workers and teachers interviewed later, heard via the grapevine that there was an opportunity to go wild as they had on New Year’s Eve and following the closure of the previous year’s CNE. They attempted to enter City Hall but was blocked by mounted police. The crowd headed back north along Yonge and spent the next few hours in a destructive mood, as a diverse crowd of youths tipped hot dog carts, smashed windows, and looted storefronts. Police were instructed not to intervene unless people appeared to be in danger of physical harm. Many of the original protesters either left the scene in disgust or urged rioters to go home. By 10 p.m., police formed a wall along St. Mary Street at Bay. A lingering group of rioters headed toward Yonge and Yorkville, where they were finally dispersed, but not before somebody tossed a Molotov cocktail into the middle of the crowd. When the night was over, 30 people were arrested, mostly on disorderly conduct charges. Around 37 police officers and three police horses were injured, and 100 storefronts were damaged.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;torontoist&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Bradburn, Jamie. [https://torontoist.com/2011/08/theres_a_riot_goin_on_down_yonge_street/ There’s a Riot Goin’ On Down Yonge Street]. Aug 11, 2011. ''torontoist.com''. Retrieved Feb 15, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As a result of the Yonge Street Uprising, several reports were commissioned in order to examine the extent of systemic racism within the Ontario criminal justice system. Although Ontario Premiere, Bob Rae, originally insisted that the riots were not due to racism, he later acknowledged that racism is “a Canadian fact of life that we all have to wrestle with”&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kyres, Maria. [https://qspace.library.queensu.ca/bitstream/handle/1974/22750/Kyres_Maria_201709_MA.pdf?sequence=2&amp;amp;isAllowed=y From the Yonge Street Riot to the Carding Controversy:Policing and Surveilling the Black Community in Toronto, Canada, 1992-2016]. Sept, 2017. ''Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada''. PDF. Retrieved Feb 15, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Black Racism in Street Names]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category: Racial Bias in Policing]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:History Corrections of Street Names]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Al</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Yonge_Street&amp;diff=7213209</id>
		<title>Yonge Street</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Yonge_Street&amp;diff=7213209"/>
		<updated>2021-03-25T14:11:12Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Al: /* The Street */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;==The Street==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Yonge st.jpg|thumb|Yonge St.]]&lt;br /&gt;
Famously known as &amp;quot;the longest street in the world&amp;quot; – until 1999, Yonge Street is Toronto's main artery, connecting Lake Ontario to Lake Simcoe.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.yongelove.ca/history/ Yonge Street through the years]. ''yongelove.ca''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The Guinness Book of World Records held Yonge Street as the longest road until 1998, but it was taken out in 1999. The possibility that Yonge was the longest road in the world came from what appeared to be a continuation of Yonge on Highway 11. If it happened to be the same road, the street would be over 1800 kilometers in length.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;gh36&amp;quot;&amp;gt;mattsexsmith. [https://www.gh360.ca/?p=6819 WE ARE YONGE: EXPLORING 225 YEARS OF HISTORY ON ONTARIO'S OLDEST YONGE ST.] Dec 4, 2018. ''gh360.ca''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Yonge Street was integral to the original planning and settlement of western Upper Canada in the 1790s, forming the concession roads in Ontario today. Once the southernmost leg of Highway 11, linking the provincial capital with northern Ontario, Yonge Street has been referred to as &amp;quot;Main Street Ontario.&amp;quot; Ontario's first colonial administrator, [[John Graves Simcoe&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1|John Graves Simcoe]], named the road for his companion Sir George Yonge, an expert on ancient Roman roads.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonge_Street Yonge Street]. ''Wikipedia''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; However, the name has sparked controversies today because Sir George Yonge was a corrupt person and a slave trader.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In its earliest incarnation, Yonge St was a wild, tangled, muddy affair. By the time soldiers from the Queens’ Rangers, a British Army regiment, finished clearing it at the shores of Lake Simcoe on Feb 16, 1796, it barely deserved the title of ‘street’, it was a rough track connecting the obscure army town of York (now Toronto) to the Upper Great Lakes. A decade after the American Revolution, Lieutenant-Governor [[John Graves Simcoe]] commissioned Yonge St. in 1793 as a military highway for British troops in the event the U.S. invaded.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thestar&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Doherty, Brennan. [https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2017/02/16/yonge-st-was-originally-designed-to-ward-off-us-attack.html How Yonge St. began two centuries ago, to help ward off U.S. attack]. Feb. 16, 2017. ''thestar.com''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; With its foundations dating back to the end of the 18th century as a military road, Yonge Street borrows its name from Sir George Yonge, who served as the British Secretary of War around the time that the initial portion of the road was established, who was also a friend of [[John Graves Simcoe]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;guide&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[https://www.guidedtoronto.com/blog/yonge-at-heart YONGE AT HEART]. AUG 18, 2018. ''guidedtoronto.com''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Even though it was named after an expert on ancient Roman roads, Sir George Yonge, Yonge St. had little in common with the paved, rigorously marked, and ruthlessly straight roads of the Roman Empire.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thestar&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Throughout Yonge Street's history, Yonge Street has great changes.  From a very practical standpoint, Yonge Street became the baseline for dividing the city's east and west, making it an indispensable reference point. Yonge Street would go on to become the heart of Toronto's shopping district in the early 1900s, in large part due to the establishment of the original Eaton's department store around Yonge and Queen. Crowds and businesses gathered along Yonge, leading to its selection as one of the first routes for the city's fleet of horse-drawn streetcars. Electric streetcars appeared in 1892, and this set the tone for even greater expansions in public transit. The first subway line soon followed in the 1950s, and the original Yonge Street subway ran from Union Station up to Eglinton Station. Not only was this a first for the city, but it also represented a first for all of Canada.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;guide&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Sir George Yonge===&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:1200px-George Yonge.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Sir George Yonge]]&lt;br /&gt;
''Sir George Yonge'' was a British Secretary at War (1782–1783 and 1783–1794). Yonge was considered an expert on Roman roads: 'He was a man of letters, an F.R.S., and a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, to which he communicated an excellent memoir on the subject of Roman roads and camps, in connection with some discoveries that had been made at Mansfied, in Nottinghamshire, and hence the peculiar fitness of naming Yonge Street after him, it being precisely such a road, and adapted to similar uses, as those he had been engaged in examining.'&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJhDAQAAIAAJ&amp;amp;pg=PA389 Engineering]. Office for Advertisements and Publication. 1879. p. 389.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; He served as a Member of Parliament for his family's Rotten Borough of Honiton, Devon, from 1754 to 1761 and again from 1763 to 1796. He was quoted to have often said that he had inherited £80,000 from his father, acquired another £80,000 when he married and £80,000 from Parliament but Honiton had &amp;quot;swallowed it all,&amp;quot; This was due to the huge briberies which were commonplace to influence the electorate in rotten borough elections of the time.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_George_Yonge,_5th_Baronet Sir George Yonge, 5th Baronet]. ''Wikipedia''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; He is said to have spent enormous sums upon his constituency, and in an attempt to establish a woollen factory at Ottery St. Mary, by which he was known as a ''great loser''.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;history&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1790-1820/member/yonge-sir-george-1732-1812 YONGE, Sir George, 5th Bt. (1732-1812), of Colyton and Escott House, Devon]. ''historyofparliamentonline.org''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He was a man of long official experience when, on 9 Dec. 1799, he arrived at Cape Town; but it was an experience that had no special bearing on the work he had undertaken, and he was probably too old to fall readily into new lines of thought and conduct. He was appointed governor of the Cape of Good Hope in 1799. His government was marked by want of tact and judgment; he quarrelled with General Francis Dundas, the officer in command of the troops, whose authority he attempted to usurp; he offended the old Dutch settlers by increased taxes, contrary, it was alleged, to the capitulation; he left the administration of affairs almost entirely in the hands of Mr. Blake, his private secretary, and Lieutenant-colonel Cockburn, his principal aide-de-camp, whose influence and support were believed to be marketable commodities.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Laughton, John Knox. [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Yonge,_George Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900, Volume 63: Yonge, George]. Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.286. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Apparently, Yonge acted as a government of Cape Town to escape his debt. Before he left for the Cape, Yonge was returned for Old Sarum as an act of ‘compassion’ by Pitt’s kinsman Lord Camelford, who disregarded their political differences to provide him with immunity from his creditors: ‘he could not before that go beyond the precincts of the palace for fear of being arrested’. His appointment surprised many people, including the King. Lord Bathurst commented that ‘it seems to promise so very ill’, Macartney was said to be outraged by the choice of such a successor and Addington later described it as a disgraceful job which he had tried to prevent.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Geo. III Corresp. iii. 1932; Wellesley Pprs. i. 89-90; Glenbervie Jnls. i. 148.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Within ten months, the Cape town was largely a political disaster for the British Government and the colony, and he found a formidable enemy in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Anne_Barnard Lady Anne Barnard]. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Dundas Dundas] told the King that he would have to be recalled:&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''his conduct ... has in such a variety of particulars been so wild and extravagant as to render it impossible to continue him in that government without exposing this country to the imputation of being indifferent to the concerns of that most important settlement.''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;history&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At the same time Wellesley wrote to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Dundas Dundas] from India:&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''My accounts from the Cape all concur in representing that government to be in a state of great confusion. The imbecility and ignorance of Sir George Yonge entirely disqualify him for his situation ... The importance of the Cape in its relation to India increases every hour ... Yonge is employed in founding theatres and masquerade rooms. He dances with more grace and perseverance than Lord Keeper Hatton; and the fame of his brawls has not only reached the kaffirs, and animated every kraal from the Cape to the desert of Sahara, but extended to the Indus and the Ganges.''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;history&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He was dismissed in September 1801. His enemy [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Anne_Barnard Lady Anne Barnard], a Cape resident, told Wellesley that:&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''the Lofty Twaddler has had the lofty tumble I foresaw ... [he] was petrified at the event. He is so conceited of his own abilities that nothing was farther from his expectation than being blamed for anything.''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;history&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
She also mentioned that Yonge had accepted a huge bribe from an infamous slave trader to land a large number of slaves.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Knowles, Rachel. [https://www.regencyhistory.net/2016/11/the-unconventional-lady-anne-barnard.html The unconventional Lady Anne Barnard (1750-1825)]. Nov 8, 2016. ''regencyhistory.net''. Retrieved Feb 15, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==The Controversy==&lt;br /&gt;
===Street Named After a Slave Trader===&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:1118-certificate-of-slave-registry-office-1827.jpg|thumb|left| © Iziko Museums of South Africa, Social History Collections]]&lt;br /&gt;
Toronto Mayor John Tory is willing to consider renaming a major city street whose namesake obstructed the abolition of slavery, as a global movement to re-examine which historical figures are being honored gains momentum. Toronto Mayor John Tory said he had asked the city manager to strike a working group to look at the names of streets and public spaces, including [[Dundas Street | Dundas]] and Yonge, that may not be acceptable at this time.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/toronto/article-tory-open-to-renaming-dundas-street-over-concerns-about-anti-black/ Tory open to renaming Dundas Street over concerns about anti-Black racism]. Publisher Jun 10, 2020. Updated Jun 11, 2020. ''theglobeandmail.com''. Retrieved Feb 15, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
