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		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=The_National_Civil_Rights_Museum_(Memphis)&amp;diff=7233478</id>
		<title>The National Civil Rights Museum (Memphis)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=The_National_Civil_Rights_Museum_(Memphis)&amp;diff=7233478"/>
		<updated>2021-03-26T16:40:39Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Antisdio: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[File:R960-9b00a029bbd001035ec7237fc4ddfedc.jpg|thumb|400x400px|The National Civil Right Museum]]&lt;br /&gt;
The National Civil Rights Museum is located in Memphis, Tennessee. It is the modest but significant building of the former Lorraine Motel. In April 1968, American civil rights leader '''[[Martin Luther King Jr.|Martin Luther King Jr]]''' lived in room 306 of the hotel. He was assassinated on the hotel balcony.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Stephanie Avila. [https://theculturetrip.com/north-america/usa/tennessee/articles/from-motel-to-museum-the-national-civil-rights-museum-in-memphis/ From Motel to Museum: The National Civil Rights Museum in Memphis.] 17 January 2020. theculturetrip.com. Retrieved March 26, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; After arduous efforts to raise funds, the museum opened in 1991, and in the appeal of the local opposition, they eliminated what they regarded as a &amp;quot;citizen shame&amp;quot;. But while Lorraine represents a shameful memory of a difficult past for some people, for others it represents a highly identifiable view of racial identity and commemorative significance.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;'''DEREK H. ALDERMAN and JOSHUA F. J. INWOOD. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/26233715?Search=yes&amp;amp;resultItemClick=true&amp;amp;searchText=civil%20right%20museum&amp;amp;searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dcivil%2Bright%2Bmuseum%26acc%3Doff%26wc%3Don%26fc%3Doff%26group%3Dnone%26refreqid%3Dsearch%253A23aa97e50c3e93cedfbe2f6dbf00ec6c&amp;amp;ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_search_gsv2%2Ftest&amp;amp;refreqid=fastly-default%3Ae164072af605db716ceb1987072905af&amp;amp;seq=1 The National Civil Rights Museum, Memphis, Tennessee.] 2015. www.jstor.org. Retrieved March 26, 2021'''&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 2013 and 2014, the National Civil Rights Museum went through a broad $27.5 million remodel, exposing more than 40 new movies, adroit oral accounts, and intuitive media shows in a motivating, recently updated space. Stroll up the winding flight of stairs in the light-filled fabulous hall, and encircle the colossal 7,000-pound bronze sculpture by compelling artwork artist ''[https://dsmpublicartfoundation.org/artist/michael-pavovsky/ Michael Pavlovsky]'', Movement to Overcome, connoting progress against obstructions.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At the National Civil Rights Museum, visitors will experience shocking stories about those who persevere in cruel and merciless moments, those who inspire others to join the movement against social injustice, and those who work tirelessly to achieve extraordinary achievements. People who work hard, even if they look unrecognizable. Insurmountable adversity. For those who have laid the foundation for freedom, justice, and equality for future generations, museums are their living heritage.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.memphistravel.com/trip-ideas/american-history-national-civil-rights-museum-memphis-tn EXPERIENCE 400 YEARS OF HISTORY AT THE NATIONAL CIVIL RIGHTS MUSEUM.] www.memphistravel.com. Retrieved March 26, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''''&amp;quot;The National Civil Rights Museum (NCRM) in Memphis, Tennessee, preserves what is arguably the most sacred site in the history of the American civil rights movement: the balcony of the former Lorraine Motel where Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was shot to death by James Earl Ray.”''''' &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;'''Bernard J. Armada. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40648612?Search=yes&amp;amp;resultItemClick=true&amp;amp;searchText=the%20civil%20right%20museum&amp;amp;searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dthe%2Bcivil%2Bright%2Bmuseum%26groupefq%3DWyJyZXNlYXJjaF9yZXBvcnQiLCJzZWFyY2hfY2hhcHRlciIsInNlYXJjaF9hcnRpY2xlIiwicmV2aWV3IiwibXBfcmVzZWFyY2hfcmVwb3J0X3BhcnQiLCJjb250cmlidXRlZF90ZXh0Il0%253D%26pagemark%3DeyJwYWdlIjozLCJzdGFydHMiOnsiSlNUT1JCYXNpYyI6NTB9fQ%253D%253D&amp;amp;ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_search_gsv2%2Ftest&amp;amp;refreqid=fastly-default%3Af902e113650a3b4706b4932db6c94097&amp;amp;seq=1 Place Politics: Material Transformation and Community Identity at the National Civil Rights Museum.] 2010. www.jstor.org. Retrieved March 26, 2021'''&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Address: 450 Mulberry Street, Memphis, Tennessee 38103-4214, USA. &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.viator.com/Memphis-attractions/Memphis-National-Civil-Rights-Museum/d783-a1933 National Civil Rights Museum Tours and Activities]. www.viator.com. Retrieved March 26, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Background==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:800.jpg|left|thumb|Martin Luther King Jr  was at Lorraine Hotel, Memphis]]&lt;br /&gt;
By 1968, the American Civil Rights movement had effectively accomplished significant triumphs through peaceful common noncompliance; the [https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/civil-rights-act '''Civil Rights Act of 1964'''] restricted segregation ''&amp;quot;based on race, colour, religion, or national origin&amp;quot;'' in government business; the Voting Rights Act of 1965 ensured casting ballot privileges of the predominately black minority. However, accepted isolation continued in urban communities across America. So in April 1968, Dr.King and his partners ventured out to Memphis to help the strike of disinfection laborers pushing for a finish to separation and helpless working conditions.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Regardless of death dangers, King conveyed his 'I've Been to the Mountaintop' discourse on April 3 in Memphis. On April 4, 1968, Martin Luther King Jr – priest, ''[https://www.un.org/en/about-us/nobel-peace-prize Nobel Peace Prize]'' laureate, and head of the American social equality development – was gunned down on the Lorraine Motel gallery in Memphis, Tennessee, not long before having dinner with a couple of dear companions. The following morning, papers the nation over-reported the news to a stunning country. ''&amp;lt;nowiki/&amp;gt;'Martin Luther King is Slain in Memphis; A White is Suspected; Johnson Urges Calm''' read the New York Times' feature on April 5, 1968. As individuals, the country over grieved King's passing, and racial uproars jumped up in significant metropolitan places the nation over, the Lorraine Motel turned into a stunning point of convergence of the social liberties development.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Following King's passing, Room 306 of the Lorraine Motel turned into an informal dedication to King, yet kept on filling in as an inn until 1988 in anticipation of its change into a social equality exhibition hall. Devoted on July 4, 1991, the National Civil Rights Museum made its way for people in general on September 28 of that same year. The National Civil Rights Museum follows the historical backdrop of the social equality development in America, from the acquaintance of servitude in 1619 with Jamestown, Virginia, through the incredible battles of the 1950s and 1960s to the present. Not just filling in as a commemoration to Dr. Ruler, the gallery is currently committed to instructing the general population about the American Civil Rights movement just as connecting the battle to fundamental liberties developments on a worldwide scale.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Stephanie Avila. [https://theculturetrip.com/north-america/usa/tennessee/articles/from-motel-to-museum-the-national-civil-rights-museum-in-memphis/ From Motel to Museum: The National Civil Rights Museum in Memphis.] 17 January 2020. theculturetrip.com. Retrieved March 26, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Collection==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;big&amp;gt;FIRST BUILDING : THE LORRAINE BUILDING EXHIBITS&amp;lt;/big&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Remodeled in 2014, the Lorraine Building displays contain in excess of 40 new movies, oral chronicles and intuitive media to the gallery's now hearty assortment of relics and shows. An independent encounter, the gallery exhibitions are organized in sequential request recounting the account of key scenes of the American Civil Rights Movement from servitude to 1968. With the memorable Lorraine Motel façade in judgment, this is the structure wherein guests can see Room 306 where Dr. King spent his last hours. Furthermore, the gallery's refreshed, present day configuration helps guests to remember its charge to continue to push civil right issues forward. The museum exhibitions are divided up by era, starting with slavery in America from 1619-1861.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Michael Alpiner. [https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaelalpiner/2020/02/22/the-national-civil-rights-museum-takes-visitors-on-an-emotional-journey/?sh=339347d540d8 The National Civil Rights Museum Takes Visitors On An Emotional Journey.] February 22, 2020. www.forbes.com. Retrieved March 26, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Here are some of the exhibition in this museum :&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
''·        A Culture of Resistance''&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:A Culture of Resistance.jpg|thumb|A Culture of Resistance]]&lt;br /&gt;
This exhibit offers a realistic portrayal of the worldwide effect of slavery. Entering the roundabout display, guests stroll on a story guide of North and South America, Europe and Africa. Enlightened channels give measurements and data about the Atlantic slave exchange, including the monstrous number of individuals caught, products developed and abundance made.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
''·        The Rise of Jim Crow''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Visitors can view the timeline of amendments and laws granting African American rights, followed by a series of laws and Supreme Court decisions that overturned these achievements and established a &amp;quot;separate but equal&amp;quot; land law. Through historical photos and legal texts, visitors can still see the vitality of black communities despite apartheid. Oral history records provide first-hand information about the life of [[Jim Crow|'''Jim Crow''']].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
''·        Separate is Not Equal''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The struggle to eliminate apartheid in public schools took place in two areas: courts and classrooms. The exhibition examines the Supreme Court's landmark rulings, the lengthy legal battles, and the slow progress of '''[https://www.britannica.com/topic/apartheid apartheid]''' in public education across the country. Visitors can experience the multi-touch interactive map decomposition, explore how to decompose in each state of the country, and learn about their condition's historical events.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
''·        The Year They Walked''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In one of the museum's original exhibitions, visitors can hear the sound triggered by the bus ride. The Three-dimensional graphics were placed on the sidewalk to show the significance of the Montgomery women’s resistance to the boycott. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., an emerging leader of the movement, gave a speech on the boycott's first night.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
''·        Standing Up by Sitting Down''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first lunch counter is here, alongside three-dimensional figures sitting in at the counter and hecklers next to them. A movie is projected behind the dissenters, demonstrating their peaceful direct activity preparing followed by the resulting fights and clashes. Through multi-contact, multi-client cooperation, guests take part in blacklist stories from the nation over.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.civilrightsmuseum.org/lorraine-building THE LORRAINE BUILDING EXHIBITS.] www.civilrightsmuseum.org. Retrieved March 26, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;big&amp;gt;SECOND BUILDING : THE LEGACY BUILDING EXHIBITS&amp;lt;/big&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:LegacyBldgEntrance.jpg|thumb|The Legacy Building (Second Building)]]&lt;br /&gt;
A second building is across the road. It was a lodging, is devoted solely to the King's death, and dives into the occasion in detail. It was from here that ''[https://www.britannica.com/biography/James-Earl-Ray James Earl Ray]'' is thought to have discharged the lethal shots. Like the Lorraine Motel, a few rooms in this structure were safeguarded to show how they would have looked on that April morning in 1968. In the neighboring exhibitions, comprehensive timetables detail the examination's advancement, while cases show a bunch of riveting antiquities — including the rifle utilized in the death.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Laura Motta. [https://thepointsguy.com/news/in-memphis-the-national-civil-rights-museum-honors-a-tragedy-and-highlights-an-icon-of-mid-century-travel/ In Memphis, the National Civil Rights Museum honors a tragedy — and highlights an icon of Mid-century travel]. January 18, 2021. thepointsguy.com. Retrieved March 26, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This building starts with the American Civil Rights Movement Timeline. The timetable embodies in sequential request the set of experiences once introduced in the Lorraine exhibit up to the 1968 death of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. On the second floor of the Legacy Building, the set of experiences proceeds with examining the death, the body of evidence against James Earl Ray, and following paranoid notions. The primary floor exhibit shows the Movement's effect on common liberties endeavors around the world. It ends with a source of inspiration for all to proceed with the tradition of the American social equality development.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.civilrightsmuseum.org/lorraine-building THE LORRAINE BUILDING EXHIBITS.] www.civilrightsmuseum.org. Retrieved March 26, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External Link==&lt;br /&gt;
More about the exhibition, click [https://www.civilrightsmuseum.org/lorraine-building here]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Anti-Black Racism in Arts]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Antisdio</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=File:A_Culture_of_Resistance.jpg&amp;diff=7233476</id>
		<title>File:A Culture of Resistance.jpg</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=File:A_Culture_of_Resistance.jpg&amp;diff=7233476"/>
		<updated>2021-03-26T16:40:04Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Antisdio: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;A Culture of Resistance&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Antisdio</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=File:LegacyBldgEntrance.jpg&amp;diff=7233472</id>
		<title>File:LegacyBldgEntrance.jpg</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=File:LegacyBldgEntrance.jpg&amp;diff=7233472"/>
		<updated>2021-03-26T16:34:51Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Antisdio: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;The Legacy Building (Second Building)&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Antisdio</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=File:800.jpg&amp;diff=7233466</id>
		<title>File:800.jpg</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=File:800.jpg&amp;diff=7233466"/>
		<updated>2021-03-26T16:28:01Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Antisdio: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Martin Luther King Jr  was at Lorraine Hotel, Memphis&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Antisdio</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=File:R960-9b00a029bbd001035ec7237fc4ddfedc.jpg&amp;diff=7233461</id>
		<title>File:R960-9b00a029bbd001035ec7237fc4ddfedc.jpg</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=File:R960-9b00a029bbd001035ec7237fc4ddfedc.jpg&amp;diff=7233461"/>
		<updated>2021-03-26T16:22:20Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Antisdio: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;The National Civil Right Museum&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Antisdio</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=The_National_Civil_Rights_Museum_(Memphis)&amp;diff=7233460</id>
		<title>The National Civil Rights Museum (Memphis)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=The_National_Civil_Rights_Museum_(Memphis)&amp;diff=7233460"/>
		<updated>2021-03-26T16:21:03Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Antisdio: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;The National Civil Rights Museum is located in Memphis, Tennessee. It is the modest but significant building of the former Lorraine Motel. In April 1968, American civil rights leader '''[[Martin Luther King Jr.|Martin Luther King Jr]]''' lived in room 306 of the hotel. He was assassinated on the hotel balcony.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Stephanie Avila. [https://theculturetrip.com/north-america/usa/tennessee/articles/from-motel-to-museum-the-national-civil-rights-museum-in-memphis/ From Motel to Museum: The National Civil Rights Museum in Memphis.] 17 January 2020. theculturetrip.com. Retrieved March 26, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; After arduous efforts to raise funds, the museum opened in 1991, and in the appeal of the local opposition, they eliminated what they regarded as a &amp;quot;citizen shame&amp;quot;. But while Lorraine represents a shameful memory of a difficult past for some people, for others it represents a highly identifiable view of racial identity and commemorative significance.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;'''DEREK H. ALDERMAN and JOSHUA F. J. INWOOD. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/26233715?Search=yes&amp;amp;resultItemClick=true&amp;amp;searchText=civil%20right%20museum&amp;amp;searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dcivil%2Bright%2Bmuseum%26acc%3Doff%26wc%3Don%26fc%3Doff%26group%3Dnone%26refreqid%3Dsearch%253A23aa97e50c3e93cedfbe2f6dbf00ec6c&amp;amp;ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_search_gsv2%2Ftest&amp;amp;refreqid=fastly-default%3Ae164072af605db716ceb1987072905af&amp;amp;seq=1 The National Civil Rights Museum, Memphis, Tennessee.] 2015. www.jstor.org. Retrieved March 26, 2021'''&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 2013 and 2014, the National Civil Rights Museum went through a broad $27.5 million remodel, exposing more than 40 new movies, adroit oral accounts, and intuitive media shows in a motivating, recently updated space. Stroll up the winding flight of stairs in the light-filled fabulous hall, and encircle the colossal 7,000-pound bronze sculpture by compelling artwork artist ''[https://dsmpublicartfoundation.org/artist/michael-pavovsky/ Michael Pavlovsky]'', Movement to Overcome, connoting progress against obstructions.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At the National Civil Rights Museum, visitors will experience shocking stories about those who persevere in cruel and merciless moments, those who inspire others to join the movement against social injustice, and those who work tirelessly to achieve extraordinary achievements. People who work hard, even if they look unrecognizable. Insurmountable adversity. For those who have laid the foundation for freedom, justice, and equality for future generations, museums are their living heritage.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.memphistravel.com/trip-ideas/american-history-national-civil-rights-museum-memphis-tn EXPERIENCE 400 YEARS OF HISTORY AT THE NATIONAL CIVIL RIGHTS MUSEUM.] www.memphistravel.com. Retrieved March 26, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''''&amp;quot;The National Civil Rights Museum (NCRM) in Memphis, Tennessee, preserves what is arguably the most sacred site in the history of the American civil rights movement: the balcony of the former Lorraine Motel where Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was shot to death by James Earl Ray.”''''' &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;'''Bernard J. Armada. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40648612?Search=yes&amp;amp;resultItemClick=true&amp;amp;searchText=the%20civil%20right%20museum&amp;amp;searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dthe%2Bcivil%2Bright%2Bmuseum%26groupefq%3DWyJyZXNlYXJjaF9yZXBvcnQiLCJzZWFyY2hfY2hhcHRlciIsInNlYXJjaF9hcnRpY2xlIiwicmV2aWV3IiwibXBfcmVzZWFyY2hfcmVwb3J0X3BhcnQiLCJjb250cmlidXRlZF90ZXh0Il0%253D%26pagemark%3DeyJwYWdlIjozLCJzdGFydHMiOnsiSlNUT1JCYXNpYyI6NTB9fQ%253D%253D&amp;amp;ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_search_gsv2%2Ftest&amp;amp;refreqid=fastly-default%3Af902e113650a3b4706b4932db6c94097&amp;amp;seq=1 Place Politics: Material Transformation and Community Identity at the National Civil Rights Museum.] 2010. www.jstor.org. Retrieved March 26, 2021'''&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Address: 450 Mulberry Street, Memphis, Tennessee 38103-4214, USA. &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.viator.com/Memphis-attractions/Memphis-National-Civil-Rights-Museum/d783-a1933 National Civil Rights Museum Tours and Activities]. www.viator.com. Retrieved March 26, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Background==&lt;br /&gt;
By 1968, the American Civil Rights movement had effectively accomplished significant triumphs through peaceful common noncompliance; the [https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/civil-rights-act '''Civil Rights Act of 1964'''] restricted segregation ''&amp;quot;based on race, colour, religion, or national origin&amp;quot;'' in government business; the Voting Rights Act of 1965 ensured casting ballot privileges of the predominately black minority. However, accepted isolation continued in urban communities across America. So in April 1968, Dr.King and his partners ventured out to Memphis to help the strike of disinfection laborers pushing for a finish to separation and helpless working conditions.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Regardless of death dangers, King conveyed his 'I've Been to the Mountaintop' discourse on April 3 in Memphis. On April 4, 1968, Martin Luther King Jr – priest, ''[https://www.un.org/en/about-us/nobel-peace-prize Nobel Peace Prize]'' laureate, and head of the American social equality development – was gunned down on the Lorraine Motel gallery in Memphis, Tennessee, not long before having dinner with a couple of dear companions. The following morning, papers the nation over-reported the news to a stunning country. ''&amp;lt;nowiki/&amp;gt;'Martin Luther King is Slain in Memphis; A White is Suspected; Johnson Urges Calm''' read the New York Times' feature on April 5, 1968. As individuals, the country over grieved King's passing, and racial uproars jumped up in significant metropolitan places the nation over, the Lorraine Motel turned into a stunning point of convergence of the social liberties development.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Following King's passing, Room 306 of the Lorraine Motel turned into an informal dedication to King, yet kept on filling in as an inn until 1988 in anticipation of its change into a social equality exhibition hall. Devoted on July 4, 1991, the National Civil Rights Museum made its way for people in general on September 28 of that same year. The National Civil Rights Museum follows the historical backdrop of the social equality development in America, from the acquaintance of servitude in 1619 with Jamestown, Virginia, through the incredible battles of the 1950s and 1960s to the present. Not just filling in as a commemoration to Dr. Ruler, the gallery is currently committed to instructing the general population about the American Civil Rights movement just as connecting the battle to fundamental liberties developments on a worldwide scale.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Stephanie Avila. [https://theculturetrip.com/north-america/usa/tennessee/articles/from-motel-to-museum-the-national-civil-rights-museum-in-memphis/ From Motel to Museum: The National Civil Rights Museum in Memphis.] 17 January 2020. theculturetrip.com. Retrieved March 26, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Collection ==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;big&amp;gt;FIRST BUILDING : THE LORRAINE BUILDING EXHIBITS&amp;lt;/big&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Remodeled in 2014, the Lorraine Building displays contain in excess of 40 new movies, oral chronicles and intuitive media to the gallery's now hearty assortment of relics and shows. An independent encounter, the gallery exhibitions are organized in sequential request recounting the account of key scenes of the American Civil Rights Movement from servitude to 1968. With the memorable Lorraine Motel façade in judgment, this is the structure wherein guests can see Room 306 where Dr. King spent his last hours. Furthermore, the gallery's refreshed, present day configuration helps guests to remember its charge to continue to push civil right issues forward. The museum exhibitions are divided up by era, starting with slavery in America from 1619-1861.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Michael Alpiner. [https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaelalpiner/2020/02/22/the-national-civil-rights-museum-takes-visitors-on-an-emotional-journey/?sh=339347d540d8 The National Civil Rights Museum Takes Visitors On An Emotional Journey.] February 22, 2020. www.forbes.com. Retrieved March 26, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Here are some of the exhibition in this museum :&lt;br /&gt;
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''·        A Culture of Resistance''&lt;br /&gt;
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This exhibit offers a realistic portrayal of the worldwide effect of slavery. Entering the roundabout display, guests stroll on a story guide of North and South America, Europe and Africa. Enlightened channels give measurements and data about the Atlantic slave exchange, including the monstrous number of individuals caught, products developed and abundance made.&lt;br /&gt;
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''·        The Rise of Jim Crow''&lt;br /&gt;
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Visitors can view the timeline of amendments and laws granting African American rights, followed by a series of laws and Supreme Court decisions that overturned these achievements and established a &amp;quot;separate but equal&amp;quot; land law. Through historical photos and legal texts, visitors can still see the vitality of black communities despite apartheid. Oral history records provide first-hand information about the life of [[Jim Crow|'''Jim Crow''']].&lt;br /&gt;
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''·        Separate is Not Equal''&lt;br /&gt;