According to Lady Anne Barnard, in her diary, Sir George Yonge was manipulated by members of his &amp;quot;court&amp;quot; and by leading colonists to such a degree that the political life of the colony degenerated into a state of corruption worse even than that which had obtained under the VOC regime. Yonge did his business through his private secretary, Richard Blake, instead of through the Colonial Secretary's office because Barnard was critical of the pervasive abuses and official indulgence. He connived at the bribery and jobbery, at illegal slave-trading and other dubious practices, such as granting of exclusive rights to favorites or the awarding of government land to supplicants.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Le Cordeur, Basil &amp;amp; Margaret Lenta. [https://books.google.ca/books?id=XuO1G1K1htMC&amp;amp;pg=PR23&amp;amp;lpg=PR23&amp;amp;dq=cape+articles+of+capitulation,+george+yonge&amp;amp;source=bl&amp;amp;ots=0ZGHYsZa9M&amp;amp;sig=ACfU3U3y6f20l3l6_dP4PBK4fPO-xBnxow&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwjDgsmKx_3lAhWiiOAKHY7KBZEQ6AEwAnoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=cape%20articles%20of%20capitulation%2C%20george%20yonge&amp;amp;f=false The Cape Diaries of Lady Anne Barnard, 1799-1800]. ''ebook''. p. xvii.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Despite being known as a corrupt person, Yonge was also known as a slave trader. By the early 1790s, the British instituted a ban on new licenses to bring in new slaves. Slave trade players were banned. This was an effort by the British government to gradually phase out the transatlantic slave trade.  A law limiting the number of licenses to private slave trade companies was passed by the British parliament. Without licenses, Slave Traders (which are private entities) – who replenished the colonies with (new) slaves –  could no longer operate. However, as governor of the Cape colony, George Yonge disregarded the ban (on slave import licenses). Yonge illegally granted countless new licenses to known abominable slave trade players such as Michael Hogan and others.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;JM Fuamba, Benéshé. [https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/yonge-street-named-after-britains-absolute-racist-worst-fuamba/ YONGE STREET NAMED AFTER BRITAIN'S ABSOLUTE RACIST AND WORST HUMAN BEING: BRITISH GOV. RECORDS. HENCE, NO YONGE LANDMARKS ANYWHERE IN THE UK]. Mar 2, 2020. ''LinkedIn article''. Retrieved Feb 15, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Wilberforce's Anti-Slavery Movement====&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Wilberforce.jpg|thumb|[https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/wilberforce-finally-ended-slavery Adam Smith Institute] Wilberforce Anti-Slavery Campaign]]&lt;br /&gt;
On Tuesday 12 May 1789, William Wilberforce delivered a speech regarding slave trading in the House of Commons. As reported by ''The Morning Star'' newspaper the after the speech; ''This was a dreadful expedient; and till now, he could not believe that so much misery could be condensed in so little room. He could wish to rouse the feelings of every man on the occasion, and convince the people that their intention and aid were the were the result of consideration, which did awaken him''.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;speech&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Carey, Brycchan. [https://brycchancarey.com/Carey_AOJ_2003.pdf WILLIAM WILBERFORCE'S&lt;br /&gt;
SENTIMENTAL RHETORIC: PARLIAMENTARY REPORTAGE AND THE ABOLITION SPEECH OF 1789]. PDF. ''AMS Press, Inc. New York''. Retrieved Feb 18, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''The manner of treating negroes, during a long voyage, was to the following effect:—the space between the decks is appointed entirely for their lodging; every attention is paid to keep that as clean as possible; the negroes are kept on deck all day, if the weather be fine; they are fed with two meals of comfortable victuals; they are supplied with the luxuries of pipe and tobacco, and a dram occasionally, when the coldness of the weather requires it; they are supplied with the musical instruments of their country; they are encouraged to be cheerful, to sing and to dance, and they do both; the women are supplied with beads to ornament themselves; they are kept clean shaved; and every attention paid to their heads that there be no vermin lodged there; they are secured with fetters on their legs, two and two together; and if a turbulent disposition appears, with another on the wrist; their apartments are clean washed, and fumigated with the fumes of tar and frankincense, and sprinkled with vinegar, &amp;amp;c. As an extenuation of the crimes laid to the charge of the Agents for the Merchants, who are accustomed to this traffic, it has been mentioned with some degree of triumph, that they were treated on board with all manner of luxurious indulgence. The luxury alluded to was this—the song and the dance were promoted; the women were employed in weaving ornaments for the hair, and the utmost attention was observed to keep up their spirits. The truth of this observation was evidently the very reverse, and if it were possible to cast a film over the eyes of mankind, so as to deprive them of sight by a total blindness, the prevaricating mode of mentioning the transactions, could not be depicted in a more absurd point of view. The poor wretches were in such a deplorable state and unparalleled torment, and suffering such torture, that the surgeon who visited them, when bound two and two, could not pass without having his legs bitten by the slaves. . .  It was extremely worthy of observation to explain how the songs and dances were promoted. It was not a scene of freedom or spontaneous joy; for one man was employed to dance the men, and another to dance the women. If they found themselves inclined not to undergo the fatigue, certain persons were ordered to whip them into a compliance.''&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As reported, Wilberforce first did not believe what he had heard; ''When first I heard, Sir, of these iniquities, I considered them as exaggerations, and could not believe it possible, that men had determined to live by exerting themselves for the torture and misery of their fellow-creatures. I have taken great pains to make myself master of the subject, and can declare, that such scenes of barbarity are enough to rouse the indignation and horror of the most callous of mankind.'' However, upon having more observation, he finally came up to the idea of anti-slavery movement.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;speech&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''From every consideration I shall deal frankly with the House, by declaring, that no act of policy whatever will make me swerve from my duty and oblige me to abandon a measure which I think will be an honour to humanity. Mr. Wilberforce then mentioned, that he intended to submit to the consideration of the House, several resolutions, upon which a General Motion should be found for the TOTAL ABOLITION of the SLAVE TRADE.''&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Wilberforce passed as an Order in Council by the House of Commons in 1796. The Order in Council stipulated that slaves could only be landed at British possessions with the consent of the metropolitan government. Slave importation to the Cape Colony during the first and second British occupation was thus&lt;br /&gt;
tightly limited and regulated.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Slaves were continuously imported to the Cape from 1797-1808. The matter of colonial slave importation was a big issue, considering the influence of the antislavery movement in London. As a slave society, the Cape relied on slave labor. Slave importation was managed by the first British occupation's governors who maintained the VOC ruling that slaves had to be landed with the consent of the governor. Dundas permitted the Cape's governors to license slave importation when the time was right at the Cape. He allowed governors to use their discretion on his behalf, since postal communications (by ship) were slow and because 'exceptional circumstances' always arose. Slave importation was, therefore, managed by the first British occupation's governors who maintained the VOC ruling that slaves had to be landed with the consent of the governor. Sir George Yonge was the only governor who allegedly abused this power of discretion.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Reidy, Michael Charles. [https://open.uct.ac.za/bitstream/handle/11427/12742/thesis_hum_1997_reidy_m_c.pdf?sequence=1 THE ADMISSION OF SLAVES AND 'PRIZE SLAVES' INTO THE CAPE COLONY, 1797-1818]. ''University of Cape Town''. Retrieved Feb 17, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Licenses for slave importation were sparingly issued by British governors after 1797. According to the Order-in-Council of December 1796, the British metropolitan government approved of licenses for the importation of slaves into the Cape colony.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;CA A (Accession) 1415 (74), 'The Andrew Barnard Letterbook, 1797-1803', Andrew Barnard to Macartney, 10 March 1800.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Yonge, Michael Hogan, and the Collector Scandal====&lt;br /&gt;
'''Michael Hogan''' was an Irish-born shipowner, East India captain and a slave runner.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.harlemworldmagazine.com/amazing-story-michael-hogan-founder-harlems-claremont-inn-1807-1833/ The Amazing Story Of Michael Hogan, Founder Of Harlem’s Claremont Inn, 1807-1833]. Sept 11, 2017. ''Harlem World Magazine''. Retrieved Feb 18, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; He had been importing slaves to Cape town ever since Macartney's governance. In May 1798, Macartney received a proposal from Hogan and Tennant to import 400 slaves from the west coast of Africa to the Cape. The governor accepted the application and gave the merchants twelve months (1 June 1798 to 31 May 1799) to complete their license. Hogan confirmed his acceptance of this license, writing: &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''&amp;quot;as it is an undertaking that no other person or persons would enter into, totally unknown, never has been attempted&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;''A slave voyage to the west coast of Africa had not been attempted during the first British occupation of the Cape. The first slave trade expeditions to the Cape were from Angola, before the Dutch West India Company curtailed that trade. Michael Hogan would have been aware of this trade, however.''&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and in consequence attended with great difficulty and much risk to the first adventurers, we humbly hope that Government will extend its indulgence as far as the existing laws will admit. Should the West African slave trade be successful, Hogan argued, 'many Applications [would] be poured in [to the governor's office] by persons less enterprizing who only wait the issue of our undertaking&amp;quot;''&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Hogan and Tennant's success in slave importation during the first British occupation suggests that this license secured the monopoly on slave importation to the Cape they so eagerly sought.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Michael Hogan used legitimate and clandestine methods to bring slaves into the colony from ''La Rose'', ''La Africano'', the ''JoaQuim'' and ''Collector'' between November 1799 and April 1800. Shortly after the ''JoaQuim'''s departure (March 1799) from the Cape Hogan sent '''''the Collector''''' on a &amp;quot;privateering&amp;quot; 'cruise' for slaves in the Mozambique Channel - to seek out 'such Prizes as she may take'. This was the only legitimate way in which Hogan could work around the British colonial government's tight regulation of slave importation to the Cape. He first, however, had to obtain ''letters de marque'' from John Holand (judge of the Royal Navy's Vice-Admiralty Court). Yonge was rumored to have permitted Hogan the importation of at least 600 slaves into the colony during his first week as governor of the colony.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''''The Collector''''' however did not, capture slaves from French slave boats in the Mozambique channel. The boat was used to purchase slaves in Mozambique. This covert transaction ran contrary to the colonial administration's anti-slave trade stance. The 'prize slaves' were escorted to the Cape by the Collector, aboard its two French 'prize' vessels - ''La Rose'' and ''La Africano''. On November 1799, ''the Collector'' escorted La Rose into Table Bay where the crew testified before the Vice-Admiralty Court that the boat and its cargo had been taken in an abandoned state off the Mahle islands. Forty-eight (out of sixty-eight) of the vessel's 'prize slaves' survived quarantine on Robben Island. On December 1799, the second 'prize' vessel, La Africano, arrived at the Cape with 25 slaves. The crew testified before the Vice-Admiralty Court they had found the boat abandoned near the Seychelles. The Court was under the impression that the vessels were headed for Mauritius.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On March 1800, the ''JoaQuim'' arrived at the Cape with 422 slaves. Hogan reminded Yonge of the permission to import slaves, which the governor had been ''&amp;quot;pleased to allow ... under the date of the 15th of last February [1800]&amp;quot;''. It happened that Hogan had submitted a petition to import slaves to General Fraser (who was in command at the Cape between governorships) before Yonge's arrival to the Cape. Hogan asked General Fraser to leave the petition in the governor's office: 'in case permission was granted for Slaves to be imported from Mozambique ... as he had made the first application. Michael Hogan submitted a second petition through Yonge's personal office (and private secretary, Mr Blake) shortly after Yonge's arrival at the Cape in mid-February&lt;br /&gt;