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The struggle to eliminate apartheid in public schools took place in two areas: courts and classrooms. The exhibition examines the Supreme Court's landmark rulings, the lengthy legal battles, and the slow progress of '''[https://www.britannica.com/topic/apartheid apartheid]''' in public education across the country. Visitors can experience the multi-touch interactive map decomposition, explore how to decompose in each state of the country, and learn about their condition's historical events.&lt;br /&gt;
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''·        The Year They Walked''&lt;br /&gt;
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In one of the museum's original exhibitions, visitors can hear the sound triggered by the bus ride. The Three-dimensional graphics were placed on the sidewalk to show the significance of the Montgomery women’s resistance to the boycott. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., an emerging leader of the movement, gave a speech on the boycott's first night.&lt;br /&gt;
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''·        Standing Up by Sitting Down''&lt;br /&gt;
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The first lunch counter is here, alongside three-dimensional figures sitting in at the counter and hecklers next to them. A movie is projected behind the dissenters, demonstrating their peaceful direct activity preparing followed by the resulting fights and clashes. Through multi-contact, multi-client cooperation, guests take part in blacklist stories from the nation over.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.civilrightsmuseum.org/lorraine-building THE LORRAINE BUILDING EXHIBITS.] www.civilrightsmuseum.org. Retrieved March 26, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;big&amp;gt;SECOND BUILDING : THE LEGACY BUILDING EXHIBITS&amp;lt;/big&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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A second building is across the road. It was a lodging, is devoted solely to the King's death, and dives into the occasion in detail. It was from here that ''[https://www.britannica.com/biography/James-Earl-Ray James Earl Ray]'' is thought to have discharged the lethal shots. Like the Lorraine Motel, a few rooms in this structure were safeguarded to show how they would have looked on that April morning in 1968. In the neighboring exhibitions, comprehensive timetables detail the examination's advancement, while cases show a bunch of riveting antiquities — including the rifle utilized in the death.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Laura Motta. [https://thepointsguy.com/news/in-memphis-the-national-civil-rights-museum-honors-a-tragedy-and-highlights-an-icon-of-mid-century-travel/ In Memphis, the National Civil Rights Museum honors a tragedy — and highlights an icon of Mid-century travel]. January 18, 2021. thepointsguy.com. Retrieved March 26, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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This building starts with the American Civil Rights Movement Timeline. The timetable embodies in sequential request the set of experiences once introduced in the Lorraine exhibit up to the 1968 death of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. On the second floor of the Legacy Building, the set of experiences proceeds with examining the death, the body of evidence against James Earl Ray, and following paranoid notions. The primary floor exhibit shows the Movement's effect on common liberties endeavors around the world. It ends with a source of inspiration for all to proceed with the tradition of the American social equality development.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.civilrightsmuseum.org/lorraine-building THE LORRAINE BUILDING EXHIBITS.] www.civilrightsmuseum.org. Retrieved March 26, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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== External Link ==&lt;br /&gt;
More about the exhibition, click [https://www.civilrightsmuseum.org/lorraine-building here]&lt;br /&gt;
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== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Anti-Black Racism in Arts]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Antisdio</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=The_National_Civil_Rights_Museum_(Memphis)&amp;diff=7230075</id>
		<title>The National Civil Rights Museum (Memphis)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=The_National_Civil_Rights_Museum_(Memphis)&amp;diff=7230075"/>
		<updated>2021-03-26T13:29:47Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Antisdio: Created page with &amp;quot;The National Civil Rights Museum is located in Memphis, Tennessee. It is the modest but significant building of the former Lorraine Motel. In April 1968, American civil rights...&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;The National Civil Rights Museum is located in Memphis, Tennessee. It is the modest but significant building of the former Lorraine Motel. In April 1968, American civil rights leader '''[[Martin Luther King Jr.|Martin Luther King Jr]]''' lived in room 306 of the hotel. He was assassinated on the hotel balcony.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Stephanie Avila. [https://theculturetrip.com/north-america/usa/tennessee/articles/from-motel-to-museum-the-national-civil-rights-museum-in-memphis/ From Motel to Museum: The National Civil Rights Museum in Memphis.] 17 January 2020. theculturetrip.com. Retrieved March 26, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; After arduous efforts to raise funds, the museum opened in 1991, and in the appeal of the local opposition, they eliminated what they regarded as a &amp;quot;citizen shame&amp;quot;. But while Lorraine represents a shameful memory of a difficult past for some people, for others it represents a highly identifiable view of racial identity and commemorative significance.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;'''DEREK H. ALDERMAN and JOSHUA F. J. INWOOD. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/26233715?Search=yes&amp;amp;resultItemClick=true&amp;amp;searchText=civil%20right%20museum&amp;amp;searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dcivil%2Bright%2Bmuseum%26acc%3Doff%26wc%3Don%26fc%3Doff%26group%3Dnone%26refreqid%3Dsearch%253A23aa97e50c3e93cedfbe2f6dbf00ec6c&amp;amp;ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_search_gsv2%2Ftest&amp;amp;refreqid=fastly-default%3Ae164072af605db716ceb1987072905af&amp;amp;seq=1 The National Civil Rights Museum, Memphis, Tennessee.] 2015. www.jstor.org. Retrieved March 26, 2021'''&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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In 2013 and 2014, the National Civil Rights Museum went through a broad $27.5 million remodel, exposing more than 40 new movies, adroit oral accounts, and intuitive media shows in a motivating, recently updated space. Stroll up the winding flight of stairs in the light-filled fabulous hall, and encircle the colossal 7,000-pound bronze sculpture by compelling artwork artist ''[https://dsmpublicartfoundation.org/artist/michael-pavovsky/ Michael Pavlovsky]'', Movement to Overcome, connoting progress against obstructions.&lt;br /&gt;
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At the National Civil Rights Museum, visitors will experience shocking stories about those who persevere in cruel and merciless moments, those who inspire others to join the movement against social injustice, and those who work tirelessly to achieve extraordinary achievements. People who work hard, even if they look unrecognizable. Insurmountable adversity. For those who have laid the foundation for freedom, justice, and equality for future generations, museums are their living heritage.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.memphistravel.com/trip-ideas/american-history-national-civil-rights-museum-memphis-tn EXPERIENCE 400 YEARS OF HISTORY AT THE NATIONAL CIVIL RIGHTS MUSEUM.] www.memphistravel.com. Retrieved March 26, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''''&amp;quot;The National Civil Rights Museum (NCRM) in Memphis, Tennessee, preserves what is arguably the most sacred site in the history of the American civil rights movement: the balcony of the former Lorraine Motel where Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was shot to death by James Earl Ray.”''''' &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;'''Bernard J. Armada. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40648612?Search=yes&amp;amp;resultItemClick=true&amp;amp;searchText=the%20civil%20right%20museum&amp;amp;searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dthe%2Bcivil%2Bright%2Bmuseum%26groupefq%3DWyJyZXNlYXJjaF9yZXBvcnQiLCJzZWFyY2hfY2hhcHRlciIsInNlYXJjaF9hcnRpY2xlIiwicmV2aWV3IiwibXBfcmVzZWFyY2hfcmVwb3J0X3BhcnQiLCJjb250cmlidXRlZF90ZXh0Il0%253D%26pagemark%3DeyJwYWdlIjozLCJzdGFydHMiOnsiSlNUT1JCYXNpYyI6NTB9fQ%253D%253D&amp;amp;ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_search_gsv2%2Ftest&amp;amp;refreqid=fastly-default%3Af902e113650a3b4706b4932db6c94097&amp;amp;seq=1 Place Politics: Material Transformation and Community Identity at the National Civil Rights Museum.] 2010. www.jstor.org. Retrieved March 26, 2021'''&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Address: 450 Mulberry Street, Memphis, Tennessee 38103-4214, USA. &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.viator.com/Memphis-attractions/Memphis-National-Civil-Rights-Museum/d783-a1933 National Civil Rights Museum Tours and Activities]. www.viator.com. Retrieved March 26, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Background ==&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Antisdio</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Aunt_Jemimah&amp;diff=7216536</id>
		<title>Aunt Jemimah</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Aunt_Jemimah&amp;diff=7216536"/>
		<updated>2021-03-26T03:25:18Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Antisdio: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[Category:Racism in Folklore]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:B53482cc-8a1a-4763-9549-e2c50eb80836.jpg|thumb|Aunt Jemima|alt=|379x379px]]&lt;br /&gt;
The generalization of Aunt Jemima developed out of the Mammy picture. She contrasts with Mammy in that her obligations were limited to cooking. Through Aunt Jemima, the relationship of the African-American lady with domestic work, particularly cooking, got fixed in society's personalities. Accordingly, many Aunt Jemima collectibles discovered their way into the American kitchens. These black collectibles included staple rundown holders, salt and pepper shakers, spoon holders, burner sets, flour scoops, spatulas, blending bowls, match holders, tea kettles, hot-cushion holders, and substantially more.  &lt;br /&gt;
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Maybe Aunt Jemimah's most acclaimed picture is in the pancake promotion crusade. In St. Joseph, Mo., in 1889, Chris Rutt picked&amp;quot;'''[[Aunt Jemima]]'''&amp;quot; as the name for his new self-rising pancake mix since ''&amp;quot;it just normally made me consider great cooking.&amp;quot;'' Others concurred because the mission was a momentous achievement. Rutt offered his organization to Davis Milling Co., which picked Nancy Green as the Aunt Jemima items representative. This character built up a steadfast after of the two blacks and whites. To these individuals, Aunt Jemima had become a reality. Her face actually can be found on the pancake boxes today. Even though her picture has changed somewhat, the generalization lives on.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.ferris.edu/HTMLS/news/jimcrow/links/essays/vcu.htm Negative Racial Stereotypes and Their Effect on Attitudes Toward African-Americans]. Ferris.edu. Retrieved March 18, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Aunt Jemima brand pancake mix has been a piece of American life for over a century now, an overwhelmingly well-known selection of purchasers. The lady has gone through various makeovers. However, she stays as before critically, an image of some implicit relationship among black worker ladies, the kitchen, and great food. This image remains too solid a promoting apparatus for its proprietors, the Quaker Oats Organization, to surrender. Aunt Jemima's story might be interesting for several reason. She may be the first trademark to walk and talk, and the product she promoted was the first in a wave of so-called labor-saving products at the beginning of this century.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Maurice M. Manring. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/26235388?read-now=1&amp;amp;seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents Aunt Jemima Explained: The Old South, the Absent Mistress, and the Slave in a Box]. Jstor.org. Retrieved March 18, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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==Nancy Green==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Aunt-jemima.jpg|left|thumb|400x400px|Nancy Green as Aunt Jemima Illustration]]&lt;br /&gt;
In 1890, a previous slave named '''Nancy Green''' was an employee representing Aunt Jemima brand food items.&lt;br /&gt;
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Nancy Green was naturally introduced to slavery in 1834 in Montgomery Region, Kentucky. In 1889 the makers of Aunt Jemima, Charles Rutt, and Charles Underwood, offered the organization to R.T Davis, who before long discovered Nancy Green in Chicago. The past proprietors had effectively settled upon her 'look' of a bandana and apron. Davis consolidated Aunt Jemima's appearance with lively tunes from the Vaudeville circuit, thus creating the Aunt Jemima brand. &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://blackamericaweb.com/2013/03/28/little-known-black-history-fact-the-history-of-aunt-jemima/ Little Known Black History Fact: The History of Aunt Jemima.] Blackamericaweb.com. Retrieved March 18, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The entertainers wore covers and red bandannas, impersonating the southern [[Mammy|''mammy'']] in the kitchen. She was persistent, fat, and stupid, a buddy of the country idiot Jim Crow and his fashionable city cousin, Zip Coon. An odd character, she was particularly frightened and confounded by any development in innovation, for example, the phone and her powerlessness to adapt made her the aim of the joke for white crowds. Yet, in the kitchen, she was an unchallenged master, the cook for an admired adaptation of the Old South, a place that is known for acceptable food, delightful yet delicate white lady, warm climate, sophistication, and recreation.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Maurice M. Manring. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/26235388?read-now=1&amp;amp;seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents Aunt Jemima Explained: The Old South, the Absent Mistress, and the Slave in a Box]. Jstor.org. Retrieved March 18, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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She imitated Aunt Jemima until she died in 1923. Nancy Green, standing next to the basket, dressed as Aunt Jemima, sang, cooked pancakes, and told stories about the Old South. These stories made the South as happy as black and white local. She achieved great success. At the end of the trade fair, she had already sent thousands of pancakes. Her victory made her a national celebrity. The Company posts her photo on billboards across the country with the headline. Green, who imitated Aunt Jemima, has appeared in countless country fairs, flea markets, food exhibitions, and local grocery stores. By the turn of the century, Aunt Jemima and Armor Meat Chef were the two most trusted American housewives' business symbols. In 1910 more than 120 million breakfasts were provided to Aunt Jemima each year. Aunt Jemima's prevalence has inspired many gifts and postal gifts, including dolls, breakfast club pins, tableware, and recipe manuals.&lt;br /&gt;
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R.T. Davis Mill Company changed its name to Aunt Jemima Company in 1914 and finally sold to '''Quaker Oats Company''' in 1926. In 1933, Anna Robinson, who weighed 350 pounds, became the second Aunt Jemima. Her complexion is much heavier and darker than Nancy Green. The third Aunt Jemima is Edith Wilson. Edith Wilson is mainly known for her role as Aunt Jemima on radio and TV shows from 1948 to 1966. By the 1960s, Quaker Oats Company became the market leader in the frozen food industry, and Aunt Jemima was the American icon. In recent years, Aunt Jemima has gotten a makeover: her skin has turned pale, and the handkerchief removes from her head. Now she looked like a charming maid, not a mammy from Jim Crow's time.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.ferris.edu/jimcrow/mammies/ The Mammy Caricature.] Ferris.edu. Retrieved March 18, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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==Black Stereotype==&lt;br /&gt;
Desire to transform the conflict between the Civil War and the pre-war slavery world into a benevolent, laid-back old South’s fictional memory, the white creator of Aunt Jemima reinterpreted the black and white planting life, usually based on the black stereotype. Center women and men and their roles in the life of the white plantation. Manring asserts that the image of Aunt Jemima is an interesting expression of pre-war and post-war prostitute shows: ready-made mammy meet the race, gender, and class expectations of the white middle class, and learn how to deal with fewer servant and modern kitchen. However, for African Americans, this image of a nanny used to be and is still particularly painful. As a subordinate symbol of black women under slavery, and as a houseworker after liberation, the overweight, joyful mothers covered in scarves have been constantly reminding whites of oppression. Manring also believes that this racialized nursery stereotype seemed out of place in the 1990s, but Aunt Jemima insisted on it because the concept of race and gender is still deeply rooted in our national culture.&lt;br /&gt;
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By studying a century of advertising copy created by various advertising agencies and the company records of companies that own the product and its advertising images, especially Quaker Oats Company, Manring reveals deliberate manipulation by the public under careful circumstances. A hundred years of large-scale marketing activities have aroused huge consumer demand for ready-made products. By fusing together concepts about race, class, and gender, these advertising strategies attracted national white consciousness committed to reconciliation after the civil war and reconstruction.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kate Clifford Larson. [https://networks.h-net.org/node/11634/reviews/14707/larson-manring-slave-box-strange-career-aunt-jemima Larson on Manring, 'Slave in a Box: The Strange Career of Aunt Jemima'.] Networks.h-net.org. Retrieved March 18, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Based on [https://www.chicagotribune.com/ ''CHICAGO TRIBUNE''] Aunt Jemima was invented to sell a ready-made pancake mix. She is based on a character in a bard performance. As with all advertisements, her role is conceived for consumers (in this case, white consumers). For them, Aunt Jemima represented a gentle and relaxed life. Thanks to the joyous service of black women, they were &amp;quot;respected&amp;quot;, with forced intimacy and fictitious titles of relatives.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;'''JOHN MARK HANSEN.''' [https://www.chicagotribune.com/opinion/commentary/ct-opinion-aunt-jemima-brand-real-women-20200619-5wkt2euhrbcjdokrh5qvu6r7te-story.html Commentary: The real stories of the Chicago women who portrayed Aunt Jemima.] Chicagotribune.com. June 19, 2020. Retrieved March 18, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''&amp;lt;code&amp;gt;&amp;quot;For many African American women, on the other hand, Aunt Jemima represented the reality of life in the racialized order of America, a life of servitude imposed on women who had no real choices in life.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt;''&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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==References==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Antisdio</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Jim_Crow&amp;diff=7169037</id>
		<title>Jim Crow</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Jim_Crow&amp;diff=7169037"/>
		<updated>2021-03-23T17:13:22Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Antisdio: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[Category:Racism in Folklore]]&lt;br /&gt;
''&amp;quot;Jim Crow&amp;quot;'' was a contemptuous slang term for an individual of color (black people). It came to mean any state law passed in the South that set up different rules for blacks and whites &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.crf-usa.org/black-history-month/a-brief-history-of-jim-crow A Brief History of Jim Crow.] www.crf-usa.org. Retrieved March 23, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;and the expression &amp;quot;Jim Crow&amp;quot; commonly alludes to abusive laws and customs once used to limit black rights.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;EVAN ANDREWS. [https://www.history.com/news/was-jim-crow-a-real-person Was Jim Crow a real person?]. August 31, 2018.  www.history.com. Retrieved March 23, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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==Beginning==&lt;br /&gt;
Jim Crow laws started in 1877 when the Supreme Court decided that states couldn't forbid isolation on basic methods of transportation like trains, streetcar, and riverboats. Afterward, in 1883, the Supreme Court toppled explicit pieces of the [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Civil-Rights-Act-United-States-1875#:~:text=Enacted%20on%20March%201%2C%201875,as%20restaurants%20and%20public%20transportation. '''Civil Rights Act of 1875'''], affirming the '''[https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/separate_but_equal &amp;quot;separate but equal&amp;quot;]''' idea. During the following years, states passed laws organizing prerequisites for discrete and equivalent facilities for blacks on open methods of transportation. Individuals of color additionally had separate schools, emergency clinics, houses of worship, burial grounds, bathrooms, and jails, and these facilities were normally mediocre compared to facilities for white individuals, albeit the laws required the different facilities to be of equivalent quality. Jim Crow laws likewise impacted social cooperations among blacks and whites. Inability to authorize these laws brought about fines or detainment.&lt;br /&gt;
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In the twentieth century, Jim Crow laws kept on overseeing the regular day-to-day existence in America, prohibiting all the interaction between blacks and whites. For example, in the territory of Georgia, blacks and whites needed to utilize separate parks. Under the 1930 law, Blacks and whites couldn't play checkers together in Birmingham, Alabama. Furthermore, in 1935, blacks and whites were prohibited from sailing together in Oklahoma. Blacks who abused these laws could be genuinely beaten by whites without backlash; lynchings happened with surprising recurrence when blacks disregarded Jim Crow laws.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://onlinellm.usc.edu/a-brief-history-of-jim-crow-laws/ A Brief history of Jim Crow Laws.] onlinellm.usc.edu. Retrieved March 23, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Jim Crow Laws==&lt;br /&gt;
Jim Crow laws were any of the laws that upheld racial segregation in the American South between the [https://www.britannica.com/event/Reconstruction-United-States-history/The-end-of-Reconstruction ''finish of Reconstruction in 1877''] and the start of the social liberties development during the 1950s. In its ''[https://www.britannica.com/event/Plessy-v-Ferguson-1896 Plessy v. Ferguson]'' choice (1896), the U.S. High Court decided that &amp;quot;separate but equal&amp;quot; facilities for African Americans did not violate the ''[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Fourteenth-Amendment &amp;quot;Fourteenth Amendment.&amp;quot;]'' It ignores the evidence that facilities for blacks are not as good as facilities for whites.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Melvin I. Urofsky. '''[https://www.britannica.com/event/Jim-Crow-law Jim Crow law.] 1877-1954. www.britannica.com. Retrieved March 23, 2021'''&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Jim Crow was named after a black actor on a television show, and these laws existed for nearly a century, from the post-Civil War period until 1968, and were designed to marginalize African Americans by denying them about the right to vote, hold jobs, receive education, and other freedoms. Those who attempted to overturn Jim Crow laws frequently faced arrest, fines, prison sentences, brutality, and murder. &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.history.com/topics/early-20th-century-us/jim-crow-laws Jim Crow Laws.] February 28, 2018. www.history.com. Retrieved March 23, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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''&amp;lt;code&amp;gt;“The most famous images of Jim Crow segregation are indelible, unforgettable: Separate bathrooms. Separate water fountains. Separate schools.”&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt;''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;STEVE LUXENBERG. [https://time.com/5527029/jim-crow-plessy-history/ The Forgotten Northern Origins of Jim Crow.] February 12, 2019. time.com. Retrieved March 23, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are also the most common laws in Jim Crow: It is prohibited for anybody to marry people of a different race, and business owners must separate customers based on skin color and defend their legal choice to deny service to people based on their race. &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Leslie Vincent Tischauser. [https://books.google.co.id/books?hl=en&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;id=whk2vBbjHp4C&amp;amp;oi=fnd&amp;amp;pg=PP2&amp;amp;dq=jim+crow+laws&amp;amp;ots=3mD2COwZjq&amp;amp;sig=IeFNUhgHTIUGl4QDCMQWpQahh3k&amp;amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;amp;q&amp;amp;f=false Jim Crow Laws.] 2012. books.google.co.id. Retrieved March 23, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:An African American man drinking at a water cooler for “colored” people at a streetcar terminal in Oklahoma City in 1939..jpg|thumb|350x350px|An African American man drinking at a water cooler for “colored” people at a streetcar terminal in Oklahoma City in 1939.]]&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;big&amp;gt;&amp;lt;u&amp;gt;Here is some Jim Crow Laws example from the various states :&amp;lt;/u&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/big&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*&amp;lt;big&amp;gt;ALABAMA&amp;lt;/big&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Nurses:''' No individual or company will require any white female medical attendant to nurture in wards or rooms in clinics, either open or private, in which negro men are set.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Buses:''' All passenger stations in this state worked by any engine transportation organization will have separate sitting areas or space and separate ticket windows for the white and colored races.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Railroads:''' Each passenger train's conductor is approved and required to allocate each passenger to the car or the compartment of the car (if the compartment is divided), which is designated for the race to which the passenger belongs.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Restaurants:''' It will be unlawful to direct a café or other spot for the serving of food in the city, at which white and minorities individuals are served in a similar room, except if such white and colored people are strongly isolated by a strong compartment stretching out from the floor upward to a distance of seven feet or higher, and except if a different passage from the road is accommodated every compartment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Pool and Billiard Rooms:''' It will be unlawful for a negro and white individual to play together or in organization with one another at any round of pool or billiards.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Toilet Facilities, Male:''' Every employer of white or black men shall provide these white or black men with independent toilets that are reasonably accessible.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*&amp;lt;big&amp;gt;ARIZONA&amp;lt;/big&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Intermarriage:''' Marriage between a Caucasian and a Negro, Mongolian, Malay, or Hindu is invalid.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*&amp;lt;big&amp;gt;FLORIDA&amp;lt;/big&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:A sign at a bus station in Rome, Georgia, in 1943, indicating a separate waiting area for Black people under Jim Crow law..jpg|thumb|A sign at a bus station in Rome, Georgia, in 1943, indicating a separate waiting area for Black people under Jim Crow law.]]&lt;br /&gt;