1800. Hogan anticipated the JoaQuim's arrival for March 1800 would be arriving at the Cape early in March 1800. He informed Yonge that JoaQuim's slaves would benefit the colony and be a meaningful response to the colony's great demand for slaves. He had bought the cargo and the captain of the ship had given him the power to sell the slaves where he pleased. Yonge then permitted Hogan to land the slave cargo.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Logbook.jpg|thumb|Ship's log that was auctioned recently. Photo credit: NSW Government]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On 9 March 1800, Lady Anne witnessed the landing of these slaves. In her diary she mentioned; &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''&amp;quot;I passed a sort of open coast which had a paling round and on looking in saw an immense number of black bowls fixed to etruscan looking figures all in one attitude. I never saw anything so strange. I stopd the carriage and on inquiring what it was, was told it was 300 slaves of Mr Hogan's, part of his cargo which were to be sold next day and that 300 more were to be landed the day after tommorow.&amp;quot;''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;8Lady Anne Barnard's Cape Journal cited from, Margaret Lenta, 'Degrees of freedom: Lady Anne Barnard's Cape Diaries', in Mike Leighton (ed.), Eighteenth Century Studies: The Rights of Man, (HSRC, Pretoria, 1992), p.76.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Royal Navy captains (stationed in Table Bay) also received information that s that governor Yonge had ordered the cargo's landing with his 'Express Permission'. Andrew Barnard notified Macartney on this issue: ''I recollect right you declared a man should not be landed; however when your back was turned it proved otherwise''. Hogan sold a lading of 'prize slaves' on commission for the navy. After this sale, Hogan ostensibly sent the ''JoaQuim'' to Rio&lt;br /&gt;
de Janeiro, while in fact, it was sent to Mozambique.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In April 1800, Donald Campbell (Port Captain of Table Bay at the time) received reports of foul play with respect to the ''Collector'' from Walker and&lt;br /&gt;
Robertson (business rivals of Hogan and Tennant). Campbell wrote to governor Yonge and to W.S Van Ryneveldt stating that ''he had full proof to produce that the Prizes when taken had not a slave on board the Privateer''. Yonge had made veiled threats to Campbell in the hope that he would drop the matter.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Captain Smit and the crew of the Danish boat, the Holger Dansche, testified before the Court of Justice that they had witnessed the occurrence of a transshipment of slaves on the Zambezi river mouth between ''the JoaQuim'' and ''the Collector'' (under the name Mountain). It was unusual for ''the Collector'' to have flown British flags over French flags (signifying the capture of French 'prize vessels') when it had arrived at Mozambique without slaves. In the beginning, the Collector's crew presented confusing evidences before the Court of Justice. However, one of the officers aboard the Collector eventually testified that two logbooks had been kept during the boat's voyage. Upon the investigation, the Court of Justice concluded that the Collector's 'prize slave' had not been seized from French vessels in the south-west Indian Ocean, but purchased illegally at Mozambique. Michael Hogan, therefore, was suspected of fraud.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In March 1802 Commission of Inquiry was formed to investigate charges made against Yonge. Yonge was the alleged recipient of a bribe worth several thousand pounds for a license that permitted Michael Hogan to import 600 slaves into the colony. This business was transacted through Yonge's private office by his niece's husband and private secretary, Blake, and Yonge's aide-de-camp, Major Cockburn. Blake and Cockburn had bought shares in Hogan's projected slave trade.  The Commissioners concluded that: ''A very strong degree of presumption appears in the several circumstances brought forward, that [Yonge] connived at and promoted the corrupt practices carried on in his family.''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Yonge informed the Secretary of State that he had 'consented to the supply of slaves being completed' in March 1800. The Commission of Inquiry (1802) concluded that Hogan was to blame for ''the Collector's'' illicit activities. Slave importation to the Cape was 'in its Zenith' during Yonge's&lt;br /&gt;
governorship.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;thesis&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When Dundas replaced Yonge in 1801, he was adamant to follow Macartney's example of a 'limited importation' of slaves to the Cape. Dundas permitted only&lt;br /&gt;
one importation of slaves into the colony from 1801-1803. This was the last 'permitted' admission of slaves of the first British occupation period.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===The Yonge Street Riot===&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:NOWarchives-May14 1992-2-DudleyLaws.jpg|thumb|Yonge Street riot remembered - NOW Magazine]]&lt;br /&gt;
The Yonge Street riot was an act of dissent in response to police brutality and police racism. The trigger was the acquittal of four white police officers in Los Angeles after the beating of Rodney King. Furthermore, another black man, Raymond Constantine Lawrence, was shot four times in the chest by a police officer within the same time frame of the Rodney King beating (Lawton 1992).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;msingh29. [https://criminalizingdissent.wordpress.com/2013/03/28/the-yonge-street-riot-significance-of-criminalization-and-dissent/ The Yonge Street Riot: Significance of Criminalization and Dissent]. Mar 28, 2013. ''criminalizingdissent.wordpress.com. A critical analysis''. Retrieved Feb 15, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The Yonge Street riot occurred on the night of May 4, 1992.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Yonge Street Riot started with a rally, organized by the Black Action Defence Committee in protest of the acquittal of four white police officers videotaped beating [[The Rodney King Beating | Rodney King]], a black man in Los Angeles. Two days earlier, another reason for taking to the streets emerged. A white, plain-clothed police officer, in Toronto, shot and killed a 22 year old black man, who police alleged was dealing crack. At the protest, speakers reminded the crowd that the victim, Raymond Constantine Lawrence, was the 14th black man shot by the Toronto Police Service since 1978, (an average of one a year), and the 4th to die. The crowd of about 1,000 people was full of anger. They marched from the US consulate to Yonge and Bloor, where they sat down to block traffic for 45 minutes.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://localwiki.org/toronto/The_Yonge_Street_Riot The Yonge Street Riot]. ''localwiki.org''. Retrieved Feb 15, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As the protest headed down Yonge Street toward City Hall, the crowd swelled with street youth and teens who, according to social workers and teachers interviewed later, heard via the grapevine that there was an opportunity to go wild as they had on New Year’s Eve and following the closure of the previous year’s CNE. They attempted to enter City Hall but was blocked by mounted police. The crowd headed back north along Yonge and spent the next few hours in a destructive mood, as a diverse crowd of youths tipped hot dog carts, smashed windows, and looted storefronts. Police were instructed not to intervene unless people appeared to be in danger of physical harm. Many of the original protesters either left the scene in disgust or urged rioters to go home. By 10 p.m., police formed a wall along St. Mary Street at Bay. A lingering group of rioters headed toward Yonge and Yorkville, where they were finally dispersed, but not before somebody tossed a Molotov cocktail into the middle of the crowd. When the night was over, 30 people were arrested, mostly on disorderly conduct charges. Around 37 police officers and three police horses were injured, and 100 storefronts were damaged.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;torontoist&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Bradburn, Jamie. [https://torontoist.com/2011/08/theres_a_riot_goin_on_down_yonge_street/ There’s a Riot Goin’ On Down Yonge Street]. Aug 11, 2011. ''torontoist.com''. Retrieved Feb 15, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As a result of the Yonge Street Uprising, several reports were commissioned in order to examine the extent of systemic racism within the Ontario criminal justice system. Although Ontario Premiere, Bob Rae, originally insisted that the riots were not due to racism, he later acknowledged that racism is “a Canadian fact of life that we all have to wrestle with”&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kyres, Maria. [https://qspace.library.queensu.ca/bitstream/handle/1974/22750/Kyres_Maria_201709_MA.pdf?sequence=2&amp;amp;isAllowed=y From the Yonge Street Riot to the Carding Controversy:Policing and Surveilling the Black Community in Toronto, Canada, 1992-2016]. Sept, 2017. ''Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada''. PDF. Retrieved Feb 15, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Black Racism in Street Names]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category: Racial Bias in Policing]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:History Corrections of Street Names]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Al</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Yonge_Street&amp;diff=7212994</id>
		<title>Yonge Street</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Yonge_Street&amp;diff=7212994"/>
		<updated>2021-03-25T14:07:14Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Al: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;== The Street ==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Yonge st.jpg|thumb|Yonge St.]]&lt;br /&gt;
Famously known as “the longest street in the world” – until 1999, that is – Yonge Street is Toronto’s main artery, linking Lake Ontario to Lake Simcoe.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.yongelove.ca/history/ Yonge Street through the years]. ''yongelove.ca''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Until 1998, the Guinness Book of World Records held Yonge as the longest street in the world until this was pointed out, and it has since been removed. The idea that Yonge was the longest street in the world came from what seemed to be a continuation of Yonge on Highway 11. If Yonge and Highway 11 were one and the same, the road would be more than 1800 kilometers long.&amp;lt;ref name=gh36&amp;gt;mattsexsmith. [https://www.gh360.ca/?p=6819 WE ARE YONGE: EXPLORING 225 YEARS OF HISTORY ON ONTARIO'S OLDEST YONGE ST.] Dec 4, 2018. ''gh360.ca''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Yonge Street was integral to the original planning and settlement of western Upper Canada in the 1790s, forming the basis of the concession roads in Ontario today. Once the southernmost leg of Highway 11, linking the provincial capital with northern Ontario, Yonge Street has been referred to as &amp;quot;Main Street Ontario&amp;quot;. Ontario's first colonial administrator, [[John Graves Simcoe]], named the street for his friend Sir George Yonge, an expert on ancient Roman roads.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonge_Street Yonge Street]. ''Wikipedia''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; However, the name has sparked controversies today because Sir George Yonge was known to be a corrupt person and a slave trader.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Behind the Name ==&lt;br /&gt;
In its earliest incarnation, Yonge St was a wild, tangled, muddy affair. By the time soldiers from the Queens’ Rangers, a British Army regiment, finished clearing it at the shores of Lake Simcoe on Feb 16, 1796, it barely deserved the title of ‘street’, it was a rough track connecting the obscure army town of York (now Toronto) to the Upper Great Lakes. A decade after the American Revolution, Lieutenant-Governor [[John Graves Simcoe]] commissioned Yonge St. in 1793 as a military highway for British troops in the event the U.S. invaded.&amp;lt;ref name=thestar&amp;gt;Doherty, Brennan. [https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2017/02/16/yonge-st-was-originally-designed-to-ward-off-us-attack.html How Yonge St. began two centuries ago, to help ward off U.S. attack]. Feb. 16, 2017. ''thestar.com''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; With its foundations dating back to the end of the 18th century as a military road, Yonge Street borrows its name from Sir George Yonge, who served as the British Secretary of War around the time that the initial portion of the road was established, who was also a friend of [[John Graves Simcoe]].&amp;lt;ref name=guide&amp;gt;[https://www.guidedtoronto.com/blog/yonge-at-heart YONGE AT HEART]. AUG 18, 2018. ''guidedtoronto.com''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Even though it was named after an expert on ancient Roman roads, Sir George Yonge, Yonge St. had little in common with the paved, rigorously marked, and ruthlessly straight roads of the Roman Empire.&amp;lt;ref name=thestar/&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Throughout Yonge Street's history, Yonge Street has great changes.  From a very practical standpoint, Yonge Street became the baseline for dividing the city's east and west, making it an indispensable reference point. Yonge Street would go on to become the heart of Toronto's shopping district in the early 1900s, in large part due to the establishment of the original Eaton's department store around Yonge and Queen. Crowds and businesses gathered along Yonge, leading to its selection as one of the first routes for the city's fleet of horse-drawn streetcars. Electric streetcars appeared in 1892, and this set the tone for even greater expansions in public transit. The first subway line soon followed in the 1950s, and the original Yonge Street subway ran from Union Station up to Eglinton Station. Not only was this a first for the city, but it also represented a first for all of Canada.&amp;lt;ref name=guide/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Sir George Yonge ===&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:1200px-George Yonge.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Sir George Yonge]]&lt;br /&gt;
''Sir George Yonge'' was a British Secretary at War (1782–1783 and 1783–1794). Yonge was considered an expert on Roman roads: 'He was a man of letters, an F.R.S., and a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, to which he communicated an excellent memoir on the subject of Roman roads and camps, in connection with some discoveries that had been made at Mansfied, in Nottinghamshire, and hence the peculiar fitness of naming Yonge Street after him, it being precisely such a road, and adapted to similar uses, as those he had been engaged in examining.'&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJhDAQAAIAAJ&amp;amp;pg=PA389 Engineering]. Office for Advertisements and Publication. 1879. p. 389.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; He served as a Member of Parliament for his family's Rotten Borough of Honiton, Devon, from 1754 to 1761 and again from 1763 to 1796. He was quoted to have often said that he had inherited £80,000 from his father, acquired another £80,000 when he married and £80,000 from Parliament but Honiton had &amp;quot;swallowed it all,&amp;quot; This was due to the huge briberies which were commonplace to influence the electorate in rotten borough elections of the time.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_George_Yonge,_5th_Baronet Sir George Yonge, 5th Baronet]. ''Wikipedia''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; He is said to have spent enormous sums upon his constituency, and in an attempt to establish a woollen factory at Ottery St. Mary, by which he was known as a ''great loser''.&amp;lt;ref name=history&amp;gt;[https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1790-1820/member/yonge-sir-george-1732-1812 YONGE, Sir George, 5th Bt. (1732-1812), of Colyton and Escott House, Devon]. ''historyofparliamentonline.org''. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He was a man of long official experience when, on 9 Dec. 1799, he arrived at Cape Town; but it was an experience that had no special bearing on the work he had undertaken, and he was probably too old to fall readily into new lines of thought and conduct. He was appointed governor of the Cape of Good Hope in 1799. His government was marked by want of tact and judgment; he quarrelled with General Francis Dundas, the officer in command of the troops, whose authority he attempted to usurp; he offended the old Dutch settlers by increased taxes, contrary, it was alleged, to the capitulation; he left the administration of affairs almost entirely in the hands of Mr. Blake, his private secretary, and Lieutenant-colonel Cockburn, his principal aide-de-camp, whose influence and support were believed to be marketable commodities.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Laughton, John Knox. [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Yonge,_George Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900, Volume 63: Yonge, George]. Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.286. Retrieved Feb 14, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Apparently, Yonge acted as a government of Cape Town to escape his debt. Before he left for the Cape, Yonge was returned for Old Sarum as an act of ‘compassion’ by Pitt’s kinsman Lord Camelford, who disregarded their political differences to provide him with immunity from his creditors: ‘he could not before that go beyond the precincts of the palace for fear of being arrested’. His appointment surprised many people, including the King. Lord Bathurst commented that ‘it seems to promise so very ill’, Macartney was said to be outraged by the choice of such a successor and Addington later described it as a disgraceful job which he had tried to prevent.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Geo. III Corresp. iii. 1932; Wellesley Pprs. i. 89-90; Glenbervie Jnls. i. 148.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Within ten months, the Cape town was largely a political disaster for the British Government and the colony, and he found a formidable enemy in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Anne_Barnard Lady Anne Barnard]. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Dundas Dundas] told the King that he would have to be recalled:&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''his conduct ... has in such a variety of particulars been so wild and extravagant as to render it impossible to continue him in that government without exposing this country to the imputation of being indifferent to the concerns of that most important settlement.''&amp;lt;ref name=history/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At the same time Wellesley wrote to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Dundas Dundas] from India:&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''My accounts from the Cape all concur in representing that government to be in a state of great confusion. The imbecility and ignorance of Sir George Yonge entirely disqualify him for his situation ... The importance of the Cape in its relation to India increases every hour ... Yonge is employed in founding theatres and masquerade rooms. He dances with more grace and perseverance than Lord Keeper Hatton; and the fame of his brawls has not only reached the kaffirs, and animated every kraal from the Cape to the desert of Sahara, but extended to the Indus and the Ganges.''&amp;lt;ref name=history/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He was dismissed in September 1801. His enemy [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Anne_Barnard Lady Anne Barnard], a Cape resident, told Wellesley that:&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''the Lofty Twaddler has had the lofty tumble I foresaw ... [he] was petrified at the event. He is so conceited of his own abilities that nothing was farther from his expectation than being blamed for anything.''&amp;lt;ref name=history/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
She also mentioned that Yonge had accepted a huge bribe from an infamous slave trader to land a large number of slaves.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Knowles, Rachel. [https://www.regencyhistory.net/2016/11/the-unconventional-lady-anne-barnard.html The unconventional Lady Anne Barnard (1750-1825)]. Nov 8, 2016. ''regencyhistory.net''. Retrieved Feb 15, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== The Controversy ==&lt;br /&gt;
=== Street Named After a Slave Trader ===&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:1118-certificate-of-slave-registry-office-1827.jpg|thumb|left|A certificate of slavery for an infant named Sophie | © Iziko Museums of South Africa, Social History Collections]]&lt;br /&gt;
Toronto Mayor John Tory is willing to consider renaming a major city street whose namesake obstructed the abolition of slavery, as a global movement to re-examine which historical figures are being honored gains momentum. Toronto Mayor John Tory said he had asked the city manager to strike a working group to look at the names of streets and public spaces, including [[Dundas Street | Dundas]] and Yonge, that may not be acceptable at this time.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/toronto/article-tory-open-to-renaming-dundas-street-over-concerns-about-anti-black/ Tory open to renaming Dundas Street over concerns about anti-Black racism]. Publisher Jun 10, 2020. Updated Jun 11, 2020. ''theglobeandmail.com''. Retrieved Feb 15, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
According to Lady Anne Barnard, in her diary, Sir George Yonge was manipulated by members of his &amp;quot;court&amp;quot; and by leading colonists to such a degree that the political life of the colony degenerated into a state of corruption worse even than that which had obtained under the VOC regime. Yonge did his business through his private secretary, Richard Blake, instead of through the Colonial Secretary's office because Barnard was critical of the pervasive abuses and official indulgence. He connived at the bribery and jobbery, at illegal slave-trading and other dubious practices, such as granting of exclusive rights to favorites or the awarding of government land to supplicants.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Le Cordeur, Basil &amp;amp; Margaret Lenta. [https://books.google.ca/books?id=XuO1G1K1htMC&amp;amp;pg=PR23&amp;amp;lpg=PR23&amp;amp;dq=cape+articles+of+capitulation,+george+yonge&amp;amp;source=bl&amp;amp;ots=0ZGHYsZa9M&amp;amp;sig=ACfU3U3y6f20l3l6_dP4PBK4fPO-xBnxow&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwjDgsmKx_3lAhWiiOAKHY7KBZEQ6AEwAnoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=cape%20articles%20of%20capitulation%2C%20george%20yonge&amp;amp;f=false The Cape Diaries of Lady Anne Barnard, 1799-1800]. ''ebook''. p. xvii.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Despite being known as a corrupt person, Yonge was also known as a slave trader. By the early 1790s, the British instituted a ban on new licenses to bring in new slaves. Slave trade players were banned. This was an effort by the British government to gradually phase out the transatlantic slave trade.  A law limiting the number of licenses to private slave trade companies was passed by the British parliament. Without licenses, Slave Traders (which are private entities) – who replenished the colonies with (new) slaves –  could no longer operate. However, as governor of the Cape colony, George Yonge disregarded the ban (on slave import licenses). Yonge illegally granted countless new licenses to known abominable slave trade players such as Michael Hogan and others.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;JM Fuamba, Benéshé. [https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/yonge-street-named-after-britains-absolute-racist-worst-fuamba/ YONGE STREET NAMED AFTER BRITAIN'S ABSOLUTE RACIST AND WORST HUMAN BEING: BRITISH GOV. RECORDS. HENCE, NO YONGE LANDMARKS ANYWHERE IN THE UK]. Mar 2, 2020. ''LinkedIn article''. Retrieved Feb 15, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Wilberforce's Anti-Slavery Movement ====&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Wilberforce.jpg|thumb|[https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/wilberforce-finally-ended-slavery Adam Smith Institute] Wilberforce Anti-Slavery Campaign]]&lt;br /&gt;
On Tuesday 12 May 1789, William Wilberforce delivered a speech regarding slave trading in the House of Commons. As reported by ''The Morning Star'' newspaper the after the speech; ''This was a dreadful expedient; and till now, he could not believe that so much misery could be condensed in so little room. He could wish to rouse the feelings of every man on the occasion, and convince the people that their intention and aid were the were the result of consideration, which did awaken him''.&amp;lt;ref name=speech&amp;gt;Carey, Brycchan. [https://brycchancarey.com/Carey_AOJ_2003.pdf WILLIAM WILBERFORCE'S&lt;br /&gt;
SENTIMENTAL RHETORIC: PARLIAMENTARY REPORTAGE AND THE ABOLITION SPEECH OF 1789]. PDF. ''AMS Press, Inc. New York''. Retrieved Feb 18, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''The manner of treating negroes, during a long voyage, was to the following effect:—the space between the decks is appointed entirely for their lodging; every attention is paid to keep that as clean as possible; the negroes are kept on deck all day, if the weather be fine; they are fed with two meals of comfortable victuals; they are supplied with the luxuries of pipe and tobacco, and a dram occasionally, when the coldness of the weather requires it; they are supplied with the musical instruments of their country; they are encouraged to be cheerful, to sing and to dance, and they do both; the women are supplied with beads to ornament themselves; they are kept clean shaved; and every attention paid to their heads that there be no vermin lodged there; they are secured with fetters on their legs, two and two together; and if a turbulent disposition appears, with another on the wrist; their apartments are clean washed, and fumigated with the fumes of tar and frankincense, and sprinkled with vinegar, &amp;amp;c. As an extenuation of the crimes laid to the charge of the Agents for the Merchants, who are accustomed to this traffic, it has been mentioned with some degree of triumph, that they were treated on board with all manner of luxurious indulgence. The luxury alluded to was this—the song and the dance were promoted; the women were employed in weaving ornaments for the hair, and the utmost attention was observed to keep up their spirits. The truth of this observation was evidently the very reverse, and if it were possible to cast a film over the eyes of mankind, so as to deprive them of sight by a total blindness, the prevaricating mode of mentioning the transactions, could not be depicted in a more absurd point of view. The poor wretches were in such a deplorable state and unparalleled torment, and suffering such torture, that the surgeon who visited them, when bound two and two, could not pass without having his legs bitten by the slaves. . .  It was extremely worthy of observation to explain how the songs and dances were promoted. It was not a scene of freedom or spontaneous joy; for one man was employed to dance the men, and another to dance the women. If they found themselves inclined not to undergo the fatigue, certain persons were ordered to whip them into a compliance.''&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As reported, Wilberforce first did not believe what he had heard; ''When first I heard, Sir, of these iniquities, I considered them as exaggerations, and could not believe it possible, that men had determined to live by exerting themselves for the torture and misery of their fellow-creatures. I have taken great pains to make myself master of the subject, and can declare, that such scenes of barbarity are enough to rouse the indignation and horror of the most callous of mankind.'' However, upon having more observation, he finally came up to the idea of anti-slavery movement.&amp;lt;ref name=speech/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''From every consideration I shall deal frankly with the House, by declaring, that no act of policy whatever will make me swerve from my duty and oblige me to abandon a measure which I think will be an honour to humanity. Mr. Wilberforce then mentioned, that he intended to submit to the consideration of the House, several resolutions, upon which a General Motion should be found for the TOTAL ABOLITION of the SLAVE TRADE.''&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Wilberforce passed as an Order in Council by the House of Commons in 1796. The Order in Council stipulated that slaves could only be landed at British possessions with the consent of the metropolitan government. Slave importation to the Cape Colony during the first and second British occupation was thus&lt;br /&gt;