'''Intermarriage:''' all marriages between whites and blacks or between whites and blacks inherit until the fourth generation are always forbidden.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Cohabitation:''' Any black and white women, or white and black women who are not married to each other, shall habitually live in the same room at night and live at night, and shall be sentenced to imprisonment not exceeding twelve (12) months, or not A fine of more than five hundred U.S. dollars ($500.00).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Education:''' Schools for white students and schools for black students will be operated separately.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Juvenile Delinquents:''' There will be different building, not closer than one fourth mile to one another, one for white young men and one for negro young men. White young men and negro young men will not, in any way, be related together or cooperated. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*&amp;lt;big&amp;gt;GEORGIA&amp;lt;/big&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Mental Hospitals:''' The control committee should ensure that appropriate and different apartments are arranged for the aforementioned patients so that blacks and whites cannot be together under any circumstances.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Intermarriage:''' It is illegal for a white man to marry anyone other than a white man. Any marriage that violates the provisions of this section is invalid.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Barbers:''' Colored hairdressers should not serve white women or girls.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Burial:''' The officer who in charge will not bury , or permit to be buried, any black people upon ground set apart or utilized for the burrial of white people.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Restaurants:''' All people authorized to direct a café, will serve either white individuals only or minorities individuals only and will not offer to the two races inside a similar room or serve the two races anyplace under a similar permit.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Amateur Baseball:''' It will be unlawful for any beginner white ball club to play baseball on any empty lot or baseball field inside two squares of a playground gave to the Negro race, and it will be unlawful for any beginner colored baseball club to play baseball in any empty part or baseball field inside two squares of any playground gave to the white race.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Parks:''' It will be unlawful for black people to visit any park claimed or kept up by the city for the advantage, use and delight in white persons...and unlawful for any white individual to visit any park claimed or kept up by the city for the utilization and advantage of black people.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Wine and Beer:''' All people authorized to lead the matter of selling brew or wine...shall serve either white individuals only or minorities individuals solely and will not offer to the two races inside a similar room&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*&amp;lt;big&amp;gt;KENTUCKY&amp;lt;/big&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Reform Schools:''' All the kids of white and black people who dedicated on the reform house will be kept completely separate from one another.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.ferris.edu/htmls/news/jimcrow/links/misclink/examples.htm Examples of Jim Crow Laws - Oct. 1960 - Civil Rights.] www.ferris.edu. Retrieved March 23, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Is Jim Crow A Person?==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Thomas D. Rice depicted as the character Jim Crow drawn by Edward Williams Clay..jpg|left|thumb|Thomas D. Rice depicted as the character Jim Crow drawn by Edward Williams Clay.]]&lt;br /&gt;
The name Jim Crow originated from an actor performing at a popular song and dance performance, one of the most popular performances touring the country from the 1820s to the 1870s.  In one of the tours, the white actor [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Thomas-Dartmouth-Rice '''Thomas Dartmouth &amp;quot;Daddy&amp;quot; Rice'''] portrayed an elderly black slave, Jim Crow. Rice appeared on the stage with a &amp;quot;black face&amp;quot;. He had a dark face, burnt corks, and worn out work clothes. He dipped his bare feet on the stage and carried the banjo. His routine included jokes and a song and dance number called &amp;quot;Jim Crow,&amp;quot; which was played in a white version of a black dialect. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There were at least 44 verses in the entire song. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;code&amp;gt;The first verse :&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
''&amp;lt;code&amp;gt;Come, listen all you gals and boys, Ise just from Tuckyhoe;&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt;''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
''&amp;lt;code&amp;gt;I'm goin' to sing a little song, My name's Jim Crow.&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt;''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;code&amp;gt;Chorus :&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
''&amp;lt;code&amp;gt;Weel about and turn about and do jis so,&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt;''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
''&amp;lt;code&amp;gt;Eb'ry time I weel about I jump Jim Crow.&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt;''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Rice said he initially heard the song while strolling down the rear entryway in Louisville, Kentucky. The artist, an older black slave, worked in a metalworker's shop and was called Jim. Rice picked &amp;quot;Crow&amp;quot; since crows are dark. &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Leslie Vincent Tischauser. [https://books.google.co.id/books?hl=en&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;id=whk2vBbjHp4C&amp;amp;oi=fnd&amp;amp;pg=PP2&amp;amp;dq=jim+crow+laws&amp;amp;ots=3mD2COwZjq&amp;amp;sig=IeFNUhgHTIUGl4QDCMQWpQahh3k&amp;amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;amp;q&amp;amp;f=false Jim Crow Laws.] 2012. books.google.co.id. Retrieved March 23, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The public adored Rice and his character &amp;quot;Jim Crow&amp;quot;. From the 1830s to the 1850s, Rice went around the nation acting in singer shows. These shows comprised of comedic plays, melodies, assortment acts, and moving and ordinarily propagating negative generalizations of African Americans for amusement. With Rice's notoriety, entertainer shows turned into a main type of diversion until the '''Civil War''' and different entertainers started to duplicate Rice's character and styling. The act of scouring stopper all over got known as &amp;quot;blackface&amp;quot; and turned into a standard expansion to the shows. &amp;quot;Jim Crow&amp;quot; got shorthand for &amp;quot;African American&amp;quot; and kept going after Rice passed on and entertainer shows lost their popularity.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/jim-crow-era The Jim Crow Era.] www.battlefields.org. Retrieved March 23, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Ending==&lt;br /&gt;
Jim Crow segregation went under expanding assault following the Second World War. In 1947, Jackie Robinson broke the color line in baseball when he joined the Brooklyn Dodgers. In 1948, President Truman gave a chief request for authoritatively integrating the US military.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In any case, it was not until 1954 that the Plessy choice was upset in the case of Brown v. Leading body of Education of Topeka when the Supreme Court decided that isolated facilities were &amp;quot;inherently unequal.&amp;quot; Throughout the 1960s, Jim Crow has been demolished one by one thanks to the work of the Civil Rights Movement (opens in a new window), and his legislation made it illegal to isolate public facilities, suppress voting, discriminate against housing, or prohibit marriage from a different race..&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-history/the-gilded-age/south-after-civil-war/a/jim-crow Jim Crow.] www.khanacademy.org. Retrieved March 23, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External Link==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*More about Laws in Jim Crow Era, [https://www.ferris.edu/htmls/news/jimcrow/links/misclink/examples.htm here]&lt;br /&gt;
*Jim Jump Crow song, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xG2zd6NCzJ8 here]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Antisdio</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=File:A_sign_at_a_bus_station_in_Rome,_Georgia,_in_1943,_indicating_a_separate_waiting_area_for_Black_people_under_Jim_Crow_law..jpg&amp;diff=7169028</id>
		<title>File:A sign at a bus station in Rome, Georgia, in 1943, indicating a separate waiting area for Black people under Jim Crow law..jpg</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=File:A_sign_at_a_bus_station_in_Rome,_Georgia,_in_1943,_indicating_a_separate_waiting_area_for_Black_people_under_Jim_Crow_law..jpg&amp;diff=7169028"/>
		<updated>2021-03-23T17:12:01Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Antisdio: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;A sign at a bus station in Rome, Georgia, in 1943, indicating a separate waiting area for Black people under Jim Crow law.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Antisdio</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=File:Thomas_D._Rice_depicted_as_the_character_Jim_Crow_drawn_by_Edward_Williams_Clay..jpg&amp;diff=7169021</id>
		<title>File:Thomas D. Rice depicted as the character Jim Crow drawn by Edward Williams Clay..jpg</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=File:Thomas_D._Rice_depicted_as_the_character_Jim_Crow_drawn_by_Edward_Williams_Clay..jpg&amp;diff=7169021"/>
		<updated>2021-03-23T17:11:06Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Antisdio: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Thomas D. Rice depicted as the character Jim Crow drawn by Edward Williams Clay.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Antisdio</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=File:An_African_American_man_drinking_at_a_water_cooler_for_%E2%80%9Ccolored%E2%80%9D_people_at_a_streetcar_terminal_in_Oklahoma_City_in_1939..jpg&amp;diff=7169010</id>
		<title>File:An African American man drinking at a water cooler for “colored” people at a streetcar terminal in Oklahoma City in 1939..jpg</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=File:An_African_American_man_drinking_at_a_water_cooler_for_%E2%80%9Ccolored%E2%80%9D_people_at_a_streetcar_terminal_in_Oklahoma_City_in_1939..jpg&amp;diff=7169010"/>
		<updated>2021-03-23T17:10:03Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Antisdio: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;An African American man drinking at a water cooler for “colored” people at a streetcar terminal in Oklahoma City in 1939.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Antisdio</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Jim_Crow&amp;diff=7167927</id>
		<title>Jim Crow</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Jim_Crow&amp;diff=7167927"/>
		<updated>2021-03-23T16:49:10Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Antisdio: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[Category:Racism in Folklore]]&lt;br /&gt;
''&amp;quot;Jim Crow&amp;quot;'' was a contemptuous slang term for an individual of color (black people). It came to mean any state law passed in the South that set up different rules for blacks and whites &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.crf-usa.org/black-history-month/a-brief-history-of-jim-crow A Brief History of Jim Crow.] www.crf-usa.org. Retrieved March 23, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and the expression &amp;quot;Jim Crow&amp;quot; commonly alludes to abusive laws and customs once used to limit black rights.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;EVAN ANDREWS. [https://www.history.com/news/was-jim-crow-a-real-person Was Jim Crow a real person?]. August 31, 2018.  www.history.com. Retrieved March 23, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Beginning==&lt;br /&gt;
Jim Crow laws started in 1877 when the Supreme Court decided that states couldn't forbid isolation on basic methods of transportation like trains, streetcar, and riverboats. Afterward, in 1883, the Supreme Court toppled explicit pieces of the [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Civil-Rights-Act-United-States-1875#:~:text=Enacted%20on%20March%201%2C%201875,as%20restaurants%20and%20public%20transportation. '''Civil Rights Act of 1875'''], affirming the '''[https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/separate_but_equal &amp;quot;separate but equal&amp;quot;]''' idea. During the following years, states passed laws organizing prerequisites for discrete and equivalent facilities for blacks on open methods of transportation. Individuals of color additionally had separate schools, emergency clinics, houses of worship, burial grounds, bathrooms, and jails, and these facilities were normally mediocre compared to facilities for white individuals, albeit the laws required the different facilities to be of equivalent quality. Jim Crow laws likewise impacted social cooperations among blacks and whites. Inability to authorize these laws brought about fines or detainment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Into the twentieth century, Jim Crow laws kept on overseeing regular day to day existence in America, prohibiting all the interaction for blacks and whites. For example, in the territory of Georgia, blacks and whites needed to utilize separate parks. Blacks and whites couldn't play checkers together in Birmingham, Alabama, under a 1930 law. Furthermore, in 1935, blacks and whites were illegal from sailing together in Oklahoma. Blacks who abused these laws could be genuinely beaten by whites without backlash; lynchings happened with surprising recurrence when blacks disregarded Jim Crow laws.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://onlinellm.usc.edu/a-brief-history-of-jim-crow-laws/ A Brief history of Jim Crow Laws.] onlinellm.usc.edu. Retrieved March 23, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Jim Crow Laws==&lt;br /&gt;
Jim Crow laws were any of the laws that upheld racial segregation in the American South between the [https://www.britannica.com/event/Reconstruction-United-States-history/The-end-of-Reconstruction ''finish of Reconstruction in 1877''] and the start of the social liberties development during the 1950s. In its ''[https://www.britannica.com/event/Plessy-v-Ferguson-1896 Plessy v. Ferguson]'' choice (1896), the U.S. High Court decided that &amp;quot;separate but equal&amp;quot; facilities for African Americans did not violate the ''[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Fourteenth-Amendment &amp;quot;Fourteenth Amendment.&amp;quot;]'' It ignores the evidence that facilities for blacks are not as good as facilities for whites.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Melvin I. Urofsky. '''[https://www.britannica.com/event/Jim-Crow-law Jim Crow law.] 1877-1954. www.britannica.com. Retrieved March 23, 2021'''&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Jim Crow was named after a black actor on a television show, and these laws existed for nearly a century, from the post-Civil War period until 1968, and were designed to marginalize African Americans by denying them about the right to vote, hold jobs, receive education, and other freedoms. Those who attempted to overturn Jim Crow laws frequently faced arrest, fines, prison sentences, brutality, and murder. &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.history.com/topics/early-20th-century-us/jim-crow-laws Jim Crow Laws.] February 28, 2018. www.history.com. Retrieved March 23, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
''&amp;lt;code&amp;gt;“The most famous images of Jim Crow segregation are indelible, unforgettable: Separate bathrooms. Separate water fountains. Separate schools.”&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt;''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;STEVE LUXENBERG. [https://time.com/5527029/jim-crow-plessy-history/ The Forgotten Northern Origins of Jim Crow.] February 12, 2019. time.com. Retrieved March 23, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There is also the most commen laws in Jim Crow : It is prohibited for anybody to marry people of a different race, and business owners must separate customers based on skin color and defend their legal choice to deny service to people based on their race. &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Leslie Vincent Tischauser. [https://books.google.co.id/books?hl=en&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;id=whk2vBbjHp4C&amp;amp;oi=fnd&amp;amp;pg=PP2&amp;amp;dq=jim+crow+laws&amp;amp;ots=3mD2COwZjq&amp;amp;sig=IeFNUhgHTIUGl4QDCMQWpQahh3k&amp;amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;amp;q&amp;amp;f=false Jim Crow Laws.] 2012. books.google.co.id. Retrieved March 23, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;big&amp;gt;&amp;lt;u&amp;gt;Here is some Jim Crow Laws example from the various states :&amp;lt;/u&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/big&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;lt;big&amp;gt;ALABAMA&amp;lt;/big&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Nurses:''' No individual or company will require any white female medical attendant to nurture in wards or rooms in clinics, either open or private, in which negro men are set.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Buses:''' All passenger stations in this state worked by any engine transportation organization will have separate sitting areas or space and separate ticket windows for the white and colored races.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Railroads:''' Each passenger train's conductor is approved and required to allocate each passenger to the car or the compartment of the car (if the compartment is divided), which is designated for the race to which the passenger belongs.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Restaurants:''' It will be unlawful to direct a café or other spot for the serving of food in the city, at which white and minorities individuals are served in a similar room, except if such white and colored people are strongly isolated by a strong compartment stretching out from the floor upward to a distance of seven feet or higher, and except if a different passage from the road is accommodated every compartment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Pool and Billiard Rooms:''' It will be unlawful for a negro and white individual to play together or in organization with one another at any round of pool or billiards.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Toilet Facilities, Male:''' Every employer of white or black men shall provide these white or black men with independent toilets that are reasonably accessible.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;lt;big&amp;gt;ARIZONA&amp;lt;/big&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Intermarriage:''' Marriage between a Caucasian and a Negro, Mongolian, Malay, or Hindu is invalid.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;lt;big&amp;gt;FLORIDA&amp;lt;/big&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Intermarriage:''' all marriages between whites and blacks or between whites and blacks inherit until the fourth generation are always forbidden.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Cohabitation:''' Any black and white women, or white and black women who are not married to each other, shall habitually live in the same room at night and live at night, and shall be sentenced to imprisonment not exceeding twelve (12) months, or not A fine of more than five hundred U.S. dollars ($500.00).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Education:''' Schools for white students and schools for black students will be operated separately.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Juvenile Delinquents:''' There will be different building, not closer than one fourth mile to one another, one for white young men and one for negro young men. White young men and negro young men will not, in any way, be related together or cooperated. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;lt;big&amp;gt;GEORGIA&amp;lt;/big&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Mental Hospitals:''' The control committee should ensure that appropriate and different apartments are arranged for the aforementioned patients so that blacks and whites cannot be together under any circumstances.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Intermarriage:''' It is illegal for a white man to marry anyone other than a white man. Any marriage that violates the provisions of this section is invalid.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Barbers:''' Colored hairdressers should not serve white women or girls.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Burial:''' The officer who in charge will not bury , or permit to be buried, any black people upon ground set apart or utilized for the burrial of white people.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Restaurants:''' All people authorized to direct a café, will serve either white individuals only or minorities individuals only and will not offer to the two races inside a similar room or serve the two races anyplace under a similar permit.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Amateur Baseball:''' It will be unlawful for any beginner white ball club to play baseball on any empty lot or baseball field inside two squares of a plaground gave to the Negro race, and it will be unlawful for any beginner colored baseball club to play baseball in any empty part or baseball field inside two squares of any playground gave to the white race.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Parks:''' It will be unlawful for black people to visit any park claimed or kept up by the city for the advantage, use and delight in white persons...and unlawful for any white individual to visit any park claimed or kept up by the city for the utilization and advantage of black people.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Wine and Beer:''' All people authorized to lead the matter of selling brew or wine...shall serve either white individuals only or minorities individuals solely and will not offer to the two races inside a similar room&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;lt;big&amp;gt;KENTUCKY&amp;lt;/big&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Reform Schools:''' All the kids of white and black people who dedicated on the reform house will be kept completely separate from one another.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.ferris.edu/htmls/news/jimcrow/links/misclink/examples.htm Examples of Jim Crow Laws - Oct. 1960 - Civil Rights.] www.ferris.edu. Retrieved March 23, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Is Jim Crow A Person? ==&lt;br /&gt;
The name Jim Crow originated from an actor performing in a popular song and dance performance, one of the most popular performances touring the country from the 1820s to the 1870s.  In one of the tours, the white actor [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Thomas-Dartmouth-Rice '''Thomas Dartmouth &amp;quot;Daddy&amp;quot; Rice'''] portrayed an elderly black slave, Jim Crow. Rice appeared on the stage with a &amp;quot;black face&amp;quot;. He had a dark face, burnt corks, and worn out work clothes. He dipped his bare feet on the stage and carried the banjo. His routine included jokes and a song and dance number called &amp;quot;Jim Crow,&amp;quot; which was played in a white version of black dialect. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There were at least 44 verses in the entire song. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first verse :&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
''Come, listen all you gals and boys, Ise just from Tuckyhoe;''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
''I'm goin' to sing a little song, My name's Jim Crow.''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Chorus :&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
''Weel about and turn about and do jis so,''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
''Eb'ry time I weel about I jump Jim Crow.''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Rice said he initially heard the song while strolling down a rear entryway in Louisville, Kentucky. The artist, an older black slave, worked in a metalworker's shop and was called Jim. Rice picked &amp;quot;Crow&amp;quot; since crows are dark. &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Leslie Vincent Tischauser. [https://books.google.co.id/books?hl=en&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;id=whk2vBbjHp4C&amp;amp;oi=fnd&amp;amp;pg=PP2&amp;amp;dq=jim+crow+laws&amp;amp;ots=3mD2COwZjq&amp;amp;sig=IeFNUhgHTIUGl4QDCMQWpQahh3k&amp;amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;amp;q&amp;amp;f=false Jim Crow Laws.] 2012. books.google.co.id. Retrieved March 23, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The public adored Rice and his character &amp;quot;Jim Crow&amp;quot;. From the 1830s to the 1850s, Rice went around the nation acting in singer shows. These shows comprised of comedic plays, melodies, assortment acts, and moving and ordinarily propagating negative generalizations of African Americans for amusement. With Rice's notoriety, entertainer shows turned into a main type of diversion until the '''Civil War''' and different entertainers started to duplicate Rice's character and styling. The act of scouring stopper all over got known as &amp;quot;blackface&amp;quot; and turned into a standard expansion to the shows. &amp;quot;Jim Crow&amp;quot; got shorthand for &amp;quot;African American&amp;quot; and kept going great after Rice passed on and entertainer shows lost their popularity.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/jim-crow-era The Jim Crow Era.] www.battlefields.org. Retrieved March 23, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Ending ==&lt;br /&gt;