tightly limited and regulated.&amp;lt;ref name=thesis/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Slaves were continuously imported to the Cape from 1797-1808. The matter of colonial slave importation was a big issue, considering the influence of the antislavery movement in London. As a slave society, the Cape relied on slave labor. Slave importation was managed by the first British occupation's governors who maintained the VOC ruling that slaves had to be landed with the consent of the governor. Dundas permitted the Cape's governors to license slave importation when the time was right at the Cape. He allowed governors to use their discretion on his behalf, since postal communications (by ship) were slow and because 'exceptional circumstances' always arose. Slave importation was, therefore, managed by the first British occupation's governors who maintained the VOC ruling that slaves had to be landed with the consent of the governor. Sir George Yonge was the only governor who allegedly abused this power of discretion.&amp;lt;ref name=thesis&amp;gt;Reidy, Michael Charles. [https://open.uct.ac.za/bitstream/handle/11427/12742/thesis_hum_1997_reidy_m_c.pdf?sequence=1 THE ADMISSION OF SLAVES AND 'PRIZE SLAVES' INTO THE CAPE COLONY, 1797-1818]. ''University of Cape Town''. Retrieved Feb 17, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Licenses for slave importation were sparingly issued by British governors after 1797. According to the Order-in-Council of December 1796, the British metropolitan government approved of licenses for the importation of slaves into the Cape colony.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;CA A (Accession) 1415 (74), 'The Andrew Barnard Letterbook, 1797-1803', Andrew Barnard to Macartney, 10 March 1800.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Yonge, Michael Hogan, and the Collector Scandal ====&lt;br /&gt;
'''Michael Hogan''' was an Irish-born shipowner, East India captain and a slave runner.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.harlemworldmagazine.com/amazing-story-michael-hogan-founder-harlems-claremont-inn-1807-1833/ The Amazing Story Of Michael Hogan, Founder Of Harlem’s Claremont Inn, 1807-1833]. Sept 11, 2017. ''Harlem World Magazine''. Retrieved Feb 18, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; He had been importing slaves to Cape town ever since Macartney's governance. In May 1798, Macartney received a proposal from Hogan and Tennant to import 400 slaves from the west coast of Africa to the Cape. The governor accepted the application and gave the merchants twelve months (1 June 1798 to 31 May 1799) to complete their license. Hogan confirmed his acceptance of this license, writing: &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''&amp;quot;as it is an undertaking that no other person or persons would enter into, totally unknown, never has been attempted&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;''A slave voyage to the west coast of Africa had not been attempted during the first British occupation of the Cape. The first slave trade expeditions to the Cape were from Angola, before the Dutch West India Company curtailed that trade. Michael Hogan would have been aware of this trade, however.''&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and in consequence attended with great difficulty and much risk to the first adventurers, we humbly hope that Government will extend its indulgence as far as the existing laws will admit. Should the West African slave trade be successful, Hogan argued, 'many Applications [would] be poured in [to the governor's office] by persons less enterprizing who only wait the issue of our undertaking&amp;quot;''&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Hogan and Tennant's success in slave importation during the first British occupation suggests that this license secured the monopoly on slave importation to the Cape they so eagerly sought.&amp;lt;ref name=thesis/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Michael Hogan used legitimate and clandestine methods to bring slaves into the colony from ''La Rose'', ''La Africano'', the ''JoaQuim'' and ''Collector'' between November 1799 and April 1800. Shortly after the ''JoaQuim'''s departure (March 1799) from the Cape Hogan sent '''''the Collector''''' on a &amp;quot;privateering&amp;quot; 'cruise' for slaves in the Mozambique Channel - to seek out 'such Prizes as she may take'. This was the only legitimate way in which Hogan could work around the British colonial government's tight regulation of slave importation to the Cape. He first, however, had to obtain ''letters de marque'' from John Holand (judge of the Royal Navy's Vice-Admiralty Court). Yonge was rumored to have permitted Hogan the importation of at least 600 slaves into the colony during his first week as governor of the colony.&amp;lt;ref name=thesis/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''''The Collector''''' however did not, capture slaves from French slave boats in the Mozambique channel. The boat was used to purchase slaves in Mozambique. This covert transaction ran contrary to the colonial administration's anti-slave trade stance. The 'prize slaves' were escorted to the Cape by the Collector, aboard its two French 'prize' vessels - ''La Rose'' and ''La Africano''. On November 1799, ''the Collector'' escorted La Rose into Table Bay where the crew testified before the Vice-Admiralty Court that the boat and its cargo had been taken in an abandoned state off the Mahle islands. Forty-eight (out of sixty-eight) of the vessel's 'prize slaves' survived quarantine on Robben Island. On December 1799, the second 'prize' vessel, La Africano, arrived at the Cape with 25 slaves. The crew testified before the Vice-Admiralty Court they had found the boat abandoned near the Seychelles. The Court was under the impression that the vessels were headed for Mauritius.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On March 1800, the ''JoaQuim'' arrived at the Cape with 422 slaves. Hogan reminded Yonge of the permission to import slaves, which the governor had been ''&amp;quot;pleased to allow ... under the date of the 15th of last February [1800]&amp;quot;''. It happened that Hogan had submitted a petition to import slaves to General Fraser (who was in command at the Cape between governorships) before Yonge's arrival to the Cape. Hogan asked General Fraser to leave the petition in the governor's office: 'in case permission was granted for Slaves to be imported from Mozambique ... as he had made the first application. Michael Hogan submitted a second petition through Yonge's personal office (and private secretary, Mr Blake) shortly after Yonge's arrival at the Cape in mid-February&lt;br /&gt;
1800. Hogan anticipated the JoaQuim's arrival for March 1800 would be arriving at the Cape early in March 1800. He informed Yonge that JoaQuim's slaves would benefit the colony and be a meaningful response to the colony's great demand for slaves. He had bought the cargo and the captain of the ship had given him the power to sell the slaves where he pleased. Yonge then permitted Hogan to land the slave cargo.&amp;lt;ref name=thesis/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Logbook.jpg|thumb|Ship's log that was auctioned recently. Photo credit: NSW Government]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On 9 March 1800, Lady Anne witnessed the landing of these slaves. In her diary she mentioned; &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''&amp;quot;I passed a sort of open coast which had a paling round and on looking in saw an immense number of black bowls fixed to etruscan looking figures all in one attitude. I never saw anything so strange. I stopd the carriage and on inquiring what it was, was told it was 300 slaves of Mr Hogan's, part of his cargo which were to be sold next day and that 300 more were to be landed the day after tommorow.&amp;quot;''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;8Lady Anne Barnard's Cape Journal cited from, Margaret Lenta, 'Degrees of freedom: Lady Anne Barnard's Cape Diaries', in Mike Leighton (ed.), Eighteenth Century Studies: The Rights of Man, (HSRC, Pretoria, 1992), p.76.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Royal Navy captains (stationed in Table Bay) also received information that s that governor Yonge had ordered the cargo's landing with his 'Express Permission'. Andrew Barnard notified Macartney on this issue: ''I recollect right you declared a man should not be landed; however when your back was turned it proved otherwise''. Hogan sold a lading of 'prize slaves' on commission for the navy. After this sale, Hogan ostensibly sent the ''JoaQuim'' to Rio&lt;br /&gt;
de Janeiro, while in fact, it was sent to Mozambique.&amp;lt;ref name=thesis /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In April 1800, Donald Campbell (Port Captain of Table Bay at the time) received reports of foul play with respect to the ''Collector'' from Walker and&lt;br /&gt;
Robertson (business rivals of Hogan and Tennant). Campbell wrote to governor Yonge and to W.S Van Ryneveldt stating that ''he had full proof to produce that the Prizes when taken had not a slave on board the Privateer''. Yonge had made veiled threats to Campbell in the hope that he would drop the matter.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Captain Smit and the crew of the Danish boat, the Holger Dansche, testified before the Court of Justice that they had witnessed the occurrence of a transshipment of slaves on the Zambezi river mouth between ''the JoaQuim'' and ''the Collector'' (under the name Mountain). It was unusual for ''the Collector'' to have flown British flags over French flags (signifying the capture of French 'prize vessels') when it had arrived at Mozambique without slaves. In the beginning, the Collector's crew presented confusing evidences before the Court of Justice. However, one of the officers aboard the Collector eventually testified that two logbooks had been kept during the boat's voyage. Upon the investigation, the Court of Justice concluded that the Collector's 'prize slave' had not been seized from French vessels in the south-west Indian Ocean, but purchased illegally at Mozambique. Michael Hogan, therefore, was suspected of fraud.&amp;lt;ref name=thesis /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In March 1802 Commission of Inquiry was formed to investigate charges made against Yonge. Yonge was the alleged recipient of a bribe worth several thousand pounds for a license that permitted Michael Hogan to import 600 slaves into the colony. This business was transacted through Yonge's private office by his niece's husband and private secretary, Blake, and Yonge's aide-de-camp, Major Cockburn. Blake and Cockburn had bought shares in Hogan's projected slave trade.  The Commissioners concluded that: ''A very strong degree of presumption appears in the several circumstances brought forward, that [Yonge] connived at and promoted the corrupt practices carried on in his family.''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Yonge informed the Secretary of State that he had 'consented to the supply of slaves being completed' in March 1800. The Commission of Inquiry (1802) concluded that Hogan was to blame for ''the Collector's'' illicit activities. Slave importation to the Cape was 'in its Zenith' during Yonge's&lt;br /&gt;
governorship.&amp;lt;ref name=thesis /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When Dundas replaced Yonge in 1801, he was adamant to follow Macartney's example of a 'limited importation' of slaves to the Cape. Dundas permitted only&lt;br /&gt;
one importation of slaves into the colony from 1801-1803. This was the last 'permitted' admission of slaves of the first British occupation period.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== The Yonge Street Riot ===&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:NOWarchives-May14 1992-2-DudleyLaws.jpg|thumb|Yonge Street riot remembered - NOW Magazine]]&lt;br /&gt;
The Yonge Street riot was an act of dissent in response to police brutality and police racism. The trigger was the acquittal of four white police officers in Los Angeles after the beating of Rodney King. Furthermore, another black man, Raymond Constantine Lawrence, was shot four times in the chest by a police officer within the same time frame of the Rodney King beating (Lawton 1992).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;msingh29. [https://criminalizingdissent.wordpress.com/2013/03/28/the-yonge-street-riot-significance-of-criminalization-and-dissent/ The Yonge Street Riot: Significance of Criminalization and Dissent]. Mar 28, 2013. ''criminalizingdissent.wordpress.com. A critical analysis''. Retrieved Feb 15, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The Yonge Street riot occurred on the night of May 4, 1992.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Yonge Street Riot started with a rally, organized by the Black Action Defence Committee in protest of the acquittal of four white police officers videotaped beating [[The Rodney King Beating | Rodney King]], a black man in Los Angeles. Two days earlier, another reason for taking to the streets emerged. A white, plain-clothed police officer, in Toronto, shot and killed a 22 year old black man, who police alleged was dealing crack. At the protest, speakers reminded the crowd that the victim, Raymond Constantine Lawrence, was the 14th black man shot by the Toronto Police Service since 1978, (an average of one a year), and the 4th to die. The crowd of about 1,000 people was full of anger. They marched from the US consulate to Yonge and Bloor, where they sat down to block traffic for 45 minutes.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://localwiki.org/toronto/The_Yonge_Street_Riot The Yonge Street Riot]. ''localwiki.org''. Retrieved Feb 15, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As the protest headed down Yonge Street toward City Hall, the crowd swelled with street youth and teens who, according to social workers and teachers interviewed later, heard via the grapevine that there was an opportunity to go wild as they had on New Year’s Eve and following the closure of the previous year’s CNE. They attempted to enter City Hall but was blocked by mounted police. The crowd headed back north along Yonge and spent the next few hours in a destructive mood, as a diverse crowd of youths tipped hot dog carts, smashed windows, and looted storefronts. Police were instructed not to intervene unless people appeared to be in danger of physical harm. Many of the original protesters either left the scene in disgust or urged rioters to go home. By 10 p.m., police formed a wall along St. Mary Street at Bay. A lingering group of rioters headed toward Yonge and Yorkville, where they were finally dispersed, but not before somebody tossed a Molotov cocktail into the middle of the crowd. When the night was over, 30 people were arrested, mostly on disorderly conduct charges. Around 37 police officers and three police horses were injured, and 100 storefronts were damaged.&amp;lt;ref name=torontoist&amp;gt;Bradburn, Jamie. [https://torontoist.com/2011/08/theres_a_riot_goin_on_down_yonge_street/ There’s a Riot Goin’ On Down Yonge Street]. Aug 11, 2011. ''torontoist.com''. Retrieved Feb 15, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As a result of the Yonge Street Uprising, several reports were commissioned in order to examine the extent of systemic racism within the Ontario criminal justice system. Although Ontario Premiere, Bob Rae, originally insisted that the riots were not due to racism, he later acknowledged that racism is “a Canadian fact of life that we all have to wrestle with”&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kyres, Maria. [https://qspace.library.queensu.ca/bitstream/handle/1974/22750/Kyres_Maria_201709_MA.pdf?sequence=2&amp;amp;isAllowed=y From the Yonge Street Riot to the Carding Controversy:Policing and Surveilling the Black Community in Toronto, Canada, 1992-2016]. Sept, 2017. ''Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada''. PDF. Retrieved Feb 15, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Black Racism in Street Names]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category: Racial Bias in Policing]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:History Corrections of Street Names]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Al</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Hilary_MacMillan&amp;diff=7212988</id>