Jim Crow segregation went under expanding assault following the Second World War. In 1947, Jackie Robinson broke the color line in baseball when he joined the Brooklyn Dodgers. In 1948, President Truman gave a chief request authoritatively integrating the US military.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In any case, it was not until 1954 that the Plessy choice was upset on case of Brown v. Leading body of Education of Topeka, when the Supreme Court decided that isolated facilities were &amp;quot;inherently unequal.&amp;quot; Throughout the 1960s, Jim Crow was demolished one by one thanks to the work of the Civil Rights Movement (opens in a new window), and his legislation made it illegal to isolate public facilities, suppress voting, discriminate against housing, or prohibit the marriage from different race.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-history/the-gilded-age/south-after-civil-war/a/jim-crow Jim Crow.] www.khanacademy.org. Retrieved March 23, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== External Link ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* More about Laws in Jim Crow Era, [https://www.ferris.edu/htmls/news/jimcrow/links/misclink/examples.htm here]&lt;br /&gt;
* Jim Jump Crow song, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xG2zd6NCzJ8 here]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Antisdio</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Jim_Crow&amp;diff=7163259</id>
		<title>Jim Crow</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Jim_Crow&amp;diff=7163259"/>
		<updated>2021-03-23T15:07:31Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Antisdio: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[Category:Racism in Folklore]]&lt;br /&gt;
''&amp;quot;Jim Crow&amp;quot;'' was a contemptuous slang term for an individual of color (black people). It came to mean any state law passed in the South that set up different rules for blacks and whites &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.crf-usa.org/black-history-month/a-brief-history-of-jim-crow A Brief History of Jim Crow.] www.crf-usa.org. Retrieved March 23, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and the expression &amp;quot;Jim Crow&amp;quot; commonly alludes to abusive laws and customs once used to limit black rights.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;EVAN ANDREWS. [https://www.history.com/news/was-jim-crow-a-real-person Was Jim Crow a real person?]. August 31, 2018.  www.history.com. Retrieved March 23, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Beginning ==&lt;br /&gt;
Jim Crow laws started in 1877 when the Supreme Court decided that states couldn't forbid isolation on basic methods of transportation like trains, streetcar, and riverboats. Afterward, in 1883, the Supreme Court toppled explicit pieces of the [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Civil-Rights-Act-United-States-1875#:~:text=Enacted%20on%20March%201%2C%201875,as%20restaurants%20and%20public%20transportation. '''Civil Rights Act of 1875'''], affirming the '''[https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/separate_but_equal &amp;quot;separate but equal&amp;quot;]''' idea. During the following years, states passed laws organizing prerequisites for discrete and equivalent facilities for blacks on open methods of transportation. Individuals of color additionally had separate schools, emergency clinics, houses of worship, burial grounds, bathrooms, and jails, and these facilities were normally mediocre compared to facilities for white individuals, albeit the laws required the different facilities to be of equivalent quality. Jim Crow laws likewise impacted social cooperations among blacks and whites. Inability to authorize these laws brought about fines or detainment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Into the twentieth century, Jim Crow laws kept on overseeing regular day to day existence in America, prohibiting all the interaction for blacks and whites. For example, in the territory of Georgia, blacks and whites needed to utilize separate parks. Blacks and whites couldn't play checkers together in Birmingham, Alabama, under a 1930 law. Furthermore, in 1935, blacks and whites were illegal from sailing together in Oklahoma. Blacks who abused these laws could be genuinely beaten by whites without backlash; lynchings happened with surprising recurrence when blacks disregarded Jim Crow laws.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://onlinellm.usc.edu/a-brief-history-of-jim-crow-laws/ A Brief history of Jim Crow Laws.] onlinellm.usc.edu. Retrieved March 23, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Jim Crow Laws ==&lt;br /&gt;
Jim Crow laws were any of the laws that upheld racial segregation in the American South between the [https://www.britannica.com/event/Reconstruction-United-States-history/The-end-of-Reconstruction ''finish of Reconstruction in 1877''] and the start of the social liberties development during the 1950s. In its ''[https://www.britannica.com/event/Plessy-v-Ferguson-1896 Plessy v. Ferguson]'' choice (1896), the U.S. High Court decided that &amp;quot;separate but equal&amp;quot; facilities for African Americans did not violate the ''[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Fourteenth-Amendment &amp;quot;Fourteenth Amendment.&amp;quot;]'' It ignores the evidence that facilities for blacks are not as good as facilities for whites.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Melvin I. Urofsky. '''[https://www.britannica.com/event/Jim-Crow-law Jim Crow law.] 1877-1954. www.britannica.com. Retrieved March 23, 2021'''&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Jim Crow was named after a black actor on a television show, and these laws existed for nearly a century, from the post-Civil War period until 1968, and were designed to marginalize African Americans by denying them about the right to vote, hold jobs, receive education, and other freedoms. Those who attempted to overturn Jim Crow laws frequently faced arrest, fines, prison sentences, brutality, and murder. &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.history.com/topics/early-20th-century-us/jim-crow-laws Jim Crow Laws.] February 28, 2018. www.history.com. Retrieved March 23, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
''&amp;lt;code&amp;gt;“The most famous images of Jim Crow segregation are indelible, unforgettable: Separate bathrooms. Separate water fountains. Separate schools.”&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt;''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;STEVE LUXENBERG. [https://time.com/5527029/jim-crow-plessy-history/ The Forgotten Northern Origins of Jim Crow.] February 12, 2019. time.com. Retrieved March 23, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There is also the most commen laws in Jim Crow : It is prohibited for anybody to marry people of a different race, and business owners must separate customers based on skin color and defend their legal choice to deny service to people based on their race. &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Leslie Vincent Tischauser. [https://books.google.co.id/books?hl=en&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;id=whk2vBbjHp4C&amp;amp;oi=fnd&amp;amp;pg=PP2&amp;amp;dq=jim+crow+laws&amp;amp;ots=3mD2COwZjq&amp;amp;sig=IeFNUhgHTIUGl4QDCMQWpQahh3k&amp;amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;amp;q&amp;amp;f=false Jim Crow Laws.] 2012. books.google.co.id. Retrieved March 23, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;big&amp;gt;&amp;lt;u&amp;gt;Here is some jim crow law’s example from the various states :&amp;lt;/u&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/big&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Antisdio</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=The_Negro_Motorist_Green_Book_Exhibition&amp;diff=7077895</id>
		<title>The Negro Motorist Green Book Exhibition</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=The_Negro_Motorist_Green_Book_Exhibition&amp;diff=7077895"/>
		<updated>2021-03-20T14:53:06Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Antisdio: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[File:77ed0627-83f2-436c-8a14-60859b38f022-JGF 1274copy.jpg|thumb|400x400px|The Exhibition|alt=]]&lt;br /&gt;
The Negro Motorist Green Book is an exhibition developed by [https://www.sites.si.edu/s/about ''The Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service (SITES)''] in collaboration with award-winning author, photographer and cultural documentary writer Candacy Taylor. Its contextual perspective shows the realities of African-American travel in the mid-twentieth century in the United States. The Negro Motorist Green Book is not just a travel guide. It is a shield that enables blacks to explore their world with a higher dignity than fear rather than gaining more dignity from embarrassment.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://negromotoristgreenbook.si.edu/#:~:text=The%20Negro%20Motorist%20Green%20Book%20%E2%80%94%20an%20exhibition%20developed%20by%20the,African%20Americans%20in%20mid%2D20th LIGHTING THE WAYWHERE THE WAY IS DARK.] www.negromotoristgreenbook.si.edu. Retrieved March 20, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[https://www.sites.si.edu/s/about The Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service (SITES)] is located at :&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
470 L'Enfant Plaza East, SW&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Suite 7103&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Washington, DC 20024&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;'''[https://www.sites.si.edu/s/about About SITES.] www.sites.si.edu. Retrieved March 20, 2021'''&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Victor Hugo Green==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Merlin 149274273 9fe9cb26-4338-4593-96cb-c56e355f1543-jumbo.jpg|thumb|218x218px|Victor Hugo Green|alt=|left]]&lt;br /&gt;
Victor Hugo Green is a postal employee and civic leader in Harlem, New York. He was born in New York on November 9, 1892, the eldest of three children of William H. and Alice Green. In 1936, Green wanted to do something about racial segregation in the United States. He considered to list all first-class hotels that cater to black people in the United States as comprehensively as possible. ''&amp;quot;He collected information about hotels, restaurants, and gas stations. These books served African Americans for his first edition of The Negro Motorist Green Book&amp;quot;.'' Because some towns do not have any hotels or motels that can accommodate African Americans. American, so he listed &amp;quot;tourist houses&amp;quot; and the homeowner rented out the rent to travelers.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
By 1949, the guide had included international destinations in Bermuda, Mexico and Canada. It lists places for food, lodging and gas stations. In 1952, Green changed the name to ''The Negro Travelers’ Green Book''. Although Green died in 1960, publishing continued, and his widow, Alma, served as editor until 1966. The passage of the '''[https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/civil-rights-act Civil Rights Act of 1964]''' and the legal end of apartheid in public facilities marked the beginning of the guide's obsolescence. Green’s goals described in the introduction to the first edition of the work.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Harlem World Magazine. [https://www.harlemworldmagazine.com/harlems-victor-hugo-greens-the-green-book/ Harlem’s Victor Hugo Green’s The Green Book.] August 11, 2020. www.harlemworldmagazine.com. Retrieved March 20, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Background==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Pages from the green book.jpg|thumb|414x414px|Pages from The Green Book|alt=]]&lt;br /&gt;
The Negro Motorist Green Book was written by Harlem postman Victor Green in 1936. It is an annual guide designed to help African Americans in [https://www.history.com/topics/early-20th-century-us/jim-crow-laws '''Jim Crow Laws'''], during the time of law and apartheid, travel to the country safely and with dignity. The Green Book is also an indispensable resource for the successful black-owned businesses of the era and the growing African American middle class. In this new immersive exhibition, walk into the reality of African Americans entering the mid-century.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.civilrightsmuseum.org/green-book-exhibition The Green Book.] www.civilrightsmuseum.org. Retrieved March 20, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''''&amp;quot;Let's get together and make Motoring better&amp;quot;.''''' Green hopes to provide black drivers with all the services they need to make their travel as stress-free as possible. Green is a shrewd businessman, he also wants to provide a wide range of services to a wide audience. Reaching the black middle class means attracting people with different backgrounds and income levels. The black middle class includes black professionals, including doctors, clergy and teachers, business executives, business owners such as barbers and beauty shop operators, and well-trained porters: porters, food truck waiters and chefs. An organization like brothers.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Gretchen Sorin. [https://www.academia.edu/42607357/The_Negro_Motorist_Green_Book The Negro Motorist Green-Book.] 2010. www.academia.edu. Retrieved March 20, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On its page, we can see all the information about restaurants, gas stations, motels, and in the end, high-end hotels, nightclubs, salons and other services that welcome Black travelers when so many companies are unwilling to do so. The Green Book helps black motorists to drive in a small town at sunset, where blacks cannot be seen on the road after dark. On the contrary, it brings joy to this land created for you and me.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Rudy Williams. [https://www.localmemphis.com/article/news/history/national-civil-rights-museum-premiers-green-book-exhibiton/522-24411455-c4f4-478a-89a4-566fc2d98cf9 'The Negro Motorist: Green Book' makes first exhibition stop the Lorraine Motel, one of the travel guides many listings for Black travelers..] October 15, 2020. www.localmemphis.com. Retrieved March 20, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The publication of ''&amp;quot;The Green Book&amp;quot;'' ceased in 1967, and the guide that provided ''&amp;quot;travel without embarrassment&amp;quot;'' for many years was forgotten by history. Few people today remember its key role in expanding the horizons of African Americans.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;'''[https://www.sites.si.edu/s/topic/0TO36000000U032GAC/the-negro-motorist-green-book The Negro Motorist Green Book.] www.sites.si.edu. Retrieved March 20, 2021'''&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
''“Today, only about 5% of the more than 10,000 businesses listed in Green Books editions exist. The Lorraine Hotel in Memphis is one of them.”'' Historian Dr. Noelle Trent said that although it is no longer a motel, it is home to the National Civil Rights Museum.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Rudy Williams. [https://www.localmemphis.com/article/news/history/national-civil-rights-museum-premiers-green-book-exhibiton/522-24411455-c4f4-478a-89a4-566fc2d98cf9 'The Negro Motorist: Green Book' makes first exhibition stop the Lorraine Motel, one of the travel guides many listings for Black travelers..] October 15, 2020. www.localmemphis.com. Retrieved March 20, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Exhibition==&lt;br /&gt;
In this new immersive exhibition, walk into the reality of African Americans entering the mid-century. In the era of Jim Crow, the law and the communities of &amp;quot;Sunset Towns&amp;quot; (which specifically prohibited African Americans from staying overnight) provided vital life-saving information and shelters. The exhibition will not only focus on the success of many black-owned companies that have made these journeys possible; it will provide viewers with an opportunity to interact visually with people on the journey.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.civilrightsmuseum.org/green-book-exhibition The Green Book.] www.civilrightsmuseum.org. Retrieved March 20, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The exhibition &amp;quot;The Negro Motorist Green Book&amp;quot; features film, photographs, art installations, interactive, historical documents from travelers and Green Book business owners; compares of Green Book sites then and now; historical objects from the Smithsonian and Green Book sites, such as a classic case of a Green Book, matchbooks, business signs, booklets, &amp;quot;sundown&amp;quot; signs, and historical records.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.civilrightsmuseum.org/green-book-exhibition The Green Book.] www.civilrightsmuseum.org. Retrieved March 20, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
''&amp;quot;That is why it is so powerful that this exhibition is opening up at a green book site because they are symbols of refuge. They redefine sanctuary the agency of place and the story of race in America. We wanted to tell a story of that not only one of struggle. They symbolize Black ingenuity, resourcefulness, strength and entrepreneurship and resilience,&amp;quot;'' –Candacy Taylor (Exhibition curator)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Reference==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Anti-Black Racism in Arts]]&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Antisdio</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=The_Negro_Motorist_Green_Book_Exhibition&amp;diff=7077893</id>
		<title>The Negro Motorist Green Book Exhibition</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=The_Negro_Motorist_Green_Book_Exhibition&amp;diff=7077893"/>
		<updated>2021-03-20T14:52:28Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Antisdio: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[File:77ed0627-83f2-436c-8a14-60859b38f022-JGF 1274copy.jpg|thumb|350x350px|The Exhibition]]&lt;br /&gt;
The Negro Motorist Green Book is an exhibition developed by [https://www.sites.si.edu/s/about ''The Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service (SITES)''] in collaboration with award-winning author, photographer and cultural documentary writer Candacy Taylor. Its contextual perspective shows the realities of African-American travel in the mid-twentieth century in the United States. The Negro Motorist Green Book is not just a travel guide. It is a shield that enables blacks to explore their world with a higher dignity than fear rather than gaining more dignity from embarrassment.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://negromotoristgreenbook.si.edu/#:~:text=The%20Negro%20Motorist%20Green%20Book%20%E2%80%94%20an%20exhibition%20developed%20by%20the,African%20Americans%20in%20mid%2D20th LIGHTING THE WAYWHERE THE WAY IS DARK.] www.negromotoristgreenbook.si.edu. Retrieved March 20, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[https://www.sites.si.edu/s/about The Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service (SITES)] is located at :&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
470 L'Enfant Plaza East, SW&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Suite 7103&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Washington, DC 20024&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;'''[https://www.sites.si.edu/s/about About SITES.] www.sites.si.edu. Retrieved March 20, 2021'''&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Victor Hugo Green==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Merlin 149274273 9fe9cb26-4338-4593-96cb-c56e355f1543-jumbo.jpg|thumb|218x218px|Victor Hugo Green|alt=|left]]&lt;br /&gt;
Victor Hugo Green is a postal employee and civic leader in Harlem, New York. He was born in New York on November 9, 1892, the eldest of three children of William H. and Alice Green. In 1936, Green wanted to do something about racial segregation in the United States. He considered to list all first-class hotels that cater to black people in the United States as comprehensively as possible. ''&amp;quot;He collected information about hotels, restaurants, and gas stations. These books served African Americans for his first edition of The Negro Motorist Green Book&amp;quot;.'' Because some towns do not have any hotels or motels that can accommodate African Americans. American, so he listed &amp;quot;tourist houses&amp;quot; and the homeowner rented out the rent to travelers.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
By 1949, the guide had included international destinations in Bermuda, Mexico and Canada. It lists places for food, lodging and gas stations. In 1952, Green changed the name to ''The Negro Travelers’ Green Book''. Although Green died in 1960, publishing continued, and his widow, Alma, served as editor until 1966. The passage of the '''[https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/civil-rights-act Civil Rights Act of 1964]''' and the legal end of apartheid in public facilities marked the beginning of the guide's obsolescence. Green’s goals described in the introduction to the first edition of the work.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Harlem World Magazine. [https://www.harlemworldmagazine.com/harlems-victor-hugo-greens-the-green-book/ Harlem’s Victor Hugo Green’s The Green Book.] August 11, 2020. www.harlemworldmagazine.com. Retrieved March 20, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Background==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Pages from the green book.jpg|thumb|414x414px|Pages from The Green Book|alt=]]&lt;br /&gt;
The Negro Motorist Green Book was written by Harlem postman Victor Green in 1936. It is an annual guide designed to help African Americans in [https://www.history.com/topics/early-20th-century-us/jim-crow-laws '''Jim Crow Laws'''], during the time of law and apartheid, travel to the country safely and with dignity. The Green Book is also an indispensable resource for the successful black-owned businesses of the era and the growing African American middle class. In this new immersive exhibition, walk into the reality of African Americans entering the mid-century.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.civilrightsmuseum.org/green-book-exhibition The Green Book.] www.civilrightsmuseum.org. Retrieved March 20, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''''&amp;quot;Let's get together and make Motoring better&amp;quot;.''''' Green hopes to provide black drivers with all the services they need to make their travel as stress-free as possible. Green is a shrewd businessman, he also wants to provide a wide range of services to a wide audience. Reaching the black middle class means attracting people with different backgrounds and income levels. The black middle class includes black professionals, including doctors, clergy and teachers, business executives, business owners such as barbers and beauty shop operators, and well-trained porters: porters, food truck waiters and chefs. An organization like brothers.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Gretchen Sorin. [https://www.academia.edu/42607357/The_Negro_Motorist_Green_Book The Negro Motorist Green-Book.] 2010. www.academia.edu. Retrieved March 20, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On its page, we can see all the information about restaurants, gas stations, motels, and in the end, high-end hotels, nightclubs, salons and other services that welcome Black travelers when so many companies are unwilling to do so. The Green Book helps black motorists to drive in a small town at sunset, where blacks cannot be seen on the road after dark. On the contrary, it brings joy to this land created for you and me.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Rudy Williams. [https://www.localmemphis.com/article/news/history/national-civil-rights-museum-premiers-green-book-exhibiton/522-24411455-c4f4-478a-89a4-566fc2d98cf9 'The Negro Motorist: Green Book' makes first exhibition stop the Lorraine Motel, one of the travel guides many listings for Black travelers..] October 15, 2020. www.localmemphis.com. Retrieved March 20, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The publication of ''&amp;quot;The Green Book&amp;quot;'' ceased in 1967, and the guide that provided ''&amp;quot;travel without embarrassment&amp;quot;'' for many years was forgotten by history. Few people today remember its key role in expanding the horizons of African Americans.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;'''[https://www.sites.si.edu/s/topic/0TO36000000U032GAC/the-negro-motorist-green-book The Negro Motorist Green Book.] www.sites.si.edu. Retrieved March 20, 2021'''&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
''“Today, only about 5% of the more than 10,000 businesses listed in Green Books editions exist. The Lorraine Hotel in Memphis is one of them.”'' Historian Dr. Noelle Trent said that although it is no longer a motel, it is home to the National Civil Rights Museum.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Rudy Williams. [https://www.localmemphis.com/article/news/history/national-civil-rights-museum-premiers-green-book-exhibiton/522-24411455-c4f4-478a-89a4-566fc2d98cf9 'The Negro Motorist: Green Book' makes first exhibition stop the Lorraine Motel, one of the travel guides many listings for Black travelers..] October 15, 2020. www.localmemphis.com. Retrieved March 20, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Exhibition==&lt;br /&gt;
In this new immersive exhibition, walk into the reality of African Americans entering the mid-century. In the era of Jim Crow, the law and the communities of &amp;quot;Sunset Towns&amp;quot; (which specifically prohibited African Americans from staying overnight) provided vital life-saving information and shelters. The exhibition will not only focus on the success of many black-owned companies that have made these journeys possible; it will provide viewers with an opportunity to interact visually with people on the journey.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.civilrightsmuseum.org/green-book-exhibition The Green Book.] www.civilrightsmuseum.org. Retrieved March 20, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The exhibition &amp;quot;The Negro Motorist Green Book&amp;quot; features film, photographs, art installations, interactive, historical documents from travelers and Green Book business owners; compares of Green Book sites then and now; historical objects from the Smithsonian and Green Book sites, such as a classic case of a Green Book, matchbooks, business signs, booklets, &amp;quot;sundown&amp;quot; signs, and historical records.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.civilrightsmuseum.org/green-book-exhibition The Green Book.] www.civilrightsmuseum.org. Retrieved March 20, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
''&amp;quot;That is why it is so powerful that this exhibition is opening up at a green book site because they are symbols of refuge. They redefine sanctuary the agency of place and the story of race in America. We wanted to tell a story of that not only one of struggle. They symbolize Black ingenuity, resourcefulness, strength and entrepreneurship and resilience,&amp;quot;'' –Candacy Taylor (Exhibition curator)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Reference==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Anti-Black Racism in Arts]]&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Antisdio</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=File:77ed0627-83f2-436c-8a14-60859b38f022-JGF_1274copy.jpg&amp;diff=7077892</id>
		<title>File:77ed0627-83f2-436c-8a14-60859b38f022-JGF 1274copy.jpg</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=File:77ed0627-83f2-436c-8a14-60859b38f022-JGF_1274copy.jpg&amp;diff=7077892"/>
		<updated>2021-03-20T14:52:04Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Antisdio: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;The Exhibition&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Antisdio</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=The_Negro_Motorist_Green_Book_Exhibition&amp;diff=7077886</id>
		<title>The Negro Motorist Green Book Exhibition</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=The_Negro_Motorist_Green_Book_Exhibition&amp;diff=7077886"/>
		<updated>2021-03-20T14:48:29Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Antisdio: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;The Negro Motorist Green Book is an exhibition developed by [https://www.sites.si.edu/s/about ''The Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service (SITES)''] in collaboration with award-winning author, photographer and cultural documentary writer Candacy Taylor. Its contextual perspective shows the realities of African-American travel in the mid-twentieth century in the United States. The Negro Motorist Green Book is not just a travel guide. It is a shield that enables blacks to explore their world with a higher dignity than fear rather than gaining more dignity from embarrassment.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://negromotoristgreenbook.si.edu/#:~:text=The%20Negro%20Motorist%20Green%20Book%20%E2%80%94%20an%20exhibition%20developed%20by%20the,African%20Americans%20in%20mid%2D20th LIGHTING THE WAYWHERE THE WAY IS DARK.] www.negromotoristgreenbook.si.edu. Retrieved March 20, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[https://www.sites.si.edu/s/about The Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service (SITES)] is located at :&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
470 L'Enfant Plaza East, SW&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Suite 7103&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Washington, DC 20024&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;'''[https://www.sites.si.edu/s/about About SITES.] www.sites.si.edu. Retrieved March 20, 2021'''&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Victor Hugo Green==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Merlin 149274273 9fe9cb26-4338-4593-96cb-c56e355f1543-jumbo.jpg|thumb|243x243px|Victor Hugo Green]]&lt;br /&gt;
Victor Hugo Green is a postal employee and civic leader in Harlem, New York. He was born in New York on November 9, 1892, the eldest of three children of William H. and Alice Green. In 1936, Green wanted to do something about racial segregation in the United States. He considered to list all first-class hotels that cater to black people in the United States as comprehensively as possible. ''&amp;quot;He collected information about hotels, restaurants, and gas stations. These books served African Americans for his first edition of The Negro Motorist Green Book&amp;quot;.'' Because some towns do not have any hotels or motels that can accommodate African Americans. American, so he listed &amp;quot;tourist houses&amp;quot; and the homeowner rented out the rent to travelers.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
By 1949, the guide had included international destinations in Bermuda, Mexico and Canada. It lists places for food, lodging and gas stations. In 1952, Green changed the name to ''The Negro Travelers’ Green Book''. Although Green died in 1960, publishing continued, and his widow, Alma, served as editor until 1966. The passage of the '''[https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/civil-rights-act Civil Rights Act of 1964]''' and the legal end of apartheid in public facilities marked the beginning of the guide's obsolescence. Green’s goals described in the introduction to the first edition of the work.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Harlem World Magazine. [https://www.harlemworldmagazine.com/harlems-victor-hugo-greens-the-green-book/ Harlem’s Victor Hugo Green’s The Green Book.] August 11, 2020. www.harlemworldmagazine.com. Retrieved March 20, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Background==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Pages from the green book.jpg|left|thumb|414x414px|Pages from The Green Book]]&lt;br /&gt;
The Negro Motorist Green Book was written by Harlem postman Victor Green in 1936. It is an annual guide designed to help African Americans in [https://www.history.com/topics/early-20th-century-us/jim-crow-laws '''Jim Crow Laws'''], during the time of law and apartheid, travel to the country safely and with dignity. The Green Book is also an indispensable resource for the successful black-owned businesses of the era and the growing African American middle class. In this new immersive exhibition, walk into the reality of African Americans entering the mid-century.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.civilrightsmuseum.org/green-book-exhibition The Green Book.] www.civilrightsmuseum.org. Retrieved March 20, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''''&amp;quot;Let's get together and make Motoring better&amp;quot;.''''' Green hopes to provide black drivers with all the services they need to make their travel as stress-free as possible. Green is a shrewd businessman, he also wants to provide a wide range of services to a wide audience. Reaching the black middle class means attracting people with different backgrounds and income levels. The black middle class includes black professionals, including doctors, clergy and teachers, business executives, business owners such as barbers and beauty shop operators, and well-trained porters: porters, food truck waiters and chefs. An organization like brothers.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Gretchen Sorin. [https://www.academia.edu/42607357/The_Negro_Motorist_Green_Book The Negro Motorist Green-Book.] 2010. www.academia.edu. Retrieved March 20, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On its page, we can see all the information about restaurants, gas stations, motels, and in the end, high-end hotels, nightclubs, salons and other services that welcome Black travelers when so many companies are unwilling to do so. The Green Book helps black motorists to drive in a small town at sunset, where blacks cannot be seen on the road after dark. On the contrary, it brings joy to this land created for you and me.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Rudy Williams. [https://www.localmemphis.com/article/news/history/national-civil-rights-museum-premiers-green-book-exhibiton/522-24411455-c4f4-478a-89a4-566fc2d98cf9 'The Negro Motorist: Green Book' makes first exhibition stop the Lorraine Motel, one of the travel guides many listings for Black travelers..] October 15, 2020. www.localmemphis.com. Retrieved March 20, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The publication of ''&amp;quot;The Green Book&amp;quot;'' ceased in 1967, and the guide that provided ''&amp;quot;travel without embarrassment&amp;quot;'' for many years was forgotten by history. Few people today remember its key role in expanding the horizons of African Americans.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;'''[https://www.sites.si.edu/s/topic/0TO36000000U032GAC/the-negro-motorist-green-book The Negro Motorist Green Book.] www.sites.si.edu. Retrieved March 20, 2021'''&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
''“Today, only about 5% of the more than 10,000 businesses listed in Green Books editions exist. The Lorraine Hotel in Memphis is one of them.”'' Historian Dr. Noelle Trent said that although it is no longer a motel, it is home to the National Civil Rights Museum.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Rudy Williams. [https://www.localmemphis.com/article/news/history/national-civil-rights-museum-premiers-green-book-exhibiton/522-24411455-c4f4-478a-89a4-566fc2d98cf9 'The Negro Motorist: Green Book' makes first exhibition stop the Lorraine Motel, one of the travel guides many listings for Black travelers..] October 15, 2020. www.localmemphis.com. Retrieved March 20, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Exhibition==&lt;br /&gt;
In this new immersive exhibition, walk into the reality of African Americans entering the mid-century. In the era of Jim Crow, the law and the communities of &amp;quot;Sunset Towns&amp;quot; (which specifically prohibited African Americans from staying overnight) provided vital life-saving information and shelters. The exhibition will not only focus on the success of many black-owned companies that have made these journeys possible; it will provide viewers with an opportunity to interact visually with people on the journey.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.civilrightsmuseum.org/green-book-exhibition The Green Book.] www.civilrightsmuseum.org. Retrieved March 20, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The exhibition &amp;quot;The Negro Motorist Green Book&amp;quot; features film, photographs, art installations, interactive, historical documents from travelers and Green Book business owners; compares of Green Book sites then and now; historical objects from the Smithsonian and Green Book sites, such as a classic case of a Green Book, matchbooks, business signs, booklets, &amp;quot;sundown&amp;quot; signs, and historical records.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.civilrightsmuseum.org/green-book-exhibition The Green Book.] www.civilrightsmuseum.org. Retrieved March 20, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
''&amp;quot;That is why it is so powerful that this exhibition is opening up at a green book site because they are symbols of refuge. They redefine sanctuary the agency of place and the story of race in America. We wanted to tell a story of that not only one of struggle. They symbolize Black ingenuity, resourcefulness, strength and entrepreneurship and resilience,&amp;quot;'' –Candacy Taylor (Exhibition curator)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Reference==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Anti-Black Racism in Arts]]&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Antisdio</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=File:Pages_from_the_green_book.jpg&amp;diff=7077885</id>
		<title>File:Pages from the green book.jpg</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=File:Pages_from_the_green_book.jpg&amp;diff=7077885"/>
		<updated>2021-03-20T14:47:50Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Antisdio: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Pages from The Green Book&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Antisdio</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=File:Merlin_149274273_9fe9cb26-4338-4593-96cb-c56e355f1543-jumbo.jpg&amp;diff=7077882</id>
		<title>File:Merlin 149274273 9fe9cb26-4338-4593-96cb-c56e355f1543-jumbo.jpg</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=File:Merlin_149274273_9fe9cb26-4338-4593-96cb-c56e355f1543-jumbo.jpg&amp;diff=7077882"/>
		<updated>2021-03-20T14:46:51Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Antisdio: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Victor Hugo Green&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Antisdio</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=The_Negro_Motorist_Green_Book_Exhibition&amp;diff=7077880</id>
		<title>The Negro Motorist Green Book Exhibition</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=The_Negro_Motorist_Green_Book_Exhibition&amp;diff=7077880"/>
		<updated>2021-03-20T14:46:06Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Antisdio: Created page with &amp;quot;The Negro Motorist Green Book is an exhibition developed by [https://www.sites.si.edu/s/about ''The Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service (SITES)''] in collabor...&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;The Negro Motorist Green Book is an exhibition developed by [https://www.sites.si.edu/s/about ''The Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service (SITES)''] in collaboration with award-winning author, photographer and cultural documentary writer Candacy Taylor. Its contextual perspective shows the realities of African-American travel in the mid-twentieth century in the United States. The Negro Motorist Green Book is not just a travel guide. It is a shield that enables blacks to explore their world with a higher dignity than fear rather than gaining more dignity from embarrassment.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://negromotoristgreenbook.si.edu/#:~:text=The%20Negro%20Motorist%20Green%20Book%20%E2%80%94%20an%20exhibition%20developed%20by%20the,African%20Americans%20in%20mid%2D20th LIGHTING THE WAYWHERE THE WAY IS DARK.] www.negromotoristgreenbook.si.edu. Retrieved March 20, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[https://www.sites.si.edu/s/about The Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service (SITES)] is located at :&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
470 L'Enfant Plaza East, SW&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Suite 7103&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Washington, DC 20024&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;'''[https://www.sites.si.edu/s/about About SITES.] www.sites.si.edu. Retrieved March 20, 2021'''&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Victor Hugo Green ==&lt;br /&gt;
Victor Hugo Green is a postal employee and civic leader in Harlem, New York. He was born in New York on November 9, 1892, the eldest of three children of William H. and Alice Green. In 1936, Green wanted to do something about racial segregation in the United States. He considered to list all first-class hotels that cater to black people in the United States as comprehensively as possible. ''&amp;quot;He collected information about hotels, restaurants, and gas stations. These books served African Americans for his first edition of The Negro Motorist Green Book&amp;quot;.'' Because some towns do not have any hotels or motels that can accommodate African Americans. American, so he listed &amp;quot;tourist houses&amp;quot; and the homeowner rented out the rent to travelers.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
By 1949, the guide had included international destinations in Bermuda, Mexico and Canada. It lists places for food, lodging and gas stations. In 1952, Green changed the name to ''The Negro Travelers’ Green Book''. Although Green died in 1960, publishing continued, and his widow, Alma, served as editor until 1966. The passage of the '''[https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/civil-rights-act Civil Rights Act of 1964]''' and the legal end of apartheid in public facilities marked the beginning of the guide's obsolescence. Green’s goals described in the introduction to the first edition of the work.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Harlem World Magazine. [https://www.harlemworldmagazine.com/harlems-victor-hugo-greens-the-green-book/ Harlem’s Victor Hugo Green’s The Green Book.] August 11, 2020. www.harlemworldmagazine.com. Retrieved March 20, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Background ==&lt;br /&gt;
The Negro Motorist Green Book was written by Harlem postman Victor Green in 1936. It is an annual guide designed to help African Americans in [https://www.history.com/topics/early-20th-century-us/jim-crow-laws '''Jim Crow Laws'''], during the time of law and apartheid, travel to the country safely and with dignity. The Green Book is also an indispensable resource for the successful black-owned businesses of the era and the growing African American middle class. In this new immersive exhibition, walk into the reality of African Americans entering the mid-century.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.civilrightsmuseum.org/green-book-exhibition The Green Book.] www.civilrightsmuseum.org. Retrieved March 20, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''''&amp;quot;Let's get together and make Motoring better&amp;quot;.''''' Green hopes to provide black drivers with all the services they need to make their travel as stress-free as possible. Green is a shrewd businessman, he also wants to provide a wide range of services to a wide audience. Reaching the black middle class means attracting people with different backgrounds and income levels. The black middle class includes black professionals, including doctors, clergy and teachers, business executives, business owners such as barbers and beauty shop operators, and well-trained porters: porters, food truck waiters and chefs. An organization like brothers.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Gretchen Sorin. [https://www.academia.edu/42607357/The_Negro_Motorist_Green_Book The Negro Motorist Green-Book.] 2010. www.academia.edu. Retrieved March 20, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On its page, we can see all the information about restaurants, gas stations, motels, and in the end, high-end hotels, nightclubs, salons and other services that welcome Black travelers when so many companies are unwilling to do so. The Green Book helps black motorists to drive in a small town at sunset, where blacks cannot be seen on the road after dark. On the contrary, it brings joy to this land created for you and me.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Rudy Williams. [https://www.localmemphis.com/article/news/history/national-civil-rights-museum-premiers-green-book-exhibiton/522-24411455-c4f4-478a-89a4-566fc2d98cf9 'The Negro Motorist: Green Book' makes first exhibition stop the Lorraine Motel, one of the travel guides many listings for Black travelers..] October 15, 2020. www.localmemphis.com. Retrieved March 20, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The publication of ''&amp;quot;The Green Book&amp;quot;'' ceased in 1967, and the guide that provided ''&amp;quot;travel without embarrassment&amp;quot;'' for many years was forgotten by history. Few people today remember its key role in expanding the horizons of African Americans.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;'''[https://www.sites.si.edu/s/topic/0TO36000000U032GAC/the-negro-motorist-green-book The Negro Motorist Green Book.] www.sites.si.edu. Retrieved March 20, 2021'''&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
''“Today, only about 5% of the more than 10,000 businesses listed in Green Books editions exist. The Lorraine Hotel in Memphis is one of them.”'' Historian Dr. Noelle Trent said that although it is no longer a motel, it is home to the National Civil Rights Museum.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Rudy Williams. [https://www.localmemphis.com/article/news/history/national-civil-rights-museum-premiers-green-book-exhibiton/522-24411455-c4f4-478a-89a4-566fc2d98cf9 'The Negro Motorist: Green Book' makes first exhibition stop the Lorraine Motel, one of the travel guides many listings for Black travelers..] October 15, 2020. www.localmemphis.com. Retrieved March 20, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Exhibition ==&lt;br /&gt;
In this new immersive exhibition, walk into the reality of African Americans entering the mid-century. In the era of Jim Crow, the law and the communities of &amp;quot;Sunset Towns&amp;quot; (which specifically prohibited African Americans from staying overnight) provided vital life-saving information and shelters. The exhibition will not only focus on the success of many black-owned companies that have made these journeys possible; it will provide viewers with an opportunity to interact visually with people on the journey.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.civilrightsmuseum.org/green-book-exhibition The Green Book.] www.civilrightsmuseum.org. Retrieved March 20, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The exhibition &amp;quot;The Negro Motorist Green Book&amp;quot; features film, photographs, art installations, interactive, historical documents from travelers and Green Book business owners; compares of Green Book sites then and now; historical objects from the Smithsonian and Green Book sites, such as a classic case of a Green Book, matchbooks, business signs, booklets, &amp;quot;sundown&amp;quot; signs, and historical records.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.civilrightsmuseum.org/green-book-exhibition The Green Book.] www.civilrightsmuseum.org. Retrieved March 20, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
''&amp;quot;That is why it is so powerful that this exhibition is opening up at a green book site because they are symbols of refuge. They redefine sanctuary the agency of place and the story of race in America. We wanted to tell a story of that not only one of struggle. They symbolize Black ingenuity, resourcefulness, strength and entrepreneurship and resilience,&amp;quot;'' –Candacy Taylor (Exhibition curator)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Reference ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Anti-Black Racism in Arts]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Antisdio</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Nicodemus_National_Historic_Site&amp;diff=7073007</id>
		<title>Nicodemus National Historic Site</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Nicodemus_National_Historic_Site&amp;diff=7073007"/>
		<updated>2021-03-19T14:13:52Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Antisdio: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[File:Nicodemus.JPG|thumb|380x380px|Nicodemus National Historic SIte|alt=]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*Located at 304 Washington Avenue Nicodemus, Kansas 67625. &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.kansastravel.org/nicodemus.htm Nicodemus National Historic Site.] kansastravel.org. Retrieved March 19, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The Nicodemus National Historic Site preserves the only western town established by African Americans during the post-Civil War reconstruction period.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Nicodemus is one of the first black settlements in Kansas and the only western town established by African Americans at the end of the reconstruction and reserved for African Americans.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;ROSAMOND C. RODMAN. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23534184?Search=yes&amp;amp;resultItemClick=true&amp;amp;searchText=nicodemus%20town&amp;amp;searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dnicodemus%2Btown&amp;amp;ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_search_gsv2%2Ftest&amp;amp;refreqid=fastly-default%3A5d42a4cf58d844a8957c52f1716b19f6&amp;amp;seq=1 NAMING A PLACE NICODEMUS.] 2008. jstor.org. Retrieved March 19, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;It is recognized as an important part of the past of African Americans and an important part of American history in the Midwestern Prairie.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;DeAnn R. Presley and Flordeliz T. Bugarin. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/24887747?Search=yes&amp;amp;resultItemClick=true&amp;amp;searchText=nicodemus%20town&amp;amp;searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dnicodemus%2Btown&amp;amp;ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_search_gsv2%2Ftest&amp;amp;refreqid=fastly-default%3A5d42a4cf58d844a8957c52f1716b19f6&amp;amp;seq=1 Morphology, provenance, and decomposition of a 19 th century hybrid dugout and sod house in Nicodemus, Kansas.] 2016. www.jstor.org. Retrieved March 19, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The town of Nicodemus symbolizes the pioneering spirit of African Americans, who dare to leave the only area they are familiar with to seek personal freedom and opportunities to develop their talents and abilities.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.nationalparks.org/connect/explore-parks/nicodemus-national-historic-site NICODEMUS NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE.] www.nationalparks.org. Retrieved March 19, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''''“A seemingly simple rural community, Nicodemus is a symbol of the strength, determination, and endurance of African-Americans who settled here.”'''''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.nps.gov/articles/nicodemus_nhs_landscape_equality.htm Nicodemus National Historic Site.] www.nps.gov. Retrieved March 19, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==History==&lt;br /&gt;
The history of Nicodemus began at the end of the Civil War, before the &amp;quot;Exodus in 1879&amp;quot;, when former slaves began to move from the South to the North and Western lands, where they could support themselves and make a living mainly by cultivating their own land. Beginning in September 1877, two important groups settled in Nicodemus: real estate agents W.R. Hill and Reverend W.H. Smith led the first group of about 350 African Americans from Lexington, Kentucky to Graham County, Kansas (the seat of Nicodemus). In the spring of 1878, another 250 people arrived.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.nps.gov/articles/nicodemus_nhs_landscape_equality.htm Nicodemus National Historic Site.] www.nps.gov. Retrieved March 19, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:A ca. 1885 view of Nicodemus, Kansas shows the original First Baptist Church and the Williams General Merchandise store..jpg|left|thumb|''A ca. 1885 view of Nicodemus, Kansas shows the original First Baptist Church and the Williams General Merchandise store.'']]&lt;br /&gt;