		<title>Hilary MacMillan</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Hilary_MacMillan&amp;diff=7212988"/>
		<updated>2021-03-25T09:26:24Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Al: /* References */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[File:Hilary Macmillan.png|thumb|Hilary MacMillan]]&lt;br /&gt;
Hilary MacMillan is a contemporary, cruelty-free, size inclusive womenswear brand based in Toronto, Canada. The eponymous brand was founded in 2013 and is renowned for offering versatile pieces in timeless silhouettes. The brand focuses on using high-quality, cruelty-free fabrics to design ready-to-wear pieces in bold colours and textures.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.wolfandbadger.com/eu/designers/hilary-macmillan/ HILARY MACMILLAN]. ''wolfandbadger.com''. Retrieved January 29, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Toronto-raised, Hilary came to Vancouver to pursue a Degree in Political Science and Economics at the University of British Columbia. However, she decided to change direction, recognizing that her life-long love affair with fashion could, in fact, become her career. Hilary has established brand stockists in Canada, the United States, and Morocco, been requested by celebrities to pull her garments for Toronto International Film Festival, and has shown both Fall and Spring collections at Toronto Fashion Week.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.blanchemacdonald.com/stories/toronto-fashion-designer-hilary-macmillan-dazzles-tfw/ Fashion Design Graduate Hilary MacMillan Dazzles at Toronto Fashion Week and Beyond]. ''blanchemacdonald.com''. Retrieved January 29, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Support to Black Woman==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Varsity0-768x768.jpg|thumb|Equal Pay Jacket]]&lt;br /&gt;
After Black Lives Matter movement, Hilary MacMillan announced today that she will donate 100 per cent of the proceeds from the Equal Pay varsity jacket to Black Women in Motion‘s Black Youth Employment Assistance Program moving forward. In a release, MacMillan highlighted several statistics relating to pay and employment for racialized men and women in Canada, noting that racialized women earn 59 cents for every dollar made by a white male and 87 cents for every dollar made by a white female. Racialized men make 78 cents for every dollar earned by a white male. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Speaking of the new initiative, MacMillan said, “The issue of employment sustainability is one of the factors related to inequity of pay, a matter which greatly fractures communities and remains a social injustice long embedded in our economy. Working to address this affects the lives of women, men and most importantly our youth; our future. We recognize that this is not enough, and look forward to committing our words and actions to this initiative as well. It is my hope that these steps will lead the marathon towards equal opportunity and positive change.”&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Glendinning, Maddison. [https://fashionmagazine.com/style/how-canadian-brands-are-supporting-the-black-lives-matter-movement/ How 11 Canadian Brands are Supporting the Black Lives Matter Movement]. June 18, 2020. ''fashionmagazine.com''. Retrieved January 28, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category: Anti-Black Racism in Brand]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Al</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Deciem&amp;diff=7212987</id>
		<title>Deciem</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Deciem&amp;diff=7212987"/>
		<updated>2021-03-25T08:56:03Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Al: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[File:Deciem banner 840x400-r2iaz.jpg|thumb|Deciem]]&lt;br /&gt;
Founded by Brandon Truaxe, Deciem functioned as an umbrella company for more than 10 other brands. Deciem started in 2013 with a very non-traditional approach that’s reflected in Deciem’s tagline: “The Abnormal Beauty Company.” Although Truaxe is an experienced entrepreneur with two previous skin-care brands under his belt, he is nothing like a typical CEO. On his bio on the Deceim website, Truaxe labeled himself as &amp;quot;THE FOUNDER IS SCREWED UP!&amp;quot; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Mpinja, Baze. [https://www.allure.com/story/everything-you-wanted-to-know-about-deciem Meet Deciem, the Industry-Changing Company Behind The Ordinary Skincare]. December 28, 2017. ''allure.com''. Retrieved January 29, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Deciem's multi-brand strategy was driven by a vertically integrated structure: It had its own lab, in-house producing, in-house e-commerce, in-store stores, and restrictive marketing infrastructure.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; [https://www.onvista.de/news/the-estee-lauder-companies-investiert-in-deciem-the-abnormal-beauty-company-64857193 &amp;quot;Estée Lauder Companies investiert in DECIEM, The Abnormal Beauty Company&amp;quot;]. June 16, 2017. ''onvista.de''. Retrieved January 29, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In August 2016, Truaxe released The Ordinary product offering with 27 items,  combining cutting-edge science with modest price points. It initially sold online, followed by several department stores, and later around 30 company-owned stores opened in Canada, the US, UK, Mexico, South Korea, and the Netherlands. &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.newyorker.com/culture/on-and-off-the-avenue/the-ordinary-cult-skin-care-secret-ingredient-is-being-dirt-cheap The Cult Skin-Care Brand Whose Secret Ingredient Is Being Dirt Cheap&amp;quot;]. January 29, 2018. ''newyorker.com''. Retrieved January 29, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Black-Targeted Racism==&lt;br /&gt;
===The Troubled CEO===&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Deceim insta comment.jpg|thumb|[http://culture.affinitymagazine.us/the-ordinarys-founder-just-told-a-black-girl-to-bleach-her-skin/ Instagram screenshot via Affinity]]]&lt;br /&gt;
In late 2017, Brandon Truaxe, CEO of Deceim, fired all his marketing team and took over Deceim's social media accounts personally. Ever since his appearance on Deceim's Instagram account, things start to go downhill. On one occasion, Instagram users found Brandon Truaxe to be racist towards a person of color in the comment section. One of the followers, @supermormongirl, commented &amp;quot;Brandon, are you okay??&amp;quot; in one of his posts. [http://culture.affinitymagazine.us/the-ordinarys-founder-just-told-a-black-girl-to-bleach-her-skin/ The screen capture taken by Affinity] shows Traxe's response by saying ''&amp;quot;Yes but you don't seem so well. Please use Modulating Glucosides when it's out. Goodbye.&amp;quot;''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Some of the users argued that the product he mentioned (which had not yet been released) might contain Ascorbyl Glucoside, which has a lightening effect on the skin. Hence, Deceim's followers and Instagram users implied that Truaxe was racist by telling a black woman to lighten her skin. This comment was taken as an insult, and many people, both on Instagram and Twitter, are angered by this.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After few days, Truaxe posted a picture of himself with the caption: “Modulating Glucosides calms things down and does not ‘bleach’ the skin. I’m sorry that I may have caused confusion about its function.&amp;quot; As an excuse for his commentaries, having no intention to apologize to the customer.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;MacInnis, Tara. [https://www.flare.com/beauty/deciem-racism/ After Weeks of Social Media Chaos, Deciem's Other CEO Parts Ways with the Company]. February 22, 2018. ''flare.com''. Retrieved March 25, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Support to Black Lives Matter==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Donation===&lt;br /&gt;
Deciem, the make of The Ordinary, has asked consumers to join in the conversation on racial inequality. As well as donating US$100,000 to Black Lives Matter and The NAACP Legal Defence &amp;amp; Educational Fund, social media users have been asked to send in a one minute video, or written message, on the subject to voices@deciem.com.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Our team have been actively sharing their voices in the fight against racism and inequality,&amp;quot; the brand wrote. &amp;quot;From tomorrow [1 June], our Instagram Stories will become a dedicated space to continue this conversation.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://cosmeticsbusiness.com/technical/article_page/How_the_beauty_industry_is_supporting_the_Black_Lives_Matter_cause/166010 Blackout Tuesday: How the beauty industry is supporting the Black Lives Matter cause]. June 2, 2020. ''cosmeticsbusiness.com''. Retrieved January 26, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Open letter to address Black Lives Latter===&lt;br /&gt;
The CEO of Deciem has written an open letter to consumers detailing the company's internal plans to address Black Lives Matter. Nicola Kilner wrote that there are “no glass ceilings for any human at Deciem&amp;quot; and detailed how she has introduced several initiatives to support black employees, such as:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*Given all colleagues a paid day off to educate on racism, discrimination, and oppression&lt;br /&gt;
*Allowed paid time off to all colleagues for protesting&lt;br /&gt;
*Set up counselling sessions for all team members who are looking for support in relation to this topic or to process their experiences&lt;br /&gt;
*Inclusion Board, diversity training and a US$120,000 fund to back grassroot charities that support black consumers&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*Managers will receive diversity scorecards as part of their performance evaluations and an anonymous feedback service will be provided for concerned employees&lt;br /&gt;
*Develop a two-way mentorship programme, partnering senior leaders with BIPOC and other minority group employees for two-way mentorship&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*They will also be &amp;quot;more intentional&amp;quot; in promoting staff and hiring new team members.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.cosmeticsbusiness.com/news/article_page/Deciem_CEO_writes_letter_addressing_internal_Black_Lives_Matter_policies/166796 Deciem CEO writes letter addressing internal Black Lives Matter policies]. June 23, 2020. ''cosmeticsbusiness.com''. Retrieved January 29, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Targets have been introduced to ensure representation across all management levels. &amp;quot;To everyone who has ever, or feels now, discriminated against or disadvantaged for being them, we are standing up and ready to fight alongside you,&amp;quot; said Kilner.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://deciem.com/nothingchangesifnothingchanges Nothing Changes If Nothing Changes]. Deciem. Retrieved January 29, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category: Racism by company]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Al</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Deciem&amp;diff=7212986</id>
		<title>Deciem</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Deciem&amp;diff=7212986"/>
		<updated>2021-03-25T08:40:42Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Al: /* The Troubled CEO */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[File:Deciem banner 840x400-r2iaz.jpg|thumb|Deciem]]&lt;br /&gt;
Founded by Brandon Truaxe, Deciem functioned as an umbrella company for more than 10 other brands.  Deciem started in 2013 with a very non-traditional approach that’s reflected in Deciem’s tagline: “The Abnormal Beauty Company.” Although Truaxe is an experienced entrepreneur with two previous skin-care brands under his belt, he doesn’t operate like a typical CEO. Exhibit A: Go to his bio on the Deciem website and you’ll be greeted with a lovely photo of Truaxe smiling with the words, “THE FOUNDER IS SCREWED UP!” floating next to his head.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Mpinja, Baze. [https://www.allure.com/story/everything-you-wanted-to-know-about-deciem Meet Deciem, the Industry-Changing Company Behind The Ordinary Skincare]. December 28, 2017. ''allure.com''. Retrieved January 29, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In April 2013, Deciem debuted its first brand, Inhibitif, followed by The Chemistry Brand, Fountain and Grow Gorgeous. During the period of his non-compete clauses, he created the anti-aging hand cream for The Chemistry Brand. Deciem's multi-brand strategy was driven by a vertically integrated structure: It had its own laboratory, in-house manufacturing, in-house e-commerce, in-store stores, and proprietary marketing infrastructure.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; [https://www.onvista.de/news/the-estee-lauder-companies-investiert-in-deciem-the-abnormal-beauty-company-64857193 &amp;quot;Estée Lauder Companies investiert in DECIEM, The Abnormal Beauty Company&amp;quot;]. June 16, 2017. ''onvista.de''. Retrieved January 29, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In August 2016, Truaxe launched DECIEM's The Ordinary product line with twenty-seven products, combining cutting-edge science with modest price points. It first sold exclusively online, then in various department stores, and about 30 company-owned stores it opened in Canada, the US, the UK, Mexico, South Korea and the Netherlands.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.newyorker.com/culture/on-and-off-the-avenue/the-ordinary-cult-skin-care-secret-ingredient-is-being-dirt-cheap The Cult Skin-Care Brand Whose Secret Ingredient Is Being Dirt Cheap&amp;quot;]. January 29, 2018. ''newyorker.com''. Retrieved January 29, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Black-Targeted Racism==&lt;br /&gt;