When the first Nicodemus pioneers arrived in the area, they quickly built canoes to provide shelter before the first winter. To build a dugout, the settlers would dig into the ground or cut into a slope, and cover the building with a roof of poles. Although the floor is earthy and the walls are made of turf blocks, the roof is constructed by laying down brushes and branches and branches as the foundation of the turf cover. A thin layer of magnesium oxide (limestone lotion) is added to the inner and outer walls.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;DeAnn R. Presley and Flordeliz T. Bugarin. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/24887747?Search=yes&amp;amp;resultItemClick=true&amp;amp;searchText=nicodemus%20town&amp;amp;searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dnicodemus%2Btown&amp;amp;ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_search_gsv2%2Ftest&amp;amp;refreqid=fastly-default%3A5d42a4cf58d844a8957c52f1716b19f6&amp;amp;seq=1 Morphology, provenance, and decomposition of a 19 th century hybrid dugout and sod house in Nicodemus, Kansas.] 2016. www.jstor.org. Retrieved March 19, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Nicodemus quickly developed into a typical western town. By 1887, it had a grocery store, uniform store, bank, law firm, post office and many other professional institutions. Because the Solomon River is located in the southern part of the town, the land and soil are very rich, providing ideal conditions for agriculture, and today it is still the primary industry in Graham County, Kansas. Nicodemus showed hope of becoming a thriving former slave community, but when the Missouri Pacific and Union Pacific Railroad diverted the town to the north and south, the town suffered a heavy blow. This leads to unemployment and population decline.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Even with its depressing decline, the roots and history of Nicodemus still exist, and the original settlers and their descendants ensure that this story and their stories are never forgotten. Although few people live in the town today, the descendants are champions of history and stories. Every year in late July, the &amp;quot;Liberation Celebration&amp;quot;, which is now the &amp;quot;Homecoming Celebration&amp;quot;, is held. The tradition itself has historical significance because it has been happening every year since the arrival of the settlers in 1878. This is a special holiday where descendants from all over the United States and all over the world come here to &amp;quot;celebrate&amp;quot; their origin, history and story. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Nicodemus is also proud of the symbolic meaning of the ''&amp;quot;pillar&amp;quot;'' of the community. These pillars are religion, business, education, community and family. There are five towering structures that represent each of these pillars: A.M.E. Church (religion), St. Francis Hotel/Switzer Residence (commerce), School District #1 (education), Township Hall (community), and Old First Baptist Church (family). These five structures were designated as a unit of the National Park Service on November 12, 1996. These structures and their symbolic meaning have the same meaning and purpose as the goals that the original settlers wanted to achieve when they were founded in Nigoodems, Kansas.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Although there were many other communities in the ''&amp;quot;Exoduster&amp;quot;'' movement that settled on similar ideas, after the Civil War, Nicodemus was the only community that existed at that time. Nicodemus not only has its own history and symbolism, but also a symbol of the strength, determination and perseverance of all former slaves and African Americans after the Civil War to find a new life.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.nps.gov/articles/nicodemus_nhs_landscape_equality.htm Nicodemus National Historic Site.] www.nps.gov. Retrieved March 19, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''''“During the Reconstruction period, an estimated 20,000 African Americans moved from the South to Kansas and the free lands of the West, known as the “Exodusters.” They saw the West as an opportunity to finally be free, though many formerly enslaved people still faced discrimination in the South as Jim Crow laws perpetuated violence and segregation. Those that first settled in Nicodemus struggled through the lack of water and a nearby rail or stagecoach route, but their pioneering spirit and courage are remembered as admirable.”'''''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;KATHERINE RIVARD. [https://www.nationalparks.org/connect/blog/hope-perseverance-unforgiving-landscape Hope &amp;amp; Perseverance in an Unforgiving Landscape.] www.nationalparks.org. Retrieved March 19, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Collection==&lt;br /&gt;
In this Historic Site there are five historical buildings who represent the spirit of Nicodemus-church, autonomy, education, family and business. They illustrate the individuality and collective strength of these early pioneers and their desire for freedom. They established Nicodemus, one of the oldest and most famous black towns on the Western Plains. Five historic buildings were declared part of the National Park System on November 12, 1996. Former President William J. Clinton signed the law on Nicodemus National Historic Site.[[File:1) The Township Hall - Self Government.jpg|thumb|1) The Township Hall - Self Government|alt=|left]]&amp;lt;code&amp;gt;1) The Township Hall - Self Government&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This Building was underlying 1939, with help from the downturn period Works Progress Administration program utilizing privately quarried limestone, the Township Hall served an excess of neighborhood government.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;code&amp;gt;2) The St. Francis Hotel/Switzer Residence - Business and Family life&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Not only the hotel, but also the home of the original owners Zachary T. and Jenny Fletcher. The Switzer family moved in in the 20th century. The hotel is the first town post office, the first school building and post station.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;code&amp;gt;3) The Old First Baptist Church&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt;[[File:3) The Old First Baptist Church.jpg|thumb|3) The Old First Baptist Church|alt=|left]]Starting from a dugout in 1877, the congregation has been holding meetings until today. As the congregation grew, the dugout were replaced by prairie turf churches, small limestone and 1907 historic buildings. Later, a brick building was built in the north.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;code&amp;gt;4) The African Methodist Episcopal (A.M.E.) Church&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Church was first settled in 1878 on another site, gained the current structure from the Mt. Lovely Baptist Church in 1897.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;code&amp;gt;5) School District Number 1&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first school was immediately settled in the dugout of Zachary and Jenny Fletcher. A conventional school building was developed turning into the first school worked in Graham County Kansas. It was subsequently obliterated by fire and supplanted by the current structure.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.nps.gov/nico/planyourvisit/the-five-historic-buildings.htm The Five Historic Buildings.] www.nps.gov. Retrieved March 19, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Reference==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Anti-Black Racism in Arts]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Antisdio</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=File:A_ca._1885_view_of_Nicodemus,_Kansas_shows_the_original_First_Baptist_Church_and_the_Williams_General_Merchandise_store..jpg&amp;diff=7073005</id>
		<title>File:A ca. 1885 view of Nicodemus, Kansas shows the original First Baptist Church and the Williams General Merchandise store..jpg</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=File:A_ca._1885_view_of_Nicodemus,_Kansas_shows_the_original_First_Baptist_Church_and_the_Williams_General_Merchandise_store..jpg&amp;diff=7073005"/>
		<updated>2021-03-19T14:13:22Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Antisdio: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;A ca. 1885 view of Nicodemus, Kansas shows the original First Baptist Church and the Williams General Merchandise store.&lt;br /&gt;
From Kansas State Historic Society, in NPS Cultural Landscape Report&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Antisdio</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Nicodemus_National_Historic_Site&amp;diff=7072992</id>
		<title>Nicodemus National Historic Site</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Nicodemus_National_Historic_Site&amp;diff=7072992"/>
		<updated>2021-03-19T14:08:56Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Antisdio: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[File:Nicodemus.JPG|thumb|400x400px|Nicodemus National Historic SIte]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Located at 304 Washington Avenue Nicodemus, Kansas 67625. &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.kansastravel.org/nicodemus.htm Nicodemus National Historic Site.] kansastravel.org. Retrieved March 19, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The Nicodemus National Historic Site preserves the only western town established by African Americans during the post-Civil War reconstruction period.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Nicodemus is one of the first black settlements in Kansas and the only western town established by African Americans at the end of the reconstruction and reserved for African Americans.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;ROSAMOND C. RODMAN. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23534184?Search=yes&amp;amp;resultItemClick=true&amp;amp;searchText=nicodemus%20town&amp;amp;searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dnicodemus%2Btown&amp;amp;ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_search_gsv2%2Ftest&amp;amp;refreqid=fastly-default%3A5d42a4cf58d844a8957c52f1716b19f6&amp;amp;seq=1 NAMING A PLACE NICODEMUS.] 2008. jstor.org. Retrieved March 19, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;It is recognized as an important part of the past of African Americans and an important part of American history in the Midwestern Prairie.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;DeAnn R. Presley and Flordeliz T. Bugarin. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/24887747?Search=yes&amp;amp;resultItemClick=true&amp;amp;searchText=nicodemus%20town&amp;amp;searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dnicodemus%2Btown&amp;amp;ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_search_gsv2%2Ftest&amp;amp;refreqid=fastly-default%3A5d42a4cf58d844a8957c52f1716b19f6&amp;amp;seq=1 Morphology, provenance, and decomposition of a 19 th century hybrid dugout and sod house in Nicodemus, Kansas.] 2016. www.jstor.org. Retrieved March 19, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The town of Nicodemus symbolizes the pioneering spirit of African Americans, who dare to leave the only area they are familiar with to seek personal freedom and opportunities to develop their talents and abilities.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.nationalparks.org/connect/explore-parks/nicodemus-national-historic-site NICODEMUS NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE.] www.nationalparks.org. Retrieved March 19, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''''“A seemingly simple rural community, Nicodemus is a symbol of the strength, determination, and endurance of African-Americans who settled here.”'''''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.nps.gov/articles/nicodemus_nhs_landscape_equality.htm Nicodemus National Historic Site.] www.nps.gov. Retrieved March 19, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==History==&lt;br /&gt;
The history of Nicodemus began at the end of the Civil War, before the &amp;quot;Exodus in 1879&amp;quot;, when former slaves began to move from the South to the North and Western lands, where they could support themselves and make a living mainly by cultivating their own land. Beginning in September 1877, two important groups settled in Nicodemus: real estate agents W.R. Hill and Reverend W.H. Smith led the first group of about 350 African Americans from Lexington, Kentucky to Graham County, Kansas (the seat of Nicodemus). In the spring of 1878, another 250 people arrived.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.nps.gov/articles/nicodemus_nhs_landscape_equality.htm Nicodemus National Historic Site.] www.nps.gov. Retrieved March 19, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When the first Nicodemus pioneers arrived in the area, they quickly built canoes to provide shelter before the first winter. To build a dugout, the settlers would dig into the ground or cut into a slope, and cover the building with a roof of poles. Although the floor is earthy and the walls are made of turf blocks, the roof is constructed by laying down brushes and branches and branches as the foundation of the turf cover. A thin layer of magnesium oxide (limestone lotion) is added to the inner and outer walls.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;DeAnn R. Presley and Flordeliz T. Bugarin. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/24887747?Search=yes&amp;amp;resultItemClick=true&amp;amp;searchText=nicodemus%20town&amp;amp;searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dnicodemus%2Btown&amp;amp;ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_search_gsv2%2Ftest&amp;amp;refreqid=fastly-default%3A5d42a4cf58d844a8957c52f1716b19f6&amp;amp;seq=1 Morphology, provenance, and decomposition of a 19 th century hybrid dugout and sod house in Nicodemus, Kansas.] 2016. www.jstor.org. Retrieved March 19, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Nicodemus quickly developed into a typical western town. By 1887, it had a grocery store, uniform store, bank, law firm, post office and many other professional institutions. Because the Solomon River is located in the southern part of the town, the land and soil are very rich, providing ideal conditions for agriculture, and today it is still the primary industry in Graham County, Kansas. Nicodemus showed hope of becoming a thriving former slave community, but when the Missouri Pacific and Union Pacific Railroad diverted the town to the north and south, the town suffered a heavy blow. This leads to unemployment and population decline.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Even with its depressing decline, the roots and history of Nicodemus still exist, and the original settlers and their descendants ensure that this story and their stories are never forgotten. Although few people live in the town today, the descendants are champions of history and stories. Every year in late July, the &amp;quot;Liberation Celebration&amp;quot;, which is now the &amp;quot;Homecoming Celebration&amp;quot;, is held. The tradition itself has historical significance because it has been happening every year since the arrival of the settlers in 1878. This is a special holiday where descendants from all over the United States and all over the world come here to &amp;quot;celebrate&amp;quot; their origin, history and story. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Nicodemus is also proud of the symbolic meaning of the ''&amp;quot;pillar&amp;quot;'' of the community. These pillars are religion, business, education, community and family. There are five towering structures that represent each of these pillars: A.M.E. Church (religion), St. Francis Hotel/Switzer Residence (commerce), School District #1 (education), Township Hall (community), and Old First Baptist Church (family). These five structures were designated as a unit of the National Park Service on November 12, 1996. These structures and their symbolic meaning have the same meaning and purpose as the goals that the original settlers wanted to achieve when they were founded in Nigoodems, Kansas.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Although there were many other communities in the ''&amp;quot;Exoduster&amp;quot;'' movement that settled on similar ideas, after the Civil War, Nicodemus was the only community that existed at that time. Nicodemus not only has its own history and symbolism, but also a symbol of the strength, determination and perseverance of all former slaves and African Americans after the Civil War to find a new life.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.nps.gov/articles/nicodemus_nhs_landscape_equality.htm Nicodemus National Historic Site.] www.nps.gov. Retrieved March 19, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''''“During the Reconstruction period, an estimated 20,000 African Americans moved from the South to Kansas and the free lands of the West, known as the “Exodusters.” They saw the West as an opportunity to finally be free, though many formerly enslaved people still faced discrimination in the South as Jim Crow laws perpetuated violence and segregation. Those that first settled in Nicodemus struggled through the lack of water and a nearby rail or stagecoach route, but their pioneering spirit and courage are remembered as admirable.”'''''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;KATHERINE RIVARD. [https://www.nationalparks.org/connect/blog/hope-perseverance-unforgiving-landscape Hope &amp;amp; Perseverance in an Unforgiving Landscape.] www.nationalparks.org. Retrieved March 19, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Collection==&lt;br /&gt;
In this Historic Site there are five historical buildings who represent the spirit of Nicodemus-church, autonomy, education, family and business. They illustrate the individuality and collective strength of these early pioneers and their desire for freedom. They established Nicodemus, one of the oldest and most famous black towns on the Western Plains. Five historic buildings were declared part of the National Park System on November 12, 1996. Former President William J. Clinton signed the law on Nicodemus National Historic Site.[[File:1) The Township Hall - Self Government.jpg|thumb|1) The Township Hall - Self Government]]&amp;lt;code&amp;gt;1) The Township Hall - Self Government&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This Building was underlying 1939, with help from the downturn period Works Progress Administration program utilizing privately quarried limestone, the Township Hall served an excess of neighborhood government.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;code&amp;gt;2) The St. Francis Hotel/Switzer Residence - Business and Family life&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:3) The Old First Baptist Church.jpg|thumb|3) The Old First Baptist Church]]&lt;br /&gt;
Not only the hotel, but also the home of the original owners Zachary T. and Jenny Fletcher. The Switzer family moved in in the 20th century. The hotel is the first town post office, the first school building and post station.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;code&amp;gt;3) The Old First Baptist Church&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Starting from a dugout in 1877, the congregation has been holding meetings until today. As the congregation grew, the dugout were replaced by prairie turf churches, small limestone and 1907 historic buildings. Later, a brick building was built in the north.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;code&amp;gt;4) The African Methodist Episcopal (A.M.E.) Church&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Church was first settled in 1878 on another site, gained the current structure from the Mt. Lovely Baptist Church in 1897.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;code&amp;gt;5) School District Number 1&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first school was immediately settled in the dugout of Zachary and Jenny Fletcher. A conventional school building was developed turning into the first school worked in Graham County Kansas. It was subsequently obliterated by fire and supplanted by the current structure.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.nps.gov/nico/planyourvisit/the-five-historic-buildings.htm The Five Historic Buildings.] www.nps.gov. Retrieved March 19, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Reference==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Anti-Black Racism in Arts]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Antisdio</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=File:3)_The_Old_First_Baptist_Church.jpg&amp;diff=7072980</id>
		<title>File:3) The Old First Baptist Church.jpg</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=File:3)_The_Old_First_Baptist_Church.jpg&amp;diff=7072980"/>
		<updated>2021-03-19T14:04:22Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Antisdio: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;3) The Old First Baptist Church&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Antisdio</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Nicodemus_National_Historic_Site&amp;diff=7072978</id>
		<title>Nicodemus National Historic Site</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Nicodemus_National_Historic_Site&amp;diff=7072978"/>
		<updated>2021-03-19T14:03:47Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Antisdio: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Located at 304 Washington Avenue Nicodemus, Kansas 67625. &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.kansastravel.org/nicodemus.htm Nicodemus National Historic Site.] kansastravel.org. Retrieved March 19, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The Nicodemus National Historic Site preserves the only western town established by African Americans during the post-Civil War reconstruction period.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Nicodemus is one of the first black settlements in Kansas and the only western town established by African Americans at the end of the reconstruction and reserved for African Americans.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;ROSAMOND C. RODMAN. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23534184?Search=yes&amp;amp;resultItemClick=true&amp;amp;searchText=nicodemus%20town&amp;amp;searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dnicodemus%2Btown&amp;amp;ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_search_gsv2%2Ftest&amp;amp;refreqid=fastly-default%3A5d42a4cf58d844a8957c52f1716b19f6&amp;amp;seq=1 NAMING A PLACE NICODEMUS.] 2008. jstor.org. Retrieved March 19, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;It is recognized as an important part of the past of African Americans and an important part of American history in the Midwestern Prairie.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;DeAnn R. Presley and Flordeliz T. Bugarin. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/24887747?Search=yes&amp;amp;resultItemClick=true&amp;amp;searchText=nicodemus%20town&amp;amp;searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dnicodemus%2Btown&amp;amp;ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_search_gsv2%2Ftest&amp;amp;refreqid=fastly-default%3A5d42a4cf58d844a8957c52f1716b19f6&amp;amp;seq=1 Morphology, provenance, and decomposition of a 19 th century hybrid dugout and sod house in Nicodemus, Kansas.] 2016. www.jstor.org. Retrieved March 19, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The town of Nicodemus symbolizes the pioneering spirit of African Americans, who dare to leave the only area they are familiar with to seek personal freedom and opportunities to develop their talents and abilities.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.nationalparks.org/connect/explore-parks/nicodemus-national-historic-site NICODEMUS NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE.] www.nationalparks.org. Retrieved March 19, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''''“A seemingly simple rural community, Nicodemus is a symbol of the strength, determination, and endurance of African-Americans who settled here.”'''''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.nps.gov/articles/nicodemus_nhs_landscape_equality.htm Nicodemus National Historic Site.] www.nps.gov. Retrieved March 19, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==History==&lt;br /&gt;
The history of Nicodemus began at the end of the Civil War, before the &amp;quot;Exodus in 1879&amp;quot;, when former slaves began to move from the South to the North and Western lands, where they could support themselves and make a living mainly by cultivating their own land. Beginning in September 1877, two important groups settled in Nicodemus: real estate agents W.R. Hill and Reverend W.H. Smith led the first group of about 350 African Americans from Lexington, Kentucky to Graham County, Kansas (the seat of Nicodemus). In the spring of 1878, another 250 people arrived.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.nps.gov/articles/nicodemus_nhs_landscape_equality.htm Nicodemus National Historic Site.] www.nps.gov. Retrieved March 19, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When the first Nicodemus pioneers arrived in the area, they quickly built canoes to provide shelter before the first winter. To build a dugout, the settlers would dig into the ground or cut into a slope, and cover the building with a roof of poles. Although the floor is earthy and the walls are made of turf blocks, the roof is constructed by laying down brushes and branches and branches as the foundation of the turf cover. A thin layer of magnesium oxide (limestone lotion) is added to the inner and outer walls.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;DeAnn R. Presley and Flordeliz T. Bugarin. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/24887747?Search=yes&amp;amp;resultItemClick=true&amp;amp;searchText=nicodemus%20town&amp;amp;searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dnicodemus%2Btown&amp;amp;ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_search_gsv2%2Ftest&amp;amp;refreqid=fastly-default%3A5d42a4cf58d844a8957c52f1716b19f6&amp;amp;seq=1 Morphology, provenance, and decomposition of a 19 th century hybrid dugout and sod house in Nicodemus, Kansas.] 2016. www.jstor.org. Retrieved March 19, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Nicodemus quickly developed into a typical western town. By 1887, it had a grocery store, uniform store, bank, law firm, post office and many other professional institutions. Because the Solomon River is located in the southern part of the town, the land and soil are very rich, providing ideal conditions for agriculture, and today it is still the primary industry in Graham County, Kansas. Nicodemus showed hope of becoming a thriving former slave community, but when the Missouri Pacific and Union Pacific Railroad diverted the town to the north and south, the town suffered a heavy blow. This leads to unemployment and population decline.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Even with its depressing decline, the roots and history of Nicodemus still exist, and the original settlers and their descendants ensure that this story and their stories are never forgotten. Although few people live in the town today, the descendants are champions of history and stories. Every year in late July, the &amp;quot;Liberation Celebration&amp;quot;, which is now the &amp;quot;Homecoming Celebration&amp;quot;, is held. The tradition itself has historical significance because it has been happening every year since the arrival of the settlers in 1878. This is a special holiday where descendants from all over the United States and all over the world come here to &amp;quot;celebrate&amp;quot; their origin, history and story. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Nicodemus is also proud of the symbolic meaning of the ''&amp;quot;pillar&amp;quot;'' of the community. These pillars are religion, business, education, community and family. There are five towering structures that represent each of these pillars: A.M.E. Church (religion), St. Francis Hotel/Switzer Residence (commerce), School District #1 (education), Township Hall (community), and Old First Baptist Church (family). These five structures were designated as a unit of the National Park Service on November 12, 1996. These structures and their symbolic meaning have the same meaning and purpose as the goals that the original settlers wanted to achieve when they were founded in Nigoodems, Kansas.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Although there were many other communities in the ''&amp;quot;Exoduster&amp;quot;'' movement that settled on similar ideas, after the Civil War, Nicodemus was the only community that existed at that time. Nicodemus not only has its own history and symbolism, but also a symbol of the strength, determination and perseverance of all former slaves and African Americans after the Civil War to find a new life.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.nps.gov/articles/nicodemus_nhs_landscape_equality.htm Nicodemus National Historic Site.] www.nps.gov. Retrieved March 19, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''''“During the Reconstruction period, an estimated 20,000 African Americans moved from the South to Kansas and the free lands of the West, known as the “Exodusters.” They saw the West as an opportunity to finally be free, though many formerly enslaved people still faced discrimination in the South as Jim Crow laws perpetuated violence and segregation. Those that first settled in Nicodemus struggled through the lack of water and a nearby rail or stagecoach route, but their pioneering spirit and courage are remembered as admirable.”'''''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;KATHERINE RIVARD. [https://www.nationalparks.org/connect/blog/hope-perseverance-unforgiving-landscape Hope &amp;amp; Perseverance in an Unforgiving Landscape.] www.nationalparks.org. Retrieved March 19, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Collection==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:1) The Township Hall - Self Government.jpg|thumb|1) The Township Hall - Self Government]]&lt;br /&gt;
In this Historic Site there are five historical buildings who represent the spirit of Nicodemus-church, autonomy, education, family and business. They illustrate the individuality and collective strength of these early pioneers and their desire for freedom. They established Nicodemus, one of the oldest and most famous black towns on the Western Plains. Five historic buildings were declared part of the National Park System on November 12, 1996. Former President William J. Clinton signed the law on Nicodemus National Historic Site.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;code&amp;gt;1) The Township Hall - Self Government&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This Building was underlying 1939, with help from the downturn period Works Progress Administration program utilizing privately quarried limestone, the Township Hall served an excess of neighborhood government.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;code&amp;gt;2) The St. Francis Hotel/Switzer Residence - Business and Family life&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Not only the hotel, but also the home of the original owners Zachary T. and Jenny Fletcher. The Switzer family moved in in the 20th century. The hotel is the first town post office, the first school building and post station.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;code&amp;gt;3) The Old First Baptist Church&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Starting from a dugout in 1877, the congregation has been holding meetings until today. As the congregation grew, the dugout were replaced by prairie turf churches, small limestone and 1907 historic buildings. Later, a brick building was built in the north.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;code&amp;gt;4) The African Methodist Episcopal (A.M.E.) Church&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Church was first settled in 1878 on another site, gained the current structure from the Mt. Lovely Baptist Church in 1897.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;code&amp;gt;5) School District Number 1&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first school was immediately settled in the dugout of Zachary and Jenny Fletcher. A conventional school building was developed turning into the first school worked in Graham County Kansas. It was subsequently obliterated by fire and supplanted by the current structure.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.nps.gov/nico/planyourvisit/the-five-historic-buildings.htm The Five Historic Buildings.] www.nps.gov. Retrieved March 19, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Reference==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Anti-Black Racism in Arts]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Antisdio</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=File:1)_The_Township_Hall_-_Self_Government.jpg&amp;diff=7072974</id>
		<title>File:1) The Township Hall - Self Government.jpg</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=File:1)_The_Township_Hall_-_Self_Government.jpg&amp;diff=7072974"/>
		<updated>2021-03-19T14:02:26Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Antisdio: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;1) The Township Hall - Self Government&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Antisdio</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Nicodemus_National_Historic_Site&amp;diff=7072960</id>
		<title>Nicodemus National Historic Site</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Nicodemus_National_Historic_Site&amp;diff=7072960"/>
		<updated>2021-03-19T13:57:13Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Antisdio: Created page with &amp;quot;Located at 304 Washington Avenue Nicodemus, Kansas 67625. &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.kansastravel.org/nicodemus.htm Nicodemus National Historic Site.] kansastravel.org. Retrieved March...&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Located at 304 Washington Avenue Nicodemus, Kansas 67625. &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.kansastravel.org/nicodemus.htm Nicodemus National Historic Site.] kansastravel.org. Retrieved March 19, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The Nicodemus National Historic Site preserves the only western town established by African Americans during the post-Civil War reconstruction period.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Nicodemus is one of the first black settlements in Kansas and the only western town established by African Americans at the end of the reconstruction and reserved for African Americans.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;ROSAMOND C. RODMAN. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23534184?Search=yes&amp;amp;resultItemClick=true&amp;amp;searchText=nicodemus%20town&amp;amp;searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dnicodemus%2Btown&amp;amp;ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_search_gsv2%2Ftest&amp;amp;refreqid=fastly-default%3A5d42a4cf58d844a8957c52f1716b19f6&amp;amp;seq=1 NAMING A PLACE NICODEMUS.] 2008. jstor.org. Retrieved March 19, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;It is recognized as an important part of the past of African Americans and an important part of American history in the Midwestern Prairie.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;DeAnn R. Presley and Flordeliz T. Bugarin. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/24887747?Search=yes&amp;amp;resultItemClick=true&amp;amp;searchText=nicodemus%20town&amp;amp;searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dnicodemus%2Btown&amp;amp;ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_search_gsv2%2Ftest&amp;amp;refreqid=fastly-default%3A5d42a4cf58d844a8957c52f1716b19f6&amp;amp;seq=1 Morphology, provenance, and decomposition of a 19 th century hybrid dugout and sod house in Nicodemus, Kansas.] 2016. www.jstor.org. Retrieved March 19, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The town of Nicodemus symbolizes the pioneering spirit of African Americans, who dare to leave the only area they are familiar with to seek personal freedom and opportunities to develop their talents and abilities.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.nationalparks.org/connect/explore-parks/nicodemus-national-historic-site NICODEMUS NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE.] www.nationalparks.org. Retrieved March 19, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''''“A seemingly simple rural community, Nicodemus is a symbol of the strength, determination, and endurance of African-Americans who settled here.”'''''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.nps.gov/articles/nicodemus_nhs_landscape_equality.htm Nicodemus National Historic Site.] www.nps.gov. Retrieved March 19, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== History ==&lt;br /&gt;
The history of Nicodemus began at the end of the Civil War, before the &amp;quot;Exodus in 1879&amp;quot;, when former slaves began to move from the South to the North and Western lands, where they could support themselves and make a living mainly by cultivating their own land. Beginning in September 1877, two important groups settled in Nicodemus: real estate agents W.R. Hill and Reverend W.H. Smith led the first group of about 350 African Americans from Lexington, Kentucky to Graham County, Kansas (the seat of Nicodemus). In the spring of 1878, another 250 people arrived.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.nps.gov/articles/nicodemus_nhs_landscape_equality.htm Nicodemus National Historic Site.] www.nps.gov. Retrieved March 19, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When the first Nicodemus pioneers arrived in the area, they quickly built canoes to provide shelter before the first winter. To build a dugout, the settlers would dig into the ground or cut into a slope, and cover the building with a roof of poles. Although the floor is earthy and the walls are made of turf blocks, the roof is constructed by laying down brushes and branches and branches as the foundation of the turf cover. A thin layer of magnesium oxide (limestone lotion) is added to the inner and outer walls.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;DeAnn R. Presley and Flordeliz T. Bugarin. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/24887747?Search=yes&amp;amp;resultItemClick=true&amp;amp;searchText=nicodemus%20town&amp;amp;searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dnicodemus%2Btown&amp;amp;ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_search_gsv2%2Ftest&amp;amp;refreqid=fastly-default%3A5d42a4cf58d844a8957c52f1716b19f6&amp;amp;seq=1 Morphology, provenance, and decomposition of a 19 th century hybrid dugout and sod house in Nicodemus, Kansas.] 2016. www.jstor.org. Retrieved March 19, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Nicodemus quickly developed into a typical western town. By 1887, it had a grocery store, uniform store, bank, law firm, post office and many other professional institutions. Because the Solomon River is located in the southern part of the town, the land and soil are very rich, providing ideal conditions for agriculture, and today it is still the primary industry in Graham County, Kansas. Nicodemus showed hope of becoming a thriving former slave community, but when the Missouri Pacific and Union Pacific Railroad diverted the town to the north and south, the town suffered a heavy blow. This leads to unemployment and population decline.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Even with its depressing decline, the roots and history of Nicodemus still exist, and the original settlers and their descendants ensure that this story and their stories are never forgotten. Although few people live in the town today, the descendants are champions of history and stories. Every year in late July, the &amp;quot;Liberation Celebration&amp;quot;, which is now the &amp;quot;Homecoming Celebration&amp;quot;, is held. The tradition itself has historical significance because it has been happening every year since the arrival of the settlers in 1878. This is a special holiday where descendants from all over the United States and all over the world come here to &amp;quot;celebrate&amp;quot; their origin, history and story. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Nicodemus is also proud of the symbolic meaning of the ''&amp;quot;pillar&amp;quot;'' of the community. These pillars are religion, business, education, community and family. There are five towering structures that represent each of these pillars: A.M.E. Church (religion), St. Francis Hotel/Switzer Residence (commerce), School District #1 (education), Township Hall (community), and Old First Baptist Church (family). These five structures were designated as a unit of the National Park Service on November 12, 1996. These structures and their symbolic meaning have the same meaning and purpose as the goals that the original settlers wanted to achieve when they were founded in Nigoodems, Kansas.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Although there were many other communities in the ''&amp;quot;Exoduster&amp;quot;'' movement that settled on similar ideas, after the Civil War, Nicodemus was the only community that existed at that time. Nicodemus not only has its own history and symbolism, but also a symbol of the strength, determination and perseverance of all former slaves and African Americans after the Civil War to find a new life.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.nps.gov/articles/nicodemus_nhs_landscape_equality.htm Nicodemus National Historic Site.] www.nps.gov. Retrieved March 19, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''''“During the Reconstruction period, an estimated 20,000 African Americans moved from the South to Kansas and the free lands of the West, known as the “Exodusters.” They saw the West as an opportunity to finally be free, though many formerly enslaved people still faced discrimination in the South as Jim Crow laws perpetuated violence and segregation. Those that first settled in Nicodemus struggled through the lack of water and a nearby rail or stagecoach route, but their pioneering spirit and courage are remembered as admirable.”'''''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;KATHERINE RIVARD. [https://www.nationalparks.org/connect/blog/hope-perseverance-unforgiving-landscape Hope &amp;amp; Perseverance in an Unforgiving Landscape.] www.nationalparks.org. Retrieved March 19, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Collection ==&lt;br /&gt;
In this Historic Site there are five historical buildings who represent the spirit of Nicodemus-church, autonomy, education, family and business. They illustrate the individuality and collective strength of these early pioneers and their desire for freedom. They established Nicodemus, one of the oldest and most famous black towns on the Western Plains. Five historic buildings were declared part of the National Park System on November 12, 1996. Former President William J. Clinton signed the law on Nicodemus National Historic Site.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;code&amp;gt;1) The Township Hall - Self Government&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This Building was underlying 1939, with help from the downturn period Works Progress Administration program utilizing privately quarried limestone, the Township Hall served an excess of neighborhood government.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;code&amp;gt;2) The St. Francis Hotel/Switzer Residence - Business and Family life&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Not only the hotel, but also the home of the original owners Zachary T. and Jenny Fletcher. The Switzer family moved in in the 20th century. The hotel is the first town post office, the first school building and post station.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;code&amp;gt;3) The Old First Baptist Church&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Starting from a dugout in 1877, the congregation has been holding meetings until today. As the congregation grew, the dugout were replaced by prairie turf churches, small limestone and 1907 historic buildings. Later, a brick building was built in the north.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;code&amp;gt;4) The African Methodist Episcopal (A.M.E.) Church&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Church was first settled in 1878 on another site, gained the current structure from the Mt. Lovely Baptist Church in 1897.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;code&amp;gt;5) School District Number 1&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first school was immediately settled in the dugout of Zachary and Jenny Fletcher. A conventional school building was developed turning into the first school worked in Graham County Kansas. It was subsequently obliterated by fire and supplanted by the current structure.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.nps.gov/nico/planyourvisit/the-five-historic-buildings.htm The Five Historic Buildings.] www.nps.gov. Retrieved March 19, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Reference ==&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Antisdio</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Aunt_Jemimah&amp;diff=7065270</id>
		<title>Aunt Jemimah</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Aunt_Jemimah&amp;diff=7065270"/>
		<updated>2021-03-18T16:10:53Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Antisdio: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[Category:Racism in Folklore]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:B53482cc-8a1a-4763-9549-e2c50eb80836.jpg|thumb|Aunt Jemima|alt=|379x379px]]&lt;br /&gt;
The generalization of Aunt Jemima developed out of the Mammy picture. She contrasts from Mammy in that her obligations were limited to cooking. It was through Aunt Jemima that the relationship of the African-American lady with domestic work, particularly cooking, got fixed in the personalities of society. Accordingly, many Aunt Jemima collectibles discovered their way into the American kitchens. These black collectibles included staple rundown holders, salt and pepper shakers, spoon holders, burner sets, flour scoops, spatulas, blending bowls, match holders, tea kettles, hot-cushion holders, and substantially more. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Maybe Aunt Jemimah's most acclaimed picture is in the pancake promotion crusade. In St. Joseph, Mo., in 1889, Chris Rutt picked &amp;quot;'''[[Aunt Jemima]]'''&amp;quot; as the name for his new self-rising pancake mix, since ''&amp;quot;it just normally made me consider great cooking.&amp;quot;'' Clearly, others concurred in light of the fact that the mission was a moment achievement. Rutt offered his organization to Davis Milling Co., which picked Nancy Green as the Aunt Jemima items representative. This character built up a steadfast after of the two blacks and whites. To these individuals, Aunt Jemima had become reality. Her face actually can be found on the pancake boxes today. In spite of the fact that her picture has changed somewhat, the generalization lives on.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.ferris.edu/HTMLS/news/jimcrow/links/essays/vcu.htm Negative Racial Stereotypes and Their Effect on Attitudes Toward African-Americans]. Ferris.edu. Retrieved March 18, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Aunt Jemima brand pancake mix has been a piece of American life for over a century now, an overwhelmingly well known selection of purchasers. The lady on the case has gone through various makeovers, however she stays as before critically, an image of some implicit relationship among black worker ladies, the kitchen, and great food. This image remains too solid a promoting apparatus for its proprietors, the Quaker Oats Organization, to surrender. Aunt Jemima's story might be interesting for a number of reason. She may be the first trademark to walk and talk, and the product she promoted was the first in a wave of so-called labor-saving products at the beginning of this century.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Maurice M. Manring. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/26235388?read-now=1&amp;amp;seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents Aunt Jemima Explained: The Old South, the Absent Mistress, and the Slave in a Box]. Jstor.org. Retrieved March 18, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Nancy Green==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Aunt-jemima.jpg|left|thumb|400x400px|Nancy Green as Aunt Jemima Illustration]]&lt;br /&gt;
In 1890, a previous slave named '''Nancy Green''' was employed to be the representative for Aunt Jemima brand food items.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Nancy Green was naturally introduced to slavery in 1834 in Montgomery Region, Kentucky. In 1889 the makers of Aunt Jemima, Charles Rutt and Charles Underwood, offered the organization to R.T Davis, who before long discovered Nancy Green in Chicago. The past proprietors had effectively settled upon her 'look' of a bandana and apron. Davis consolidated the appearance of Aunt Jemima with lively tunes from the Vaudeville circuit, thus creating the Aunt Jemima brand. &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://blackamericaweb.com/2013/03/28/little-known-black-history-fact-the-history-of-aunt-jemima/ Little Known Black History Fact: The History of Aunt Jemima.] Blackamericaweb.com. Retrieved March 18, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The entertainers wore covers and red bandannas, impersonating the southern [[wikipedia:Mammy_stereotype|''mammy'']] in the kitchen. She was persistent, fat, and stupid, a buddy of the country idiot Jim Crow and his fashionable city cousin, Zip Coon. An odd character, she was particularly frightened and confounded by any development in innovation, for example, the phone and her powerlessness to adapt made her the aim of the joke for white crowds. Yet, in the kitchen, she was an unchallenged master, the cook for an admired adaptation of the Old South, a place that is known for acceptable food, delightful yet delicate white lady, warm climate, sophistication, and recreation.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Maurice M. Manring. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/26235388?read-now=1&amp;amp;seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents Aunt Jemima Explained: The Old South, the Absent Mistress, and the Slave in a Box]. Jstor.org. Retrieved March 18, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
She imitated Aunt Jemima until her dead in 1923. Nancy Green, standing next to the basket, dressed as Aunt Jemima, sang, cooked pancakes, and told stories about the Old South these stories made the South as happy as black and white local. She achieved great success. At the end of the trade fair, she had already sent thousands of pancakes. Her success made her a national celebrity. Her photo was posted on billboards across the country with the headline. Green who imitated Aunt Jemima has appeared in countless country fairs, flea markets, food exhibitions and local grocery stores. By the turn of the century, Aunt Jemima and Armor Meat Chef were the two most trusted business symbols of American housewives. By 1910, more than 120 million breakfasts were provided to Aunt Jemima each year. The prevalence of Aunt Jemima has inspired many gifts and postal gifts, including dolls, breakfast club pins, tableware and recipe manuals.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
R.T. Davis Mill Company changed its name to Aunt Jemima Company in 1914, and finally sold to '''[https://www.quakeroats.com/ Quaker Oats Company]''' in 1926. In 1933, Anna Robinson, who weighed 350 pounds, became the second Aunt Jemima. Her complexion is much heavier and darker than Nancy Green. The third Aunt Jemima is Edith Wilson. Edith Wilson is mainly known for her role as Aunt Jemima on radio and TV shows from 1948 to 1966. By the 1960s, Quaker Oats Company became the market leader in the frozen food industry, and Aunt Jemima was the American icons. In recent years, Aunt Jemima has gotten a makeover: her skin has turned pale and the handkerchief has been removed from her head. Now she looked like a charming maid, not a mammy from Jim Crow's time.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.ferris.edu/jimcrow/mammies/ The Mammy Caricature.] Ferris.edu. Retrieved March 18, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Black Stereotype==&lt;br /&gt;
Desire to transform the conflict between the Civil War and the pre-war slavery world into a benevolent, laid-back old South’s fictional memory, the white creator of Aunt Jemima reinterpreted the black and white planting life, usually based on the black stereotype. Center women and men and their roles in the life of the white plantation. Manring asserts that the image of Aunt Jemima is an interesting expression of pre-war and post-war prostitute shows: ready-made mammy meet the race, gender, and class expectations of the white middle class, and learn how to deal with fewer servant and modern kitchen. However, for African Americans, this image of a nanny used to be and is still particularly painful. As a subordinate symbol of black women under slavery, and as a houseworker after liberation, the overweight, joyful mothers covered in scarves have been constantly reminding whites of oppression. Manring also believes that this racialized nursery stereotype seemed out of place in the 1990s, but Aunt Jemima insisted on it because the concept of race and gender is still deeply rooted in our national culture.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
By studying a century of advertising copy created by various advertising agencies and the company records of companies that own the product and its advertising images, especially Quaker Oats Company, Manring reveals deliberate manipulation by the public under careful circumstances. A hundred years of large-scale marketing activities have aroused huge consumer demand for ready-made products. By fusing together concepts about race, class, and gender, these advertising strategies attracted national white consciousness committed to reconciliation after the civil war and reconstruction.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kate Clifford Larson. [https://networks.h-net.org/node/11634/reviews/14707/larson-manring-slave-box-strange-career-aunt-jemima Larson on Manring, 'Slave in a Box: The Strange Career of Aunt Jemima'.] Networks.h-net.org. Retrieved March 18, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Based on [https://www.chicagotribune.com/ ''CHICAGO TRIBUNE''] Aunt Jemima was invented to sell a ready-made pancake mix. She is based on a character in a bard performance. As with all advertisements, her role is conceived for consumers (in this case, white consumers). For them, Aunt Jemima represented a gentle and relaxed life. Thanks to the joyous service of black women, they were &amp;quot;respected&amp;quot;, with forced intimacy and fictitious titles of relatives.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;'''JOHN MARK HANSEN.''' [https://www.chicagotribune.com/opinion/commentary/ct-opinion-aunt-jemima-brand-real-women-20200619-5wkt2euhrbcjdokrh5qvu6r7te-story.html Commentary: The real stories of the Chicago women who portrayed Aunt Jemima.] Chicagotribune.com. June 19, 2020. Retrieved March 18, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''&amp;lt;code&amp;gt;&amp;quot;For many African American women, on the other hand, Aunt Jemima represented the reality of life in the racialized order of America, a life of servitude imposed on women who had no real choices in life.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt;''&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Antisdio</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Aunt_Jemimah&amp;diff=7065263</id>
		<title>Aunt Jemimah</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Aunt_Jemimah&amp;diff=7065263"/>
		<updated>2021-03-18T15:55:18Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Antisdio: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[Category:Racism in Folklore]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:B53482cc-8a1a-4763-9549-e2c50eb80836.jpg|thumb|Aunt Jemima|alt=|379x379px]]&lt;br /&gt;