===The Troubled CEO===&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Deceim insta comment.jpg|thumb|[http://culture.affinitymagazine.us/the-ordinarys-founder-just-told-a-black-girl-to-bleach-her-skin/ Instagram screenshot via Affinity]]]&lt;br /&gt;
In late 2017, Brandon Truaxe, CEO of Deceim, fired all his marketing team and took over Deceim's social media accounts personally. Ever since his appearance on Deceim's Instagram account, things start to go downhill. On one occasion, Instagram users found Brandon Truaxe to be racist towards a person of color in the comment section. One of the followers, @supermormongirl, commented &amp;quot;Brandon, are you okay??&amp;quot; in one of his posts. [http://culture.affinitymagazine.us/the-ordinarys-founder-just-told-a-black-girl-to-bleach-her-skin/ The screen capture taken by Affinity] shows Traxe's response by saying ''&amp;quot;Yes but you don't seem so well. Please use Modulating Glucosides when it's out. Goodbye.&amp;quot;''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Some of the users argued that the product he mentioned (which had not yet been released) might contain Ascorbyl Glucoside, which has a lightening effect on the skin. Hence, Deceim's followers and Instagram users implied that Truaxe was racist by telling a black woman to lighten her skin. This comment was taken as an insult, and many people, both on Instagram and Twitter, are angered by this.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After few days, Truaxe posted a picture of himself with the caption: “Modulating Glucosides calms things down and does not ‘bleach’ the skin. I’m sorry that I may have caused confusion about its function.&amp;quot; As an excuse for his commentaries, having no intention to apologize to the customer.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;MacInnis, Tara. [https://www.flare.com/beauty/deciem-racism/ After Weeks of Social Media Chaos, Deciem's Other CEO Parts Ways with the Company]. February 22, 2018. ''flare.com''. Retrieved March 25, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Support to Black Lives Matter==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Donation===&lt;br /&gt;
Deciem, the make of The Ordinary, has asked consumers to join in the conversation on racial inequality. As well as donating US$100,000 to Black Lives Matter and The NAACP Legal Defence &amp;amp; Educational Fund, social media users have been asked to send in a one minute video, or written message, on the subject to voices@deciem.com.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Our team have been actively sharing their voices in the fight against racism and inequality,&amp;quot; the brand wrote. &amp;quot;From tomorrow [1 June], our Instagram Stories will become a dedicated space to continue this conversation.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://cosmeticsbusiness.com/technical/article_page/How_the_beauty_industry_is_supporting_the_Black_Lives_Matter_cause/166010 Blackout Tuesday: How the beauty industry is supporting the Black Lives Matter cause]. June 2, 2020. ''cosmeticsbusiness.com''. Retrieved January 26, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Open letter to address Black Lives Latter===&lt;br /&gt;
The CEO of Deciem has written an open letter to consumers detailing the company's internal plans to address Black Lives Matter. Nicola Kilner wrote that there are “no glass ceilings for any human at Deciem&amp;quot; and detailed how she has introduced several initiatives to support black employees, such as:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*Given all colleagues a paid day off to educate on racism, discrimination, and oppression&lt;br /&gt;
*Allowed paid time off to all colleagues for protesting&lt;br /&gt;
*Set up counselling sessions for all team members who are looking for support in relation to this topic or to process their experiences&lt;br /&gt;
*Inclusion Board, diversity training and a US$120,000 fund to back grassroot charities that support black consumers&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*Managers will receive diversity scorecards as part of their performance evaluations and an anonymous feedback service will be provided for concerned employees&lt;br /&gt;
*Develop a two-way mentorship programme, partnering senior leaders with BIPOC and other minority group employees for two-way mentorship&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*They will also be &amp;quot;more intentional&amp;quot; in promoting staff and hiring new team members.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.cosmeticsbusiness.com/news/article_page/Deciem_CEO_writes_letter_addressing_internal_Black_Lives_Matter_policies/166796 Deciem CEO writes letter addressing internal Black Lives Matter policies]. June 23, 2020. ''cosmeticsbusiness.com''. Retrieved January 29, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Targets have been introduced to ensure representation across all management levels. &amp;quot;To everyone who has ever, or feels now, discriminated against or disadvantaged for being them, we are standing up and ready to fight alongside you,&amp;quot; said Kilner.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://deciem.com/nothingchangesifnothingchanges Nothing Changes If Nothing Changes]. Deciem. Retrieved January 29, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category: Racism by company]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Al</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Deciem&amp;diff=7212985</id>
		<title>Deciem</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Deciem&amp;diff=7212985"/>
		<updated>2021-03-25T08:40:32Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Al: /* The Troubled CEO */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[File:Deciem banner 840x400-r2iaz.jpg|thumb|Deciem]]&lt;br /&gt;
Founded by Brandon Truaxe, Deciem functioned as an umbrella company for more than 10 other brands.  Deciem started in 2013 with a very non-traditional approach that’s reflected in Deciem’s tagline: “The Abnormal Beauty Company.” Although Truaxe is an experienced entrepreneur with two previous skin-care brands under his belt, he doesn’t operate like a typical CEO. Exhibit A: Go to his bio on the Deciem website and you’ll be greeted with a lovely photo of Truaxe smiling with the words, “THE FOUNDER IS SCREWED UP!” floating next to his head.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Mpinja, Baze. [https://www.allure.com/story/everything-you-wanted-to-know-about-deciem Meet Deciem, the Industry-Changing Company Behind The Ordinary Skincare]. December 28, 2017. ''allure.com''. Retrieved January 29, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In April 2013, Deciem debuted its first brand, Inhibitif, followed by The Chemistry Brand, Fountain and Grow Gorgeous. During the period of his non-compete clauses, he created the anti-aging hand cream for The Chemistry Brand. Deciem's multi-brand strategy was driven by a vertically integrated structure: It had its own laboratory, in-house manufacturing, in-house e-commerce, in-store stores, and proprietary marketing infrastructure.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; [https://www.onvista.de/news/the-estee-lauder-companies-investiert-in-deciem-the-abnormal-beauty-company-64857193 &amp;quot;Estée Lauder Companies investiert in DECIEM, The Abnormal Beauty Company&amp;quot;]. June 16, 2017. ''onvista.de''. Retrieved January 29, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In August 2016, Truaxe launched DECIEM's The Ordinary product line with twenty-seven products, combining cutting-edge science with modest price points. It first sold exclusively online, then in various department stores, and about 30 company-owned stores it opened in Canada, the US, the UK, Mexico, South Korea and the Netherlands.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.newyorker.com/culture/on-and-off-the-avenue/the-ordinary-cult-skin-care-secret-ingredient-is-being-dirt-cheap The Cult Skin-Care Brand Whose Secret Ingredient Is Being Dirt Cheap&amp;quot;]. January 29, 2018. ''newyorker.com''. Retrieved January 29, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Black-Targeted Racism==&lt;br /&gt;
===The Troubled CEO===&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Deceim insta comment.jpg|thumb|[http://culture.affinitymagazine.us/the-ordinarys-founder-just-told-a-black-girl-to-bleach-her-skin/ Instagram screenshot via Affinity]]]&lt;br /&gt;
In late 2017, Brandon Truaxe, CEO of Deceim, fired all his marketing team and took over Deceim's social media accounts personally. Ever since his appearance on Deceim's Instagram account, things start to go downhill. On one occasion, Instagram users found Brandon Truaxe to be racist towards a person of color in the comment section. One of the followers, @supermormongirl, commented &amp;quot;Brandon, are you okay??&amp;quot; in one of his posts. [http://culture.affinitymagazine.us/the-ordinarys-founder-just-told-a-black-girl-to-bleach-her-skin/ The screen capture taken by Affinity] shows Traxe's response by saying ''&amp;quot;Yes but you don't seem so well. Please use Modulating Glucosides when it's out. Goodbye.&amp;quot;''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Some of the users argued that the product he mentioned (which has not yet been released) might contain Ascorbyl Glucoside, which has a lightening effect on the skin. Hence, Deceim's followers and Instagram users implied that Truaxe was racist by telling a black woman to lighten her skin. This comment was taken as an insult, and many people, both on Instagram and Twitter, are angered by this.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After few days, Truaxe posted a picture of himself with the caption: “Modulating Glucosides calms things down and does not ‘bleach’ the skin. I’m sorry that I may have caused confusion about its function.&amp;quot; As an excuse for his commentaries, having no intention to apologize to the customer.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;MacInnis, Tara. [https://www.flare.com/beauty/deciem-racism/ After Weeks of Social Media Chaos, Deciem's Other CEO Parts Ways with the Company]. February 22, 2018. ''flare.com''. Retrieved March 25, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Support to Black Lives Matter==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Donation===&lt;br /&gt;
Deciem, the make of The Ordinary, has asked consumers to join in the conversation on racial inequality. As well as donating US$100,000 to Black Lives Matter and The NAACP Legal Defence &amp;amp; Educational Fund, social media users have been asked to send in a one minute video, or written message, on the subject to voices@deciem.com.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Our team have been actively sharing their voices in the fight against racism and inequality,&amp;quot; the brand wrote. &amp;quot;From tomorrow [1 June], our Instagram Stories will become a dedicated space to continue this conversation.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://cosmeticsbusiness.com/technical/article_page/How_the_beauty_industry_is_supporting_the_Black_Lives_Matter_cause/166010 Blackout Tuesday: How the beauty industry is supporting the Black Lives Matter cause]. June 2, 2020. ''cosmeticsbusiness.com''. Retrieved January 26, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Open letter to address Black Lives Latter===&lt;br /&gt;
The CEO of Deciem has written an open letter to consumers detailing the company's internal plans to address Black Lives Matter. Nicola Kilner wrote that there are “no glass ceilings for any human at Deciem&amp;quot; and detailed how she has introduced several initiatives to support black employees, such as:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*Given all colleagues a paid day off to educate on racism, discrimination, and oppression&lt;br /&gt;
*Allowed paid time off to all colleagues for protesting&lt;br /&gt;
*Set up counselling sessions for all team members who are looking for support in relation to this topic or to process their experiences&lt;br /&gt;
*Inclusion Board, diversity training and a US$120,000 fund to back grassroot charities that support black consumers&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*Managers will receive diversity scorecards as part of their performance evaluations and an anonymous feedback service will be provided for concerned employees&lt;br /&gt;
*Develop a two-way mentorship programme, partnering senior leaders with BIPOC and other minority group employees for two-way mentorship&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*They will also be &amp;quot;more intentional&amp;quot; in promoting staff and hiring new team members.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.cosmeticsbusiness.com/news/article_page/Deciem_CEO_writes_letter_addressing_internal_Black_Lives_Matter_policies/166796 Deciem CEO writes letter addressing internal Black Lives Matter policies]. June 23, 2020. ''cosmeticsbusiness.com''. Retrieved January 29, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Targets have been introduced to ensure representation across all management levels. &amp;quot;To everyone who has ever, or feels now, discriminated against or disadvantaged for being them, we are standing up and ready to fight alongside you,&amp;quot; said Kilner.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://deciem.com/nothingchangesifnothingchanges Nothing Changes If Nothing Changes]. Deciem. Retrieved January 29, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category: Racism by company]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Al</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Deciem&amp;diff=7212984</id>
		<title>Deciem</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Deciem&amp;diff=7212984"/>
		<updated>2021-03-25T08:38:51Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Al: /* The Troubled CEO */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[File:Deciem banner 840x400-r2iaz.jpg|thumb|Deciem]]&lt;br /&gt;
Founded by Brandon Truaxe, Deciem functioned as an umbrella company for more than 10 other brands.  Deciem started in 2013 with a very non-traditional approach that’s reflected in Deciem’s tagline: “The Abnormal Beauty Company.” Although Truaxe is an experienced entrepreneur with two previous skin-care brands under his belt, he doesn’t operate like a typical CEO. Exhibit A: Go to his bio on the Deciem website and you’ll be greeted with a lovely photo of Truaxe smiling with the words, “THE FOUNDER IS SCREWED UP!” floating next to his head.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Mpinja, Baze. [https://www.allure.com/story/everything-you-wanted-to-know-about-deciem Meet Deciem, the Industry-Changing Company Behind The Ordinary Skincare]. December 28, 2017. ''allure.com''. Retrieved January 29, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In April 2013, Deciem debuted its first brand, Inhibitif, followed by The Chemistry Brand, Fountain and Grow Gorgeous. During the period of his non-compete clauses, he created the anti-aging hand cream for The Chemistry Brand. Deciem's multi-brand strategy was driven by a vertically integrated structure: It had its own laboratory, in-house manufacturing, in-house e-commerce, in-store stores, and proprietary marketing infrastructure.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; [https://www.onvista.de/news/the-estee-lauder-companies-investiert-in-deciem-the-abnormal-beauty-company-64857193 &amp;quot;Estée Lauder Companies investiert in DECIEM, The Abnormal Beauty Company&amp;quot;]. June 16, 2017. ''onvista.de''. Retrieved January 29, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In August 2016, Truaxe launched DECIEM's The Ordinary product line with twenty-seven products, combining cutting-edge science with modest price points. It first sold exclusively online, then in various department stores, and about 30 company-owned stores it opened in Canada, the US, the UK, Mexico, South Korea and the Netherlands.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.newyorker.com/culture/on-and-off-the-avenue/the-ordinary-cult-skin-care-secret-ingredient-is-being-dirt-cheap The Cult Skin-Care Brand Whose Secret Ingredient Is Being Dirt Cheap&amp;quot;]. January 29, 2018. ''newyorker.com''. Retrieved January 29, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Black-Targeted Racism ==&lt;br /&gt;
=== The Troubled CEO ===&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Deceim insta comment.jpg|thumb|[http://culture.affinitymagazine.us/the-ordinarys-founder-just-told-a-black-girl-to-bleach-her-skin/ Instagram screenshot via Affinity]]]&lt;br /&gt;
In late 2017, Brandon Truaxe, CEO of Deceim, fired all his marketing team and took over Deceim's social media accounts personally. Ever since his appearance on Deceim's Instagram account, things start to go downhill. In one occasion, Instagram users found Brandon Truaxe to be racist towards a person of color in the comment section. One of the followers, @supermormongirl, commented &amp;quot;Brandon, are you okay??&amp;quot; in one of his posts. [http://culture.affinitymagazine.us/the-ordinarys-founder-just-told-a-black-girl-to-bleach-her-skin/ The screen capture taken by Affinity] shows Traxe's response by saying ''&amp;quot;Yes but you don't seem so well. Please use Modulating Glucosides when it's out. Goodbye.&amp;quot;''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Some of the users argued that the product he mentioned (which at the time has not yet been released) may contain Ascorbyl Glucoside, which has a lightening effect on the skin. Hence, Deceim's followers and Instagram users implied that Truaxe was being racist by telling a black woman to lighten her skin. This comment was taken as an insult and many people, both on Instagram and Twitter, are angered by this. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After few days, Truaxe posted a picture of himself with the caption: “Modulating Glucosides calms things down and does not ‘bleach’ the skin. I’m sorry that I may have caused confusion about its function.&amp;quot; As an excuse for his commentaries, having no intention to apologize to the customer.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;MacInnis, Tara. [https://www.flare.com/beauty/deciem-racism/ After Weeks of Social Media Chaos, Deciem's Other CEO Parts Ways with the Company]. February 22, 2018. ''flare.com''. Retrieved March 25, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Support to Black Lives Matter==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Donation ===&lt;br /&gt;
Deciem, the make of The Ordinary, has asked consumers to join in the conversation on racial inequality. As well as donating US$100,000 to Black Lives Matter and The NAACP Legal Defence &amp;amp; Educational Fund, social media users have been asked to send in a one minute video, or written message, on the subject to voices@deciem.com.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Our team have been actively sharing their voices in the fight against racism and inequality,&amp;quot; the brand wrote. &amp;quot;From tomorrow [1 June], our Instagram Stories will become a dedicated space to continue this conversation.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://cosmeticsbusiness.com/technical/article_page/How_the_beauty_industry_is_supporting_the_Black_Lives_Matter_cause/166010 Blackout Tuesday: How the beauty industry is supporting the Black Lives Matter cause]. June 2, 2020. ''cosmeticsbusiness.com''. Retrieved January 26, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Open letter to address Black Lives Latter ===&lt;br /&gt;
The CEO of Deciem has written an open letter to consumers detailing the company's internal plans to address Black Lives Matter. Nicola Kilner wrote that there are “no glass ceilings for any human at Deciem&amp;quot; and detailed how she has introduced several initiatives to support black employees, such as:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Given all colleagues a paid day off to educate on racism, discrimination, and oppression&lt;br /&gt;
* Allowed paid time off to all colleagues for protesting&lt;br /&gt;
* Set up counselling sessions for all team members who are looking for support in relation to this topic or to process their experiences&lt;br /&gt;
* Inclusion Board, diversity training and a US$120,000 fund to back grassroot charities that support black consumers&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Managers will receive diversity scorecards as part of their performance evaluations and an anonymous feedback service will be provided for concerned employees&lt;br /&gt;
* Develop a two-way mentorship programme, partnering senior leaders with BIPOC and other minority group employees for two-way mentorship&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* They will also be &amp;quot;more intentional&amp;quot; in promoting staff and hiring new team members.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.cosmeticsbusiness.com/news/article_page/Deciem_CEO_writes_letter_addressing_internal_Black_Lives_Matter_policies/166796 Deciem CEO writes letter addressing internal Black Lives Matter policies]. June 23, 2020. ''cosmeticsbusiness.com''. Retrieved January 29, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Targets have been introduced to ensure representation across all management levels. &amp;quot;To everyone who has ever, or feels now, discriminated against or disadvantaged for being them, we are standing up and ready to fight alongside you,&amp;quot; said Kilner.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://deciem.com/nothingchangesifnothingchanges Nothing Changes If Nothing Changes]. Deciem. Retrieved January 29, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category: Racism by company]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Al</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Deciem&amp;diff=7212983</id>
		<title>Deciem</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Deciem&amp;diff=7212983"/>
		<updated>2021-03-25T08:29:46Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Al: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[File:Deciem banner 840x400-r2iaz.jpg|thumb|Deciem]]&lt;br /&gt;
Founded by Brandon Truaxe, Deciem functioned as an umbrella company for more than 10 other brands.  Deciem started in 2013 with a very non-traditional approach that’s reflected in Deciem’s tagline: “The Abnormal Beauty Company.” Although Truaxe is an experienced entrepreneur with two previous skin-care brands under his belt, he doesn’t operate like a typical CEO. Exhibit A: Go to his bio on the Deciem website and you’ll be greeted with a lovely photo of Truaxe smiling with the words, “THE FOUNDER IS SCREWED UP!” floating next to his head.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Mpinja, Baze. [https://www.allure.com/story/everything-you-wanted-to-know-about-deciem Meet Deciem, the Industry-Changing Company Behind The Ordinary Skincare]. December 28, 2017. ''allure.com''. Retrieved January 29, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In April 2013, Deciem debuted its first brand, Inhibitif, followed by The Chemistry Brand, Fountain and Grow Gorgeous. During the period of his non-compete clauses, he created the anti-aging hand cream for The Chemistry Brand. Deciem's multi-brand strategy was driven by a vertically integrated structure: It had its own laboratory, in-house manufacturing, in-house e-commerce, in-store stores, and proprietary marketing infrastructure.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; [https://www.onvista.de/news/the-estee-lauder-companies-investiert-in-deciem-the-abnormal-beauty-company-64857193 &amp;quot;Estée Lauder Companies investiert in DECIEM, The Abnormal Beauty Company&amp;quot;]. June 16, 2017. ''onvista.de''. Retrieved January 29, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In August 2016, Truaxe launched DECIEM's The Ordinary product line with twenty-seven products, combining cutting-edge science with modest price points. It first sold exclusively online, then in various department stores, and about 30 company-owned stores it opened in Canada, the US, the UK, Mexico, South Korea and the Netherlands.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.newyorker.com/culture/on-and-off-the-avenue/the-ordinary-cult-skin-care-secret-ingredient-is-being-dirt-cheap The Cult Skin-Care Brand Whose Secret Ingredient Is Being Dirt Cheap&amp;quot;]. January 29, 2018. ''newyorker.com''. Retrieved January 29, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Black-Targeted Racism ==&lt;br /&gt;
=== The Troubled CEO ===&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Deceim insta comment.jpg|thumb|[http://culture.affinitymagazine.us/the-ordinarys-founder-just-told-a-black-girl-to-bleach-her-skin/ Instagram screenshot via Affinity]]]&lt;br /&gt;
In late 2017, Brandon Truaxe, CEO of Deceim, fired all his marketing team and took over Deceim's social media accounts personally. Ever since his appearance on Deceim's Instagram account, things start to go downhill. In one occasion, Instagram users found Brandon Truaxe to be racist towards a person of color in the comment section. One of the followers, @supermormongirl, commented &amp;quot;Brandon, are you okay??&amp;quot; in one of his posts. [http://culture.affinitymagazine.us/the-ordinarys-founder-just-told-a-black-girl-to-bleach-her-skin/ The screen capture taken by Affinity] shows Traxe's response by saying ''&amp;quot;Yes but you don't seem so well. Please use Modulating Glucosides when it's out. Goodbye.&amp;quot;''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Support to Black Lives Matter==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Donation ===&lt;br /&gt;
Deciem, the make of The Ordinary, has asked consumers to join in the conversation on racial inequality. As well as donating US$100,000 to Black Lives Matter and The NAACP Legal Defence &amp;amp; Educational Fund, social media users have been asked to send in a one minute video, or written message, on the subject to voices@deciem.com.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Our team have been actively sharing their voices in the fight against racism and inequality,&amp;quot; the brand wrote. &amp;quot;From tomorrow [1 June], our Instagram Stories will become a dedicated space to continue this conversation.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://cosmeticsbusiness.com/technical/article_page/How_the_beauty_industry_is_supporting_the_Black_Lives_Matter_cause/166010 Blackout Tuesday: How the beauty industry is supporting the Black Lives Matter cause]. June 2, 2020. ''cosmeticsbusiness.com''. Retrieved January 26, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Open letter to address Black Lives Latter ===&lt;br /&gt;
The CEO of Deciem has written an open letter to consumers detailing the company's internal plans to address Black Lives Matter. Nicola Kilner wrote that there are “no glass ceilings for any human at Deciem&amp;quot; and detailed how she has introduced several initiatives to support black employees, such as:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Given all colleagues a paid day off to educate on racism, discrimination, and oppression&lt;br /&gt;
* Allowed paid time off to all colleagues for protesting&lt;br /&gt;
* Set up counselling sessions for all team members who are looking for support in relation to this topic or to process their experiences&lt;br /&gt;
* Inclusion Board, diversity training and a US$120,000 fund to back grassroot charities that support black consumers&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Managers will receive diversity scorecards as part of their performance evaluations and an anonymous feedback service will be provided for concerned employees&lt;br /&gt;
* Develop a two-way mentorship programme, partnering senior leaders with BIPOC and other minority group employees for two-way mentorship&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* They will also be &amp;quot;more intentional&amp;quot; in promoting staff and hiring new team members.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.cosmeticsbusiness.com/news/article_page/Deciem_CEO_writes_letter_addressing_internal_Black_Lives_Matter_policies/166796 Deciem CEO writes letter addressing internal Black Lives Matter policies]. June 23, 2020. ''cosmeticsbusiness.com''. Retrieved January 29, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Targets have been introduced to ensure representation across all management levels. &amp;quot;To everyone who has ever, or feels now, discriminated against or disadvantaged for being them, we are standing up and ready to fight alongside you,&amp;quot; said Kilner.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://deciem.com/nothingchangesifnothingchanges Nothing Changes If Nothing Changes]. Deciem. Retrieved January 29, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category: Racism by company]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Al</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=File:Deceim_insta_comment.jpg&amp;diff=7212982</id>
		<title>File:Deceim insta comment.jpg</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=File:Deceim_insta_comment.jpg&amp;diff=7212982"/>
		<updated>2021-03-25T08:29:17Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Al: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Instagram screenshot via Affinity&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Al</name></author>
		
	</entry>
</feed>