The generalization of Aunt Jemima developed out of the Mammy picture. She contrasts from Mammy in that her obligations were limited to cooking. It was through Aunt Jemima that the relationship of the African-American lady with domestic work, particularly cooking, got fixed in the personalities of society. Accordingly, many Aunt Jemima collectibles discovered their way into the American kitchens. These black collectibles included staple rundown holders, salt and pepper shakers, spoon holders, burner sets, flour scoops, spatulas, blending bowls, match holders, tea kettles, hot-cushion holders, and substantially more. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Maybe Aunt Jemimah's most acclaimed picture is in the pancake promotion crusade. In St. Joseph, Mo., in 1889, Chris Rutt picked &amp;quot;'''[[Aunt Jemima]]'''&amp;quot; as the name for his new self-rising pancake mix, since ''&amp;quot;it just normally made me consider great cooking.&amp;quot;'' Clearly, others concurred in light of the fact that the mission was a moment achievement. Rutt offered his organization to Davis Milling Co., which picked Nancy Green as the Aunt Jemima items representative. This character built up a steadfast after of the two blacks and whites. To these individuals, Aunt Jemima had become reality. Her face actually can be found on the pancake boxes today. In spite of the fact that her picture has changed somewhat, the generalization lives on.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.ferris.edu/HTMLS/news/jimcrow/links/essays/vcu.htm Negative Racial Stereotypes and Their Effect on Attitudes Toward African-Americans]. Ferris.edu. Retrieved March 18, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Aunt Jemima brand pancake mix has been a piece of American life for over a century now, an overwhelmingly well known selection of purchasers. The lady on the case has gone through various makeovers, however she stays as before critically, an image of some implicit relationship among black worker ladies, the kitchen, and great food. This image remains too solid a promoting apparatus for its proprietors, the Quaker Oats Organization, to surrender. Aunt Jemima's story might be interesting for a number of reason. She may be the first trademark to walk and talk, and the product she promoted was the first in a wave of so-called labor-saving products at the beginning of this century.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Maurice M. Manring. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/26235388?read-now=1&amp;amp;seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents Aunt Jemima Explained: The Old South, the Absent Mistress, and the Slave in a Box]. Jstor.org. Retrieved March 18, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Nancy Green==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Aunt-jemima.jpg|left|thumb|400x400px|Nancy Green as Aunt Jemima Illustration]]&lt;br /&gt;
In 1890, a previous slave named '''Nancy Green''' was employed to be the representative for Aunt Jemima brand food items.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Nancy Green was naturally introduced to slavery in 1834 in Montgomery Region, Kentucky. In 1889 the makers of Aunt Jemima, Charles Rutt and Charles Underwood, offered the organization to R.T Davis, who before long discovered Nancy Green in Chicago. The past proprietors had effectively settled upon her 'look' of a bandana and apron. Davis consolidated the appearance of Aunt Jemima with lively tunes from the Vaudeville circuit, thus creating the Aunt Jemima brand. &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://blackamericaweb.com/2013/03/28/little-known-black-history-fact-the-history-of-aunt-jemima/ Little Known Black History Fact: The History of Aunt Jemima.] Blackamericaweb.com. Retrieved March 18, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The entertainers wore covers and red bandannas, impersonating the southern [[wikipedia:Mammy_stereotype|''mammy'']] in the kitchen. She was persistent, fat, and stupid, a buddy of the country idiot Jim Crow and his fashionable city cousin, Zip Coon. An odd character, she was particularly frightened and confounded by any development in innovation, for example, the phone and her powerlessness to adapt made her the aim of the joke for white crowds. Yet, in the kitchen, she was an unchallenged master, the cook for an admired adaptation of the Old South, a place that is known for acceptable food, delightful yet delicate white lady, warm climate, sophistication, and recreation.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Maurice M. Manring. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/26235388?read-now=1&amp;amp;seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents Aunt Jemima Explained: The Old South, the Absent Mistress, and the Slave in a Box]. Jstor.org. Retrieved March 18, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
She imitated Aunt Jemima until her dead in 1923. Nancy Green, standing next to the basket, dressed as Aunt Jemima, sang, cooked pancakes, and told stories about the Old South these stories made the South as happy as black and white local. She achieved great success. At the end of the trade fair, she had already sent thousands of pancakes. Her success made her a national celebrity. Her photo was posted on billboards across the country with the headline. Green who imitated Aunt Jemima has appeared in countless country fairs, flea markets, food exhibitions and local grocery stores. By the turn of the century, Aunt Jemima and Armor Meat Chef were the two most trusted business symbols of American housewives. By 1910, more than 120 million breakfasts were provided to Aunt Jemima each year. The prevalence of Aunt Jemima has inspired many gifts and postal gifts, including dolls, breakfast club pins, tableware and recipe manuals.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
R.T. Davis Mill Company changed its name to Aunt Jemima Company in 1914, and finally sold to '''[https://www.quakeroats.com/ Quaker Oats Company]''' in 1926. In 1933, Anna Robinson, who weighed 350 pounds, became the second Aunt Jemima. Her complexion is much heavier and darker than Nancy Green. The third Aunt Jemima is Edith Wilson. Edith Wilson is mainly known for her role as Aunt Jemima on radio and TV shows from 1948 to 1966. By the 1960s, Quaker Oats Company became the market leader in the frozen food industry, and Aunt Jemima was the American icons. In recent years, Aunt Jemima has gotten a makeover: her skin has turned pale and the handkerchief has been removed from her head. Now she looked like a charming maid, not a mammy from Jim Crow's time.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.ferris.edu/jimcrow/mammies/ The Mammy Caricature.] Ferris.edu. Retrieved March 18, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Stereotype==&lt;br /&gt;
Desire to transform the conflict between the Civil War and the pre-war slavery world into a benevolent, laid-back old South’s fictional memory, the white creator of Aunt Jemima reinterpreted the black and white planting life, usually based on the black stereotype. Center women and men and their roles in the life of the white plantation. Manring asserts that the image of Aunt Jemima is an interesting expression of pre-war and post-war prostitute shows: ready-made mammy meet the race, gender, and class expectations of the white middle class, and learn how to deal with fewer servant and modern kitchen. However, for African Americans, this image of a nanny used to be and is still particularly painful. As a subordinate symbol of black women under slavery, and as a houseworker after liberation, the overweight, joyful mothers covered in scarves have been constantly reminding whites of oppression. Manring also believes that this racialized nursery stereotype seemed out of place in the 1990s, but Aunt Jemima insisted on it because the concept of race and gender is still deeply rooted in our national culture.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
By studying a century of advertising copy created by various advertising agencies and the company records of companies that own the product and its advertising images, especially Quaker Oats Company, Manring reveals deliberate manipulation by the public under careful circumstances. A hundred years of large-scale marketing activities have aroused huge consumer demand for ready-made products. By fusing together concepts about race, class, and gender, these advertising strategies attracted national white consciousness committed to reconciliation after the civil war and reconstruction.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kate Clifford Larson. [https://networks.h-net.org/node/11634/reviews/14707/larson-manring-slave-box-strange-career-aunt-jemima Larson on Manring, 'Slave in a Box: The Strange Career of Aunt Jemima'.] Networks.h-net.org. Retrieved March 18, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Based on [https://www.chicagotribune.com/ ''CHICAGO TRIBUNE''] Aunt Jemima was invented to sell a ready-made pancake mix. She is based on a character in a bard performance. As with all advertisements, her role is conceived for consumers (in this case, white consumers). For them, Aunt Jemima represented a gentle and relaxed life. Thanks to the joyous service of black women, they were &amp;quot;respected&amp;quot;, with forced intimacy and fictitious titles of relatives.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;'''JOHN MARK HANSEN.''' [https://www.chicagotribune.com/opinion/commentary/ct-opinion-aunt-jemima-brand-real-women-20200619-5wkt2euhrbcjdokrh5qvu6r7te-story.html Commentary: The real stories of the Chicago women who portrayed Aunt Jemima.] Chicagotribune.com. June 19, 2020. Retrieved March 18, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''&amp;lt;code&amp;gt;&amp;quot;For many African American women, on the other hand, Aunt Jemima represented the reality of life in the racialized order of America, a life of servitude imposed on women who had no real choices in life.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt;''&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Antisdio</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Aunt_Jemimah&amp;diff=7065262</id>
		<title>Aunt Jemimah</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Aunt_Jemimah&amp;diff=7065262"/>
		<updated>2021-03-18T15:54:04Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Antisdio: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[Category:Racism in Folklore]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:B53482cc-8a1a-4763-9549-e2c50eb80836.jpg|thumb|Aunt Jemima]]&lt;br /&gt;
The generalization of Aunt Jemima developed out of the Mammy picture. She contrasts from Mammy in that her obligations were limited to cooking. It was through Aunt Jemima that the relationship of the African-American lady with domestic work, particularly cooking, got fixed in the personalities of society. Accordingly, many Aunt Jemima collectibles discovered their way into the American kitchens. These black collectibles included staple rundown holders, salt and pepper shakers, spoon holders, burner sets, flour scoops, spatulas, blending bowls, match holders, tea kettles, hot-cushion holders, and substantially more. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Maybe Aunt Jemimah's most acclaimed picture is in the pancake promotion crusade. In St. Joseph, Mo., in 1889, Chris Rutt picked &amp;quot;'''[[Aunt Jemima]]'''&amp;quot; as the name for his new self-rising pancake mix, since ''&amp;quot;it just normally made me consider great cooking.&amp;quot;'' Clearly, others concurred in light of the fact that the mission was a moment achievement. Rutt offered his organization to Davis Milling Co., which picked Nancy Green as the Aunt Jemima items representative. This character built up a steadfast after of the two blacks and whites. To these individuals, Aunt Jemima had become reality. Her face actually can be found on the pancake boxes today. In spite of the fact that her picture has changed somewhat, the generalization lives on.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.ferris.edu/HTMLS/news/jimcrow/links/essays/vcu.htm Negative Racial Stereotypes and Their Effect on Attitudes Toward African-Americans]. Ferris.edu. Retrieved March 18, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Aunt Jemima brand pancake mix has been a piece of American life for over a century now, an overwhelmingly well known selection of purchasers. The lady on the case has gone through various makeovers, however she stays as before critically, an image of some implicit relationship among black worker ladies, the kitchen, and great food. This image remains too solid a promoting apparatus for its proprietors, the Quaker Oats Organization, to surrender. Aunt Jemima's story might be interesting for a number of reason. She may be the first trademark to walk and talk, and the product she promoted was the first in a wave of so-called labor-saving products at the beginning of this century.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Maurice M. Manring. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/26235388?read-now=1&amp;amp;seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents Aunt Jemima Explained: The Old South, the Absent Mistress, and the Slave in a Box]. Jstor.org. Retrieved March 18, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Nancy Green==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Aunt-jemima.jpg|left|thumb|400x400px|Nancy Green as Aunt Jemima Illustration]]&lt;br /&gt;
In 1890, a previous slave named '''Nancy Green''' was employed to be the representative for Aunt Jemima brand food items.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Nancy Green was naturally introduced to slavery in 1834 in Montgomery Region, Kentucky. In 1889 the makers of Aunt Jemima, Charles Rutt and Charles Underwood, offered the organization to R.T Davis, who before long discovered Nancy Green in Chicago. The past proprietors had effectively settled upon her 'look' of a bandana and apron. Davis consolidated the appearance of Aunt Jemima with lively tunes from the Vaudeville circuit, thus creating the Aunt Jemima brand. &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://blackamericaweb.com/2013/03/28/little-known-black-history-fact-the-history-of-aunt-jemima/ Little Known Black History Fact: The History of Aunt Jemima.] Blackamericaweb.com. Retrieved March 18, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The entertainers wore covers and red bandannas, impersonating the southern [[wikipedia:Mammy_stereotype|''mammy'']] in the kitchen. She was persistent, fat, and stupid, a buddy of the country idiot Jim Crow and his fashionable city cousin, Zip Coon. An odd character, she was particularly frightened and confounded by any development in innovation, for example, the phone and her powerlessness to adapt made her the aim of the joke for white crowds. Yet, in the kitchen, she was an unchallenged master, the cook for an admired adaptation of the Old South, a place that is known for acceptable food, delightful yet delicate white lady, warm climate, sophistication, and recreation.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Maurice M. Manring. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/26235388?read-now=1&amp;amp;seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents Aunt Jemima Explained: The Old South, the Absent Mistress, and the Slave in a Box]. Jstor.org. Retrieved March 18, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
She imitated Aunt Jemima until her dead in 1923. Nancy Green, standing next to the basket, dressed as Aunt Jemima, sang, cooked pancakes, and told stories about the Old South these stories made the South as happy as black and white local. She achieved great success. At the end of the trade fair, she had already sent thousands of pancakes. Her success made her a national celebrity. Her photo was posted on billboards across the country with the headline. Green who imitated Aunt Jemima has appeared in countless country fairs, flea markets, food exhibitions and local grocery stores. By the turn of the century, Aunt Jemima and Armor Meat Chef were the two most trusted business symbols of American housewives. By 1910, more than 120 million breakfasts were provided to Aunt Jemima each year. The prevalence of Aunt Jemima has inspired many gifts and postal gifts, including dolls, breakfast club pins, tableware and recipe manuals.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
R.T. Davis Mill Company changed its name to Aunt Jemima Company in 1914, and finally sold to '''[https://www.quakeroats.com/ Quaker Oats Company]''' in 1926. In 1933, Anna Robinson, who weighed 350 pounds, became the second Aunt Jemima. Her complexion is much heavier and darker than Nancy Green. The third Aunt Jemima is Edith Wilson. Edith Wilson is mainly known for her role as Aunt Jemima on radio and TV shows from 1948 to 1966. By the 1960s, Quaker Oats Company became the market leader in the frozen food industry, and Aunt Jemima was the American icons. In recent years, Aunt Jemima has gotten a makeover: her skin has turned pale and the handkerchief has been removed from her head. Now she looked like a charming maid, not a mammy from Jim Crow's time.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.ferris.edu/jimcrow/mammies/ The Mammy Caricature.] Ferris.edu. Retrieved March 18, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Stereotype==&lt;br /&gt;
Desire to transform the conflict between the Civil War and the pre-war slavery world into a benevolent, laid-back old South’s fictional memory, the white creator of Aunt Jemima reinterpreted the black and white planting life, usually based on the black stereotype. Center women and men and their roles in the life of the white plantation. Manring asserts that the image of Aunt Jemima is an interesting expression of pre-war and post-war prostitute shows: ready-made mammy meet the race, gender, and class expectations of the white middle class, and learn how to deal with fewer servant and modern kitchen. However, for African Americans, this image of a nanny used to be and is still particularly painful. As a subordinate symbol of black women under slavery, and as a houseworker after liberation, the overweight, joyful mothers covered in scarves have been constantly reminding whites of oppression. Manring also believes that this racialized nursery stereotype seemed out of place in the 1990s, but Aunt Jemima insisted on it because the concept of race and gender is still deeply rooted in our national culture.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
By studying a century of advertising copy created by various advertising agencies and the company records of companies that own the product and its advertising images, especially Quaker Oats Company, Manring reveals deliberate manipulation by the public under careful circumstances. A hundred years of large-scale marketing activities have aroused huge consumer demand for ready-made products. By fusing together concepts about race, class, and gender, these advertising strategies attracted national white consciousness committed to reconciliation after the civil war and reconstruction.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kate Clifford Larson. [https://networks.h-net.org/node/11634/reviews/14707/larson-manring-slave-box-strange-career-aunt-jemima Larson on Manring, 'Slave in a Box: The Strange Career of Aunt Jemima'.] Networks.h-net.org. Retrieved March 18, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Based on [https://www.chicagotribune.com/ ''CHICAGO TRIBUNE''] Aunt Jemima was invented to sell a ready-made pancake mix. She is based on a character in a bard performance. As with all advertisements, her role is conceived for consumers (in this case, white consumers). For them, Aunt Jemima represented a gentle and relaxed life. Thanks to the joyous service of black women, they were &amp;quot;respected&amp;quot;, with forced intimacy and fictitious titles of relatives.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;'''JOHN MARK HANSEN.''' [https://www.chicagotribune.com/opinion/commentary/ct-opinion-aunt-jemima-brand-real-women-20200619-5wkt2euhrbcjdokrh5qvu6r7te-story.html Commentary: The real stories of the Chicago women who portrayed Aunt Jemima.] Chicagotribune.com. June 19, 2020. Retrieved March 18, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''&amp;lt;code&amp;gt;&amp;quot;For many African American women, on the other hand, Aunt Jemima represented the reality of life in the racialized order of America, a life of servitude imposed on women who had no real choices in life.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt;''&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Antisdio</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=File:B53482cc-8a1a-4763-9549-e2c50eb80836.jpg&amp;diff=7065261</id>
		<title>File:B53482cc-8a1a-4763-9549-e2c50eb80836.jpg</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=File:B53482cc-8a1a-4763-9549-e2c50eb80836.jpg&amp;diff=7065261"/>
		<updated>2021-03-18T15:53:41Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Antisdio: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Aunt Jemima&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Antisdio</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=File:Aunt-jemima.jpg&amp;diff=7065208</id>
		<title>File:Aunt-jemima.jpg</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=File:Aunt-jemima.jpg&amp;diff=7065208"/>
		<updated>2021-03-18T15:34:46Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Antisdio: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Nancy Green as Aunt Jemima illustration&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Antisdio</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=File:Herunterladen.jpg&amp;diff=7065077</id>
		<title>File:Herunterladen.jpg</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=File:Herunterladen.jpg&amp;diff=7065077"/>
		<updated>2021-03-18T15:33:11Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Antisdio: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Aunt Jemima&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Antisdio</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=File:Nancy_green_aunt_jemima_edited_sq-s800-c85.png&amp;diff=7064545</id>
		<title>File:Nancy green aunt jemima edited sq-s800-c85.png</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=File:Nancy_green_aunt_jemima_edited_sq-s800-c85.png&amp;diff=7064545"/>
		<updated>2021-03-18T15:21:17Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Antisdio: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Nancy Green as Aunt Jemima ilustration&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Antisdio</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Aunt_Jemimah&amp;diff=7064538</id>
		<title>Aunt Jemimah</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Aunt_Jemimah&amp;diff=7064538"/>
		<updated>2021-03-18T15:14:43Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Antisdio: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[Category:Racism in Folklore]]&lt;br /&gt;
The generalization of Aunt Jemima developed out of the Mammy picture. She contrasts from Mammy in that her obligations were limited to cooking. It was through Aunt Jemima that the relationship of the African-American lady with domestic work, particularly cooking, got fixed in the personalities of society. Accordingly, many Aunt Jemima collectibles discovered their way into the American kitchens. These black collectibles included staple rundown holders, salt and pepper shakers, spoon holders, burner sets, flour scoops, spatulas, blending bowls, match holders, tea kettles, hot-cushion holders, and substantially more. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Maybe Aunt Jemimah's most acclaimed picture is in the pancake promotion crusade. In St. Joseph, Mo., in 1889, Chris Rutt picked &amp;quot;'''[[Aunt Jemima]]'''&amp;quot; as the name for his new self-rising pancake mix, since ''&amp;quot;it just normally made me consider great cooking.&amp;quot;'' Clearly, others concurred in light of the fact that the mission was a moment achievement. Rutt offered his organization to Davis Milling Co., which picked Nancy Green as the Aunt Jemima items representative. This character built up a steadfast after of the two blacks and whites. To these individuals, Aunt Jemima had become reality. Her face actually can be found on the pancake boxes today. In spite of the fact that her picture has changed somewhat, the generalization lives on.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.ferris.edu/HTMLS/news/jimcrow/links/essays/vcu.htm Negative Racial Stereotypes and Their Effect on Attitudes Toward African-Americans]. Ferris.edu. Retrieved March 18, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Aunt Jemima brand pancake mix has been a piece of American life for over a century now, an overwhelmingly well known selection of purchasers. The lady on the case has gone through various makeovers, however she stays as before critically, an image of some implicit relationship among black worker ladies, the kitchen, and great food. This image remains too solid a promoting apparatus for its proprietors, the Quaker Oats Organization, to surrender. Aunt Jemima's story might be interesting for a number of reason. She might have been the first walking, talking trademark, and the product she pitches was among the first of a wave of supposedly labor-saving products at the turn of the century.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Maurice M. Manring. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/26235388?read-now=1&amp;amp;seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents Aunt Jemima Explained: The Old South, the Absent Mistress, and the Slave in a Box]. Jstor.org. Retrieved March 18, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Nancy Green==&lt;br /&gt;
In 1890, a previous slave named '''Nancy Green''' was employed to be the representative for Aunt Jemima brand food items.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Nancy Green was naturally introduced to slavery in 1834 in Montgomery Region, Kentucky. In 1889 the makers of Aunt Jemima, Charles Rutt and Charles Underwood, offered the organization to R.T Davis, who before long discovered Nancy Green in Chicago. The past proprietors had effectively settled upon her 'look' of a bandana and apron. Davis consolidated the Aunt Jemima look with a snappy tune from the Vaudeville circuit to make the Aunt Jemima brand. &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://blackamericaweb.com/2013/03/28/little-known-black-history-fact-the-history-of-aunt-jemima/ Little Known Black History Fact: The History of Aunt Jemima.] Blackamericaweb.com. Retrieved March 18, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The entertainers wore covers and red bandannas, impersonating the southern [[wikipedia:Mammy_stereotype|''mammy'']] in the kitchen. She was persistent, fat, and stupid, a buddy of the country idiot Jim Crow and his fashionable city cousin, Zip Coon. An odd character, she was particularly frightened and confounded by any development in innovation, for example, the phone and her powerlessness to adapt made her the aim of the joke for white crowds. Yet, in the kitchen, she was an unchallenged master, the cook for an admired adaptation of the Old South, a place that is known for acceptable food, delightful yet delicate white lady, warm climate, sophistication, and recreation.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Maurice M. Manring. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/26235388?read-now=1&amp;amp;seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents Aunt Jemima Explained: The Old South, the Absent Mistress, and the Slave in a Box]. Jstor.org. Retrieved March 18, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
She imitated Aunt Jemima until her dead in 1923. Nancy Green, standing next to the basket, dressed as Aunt Jemima, sang, cooked pancakes, and told stories about the Old South these stories made the South as happy as black and white local. She achieved great success. At the end of the trade fair, she had already sent thousands of pancakes. Her success made her a national celebrity. Her photo was posted on billboards across the country with the headline. Green who imitated Aunt Jemima has appeared in countless country fairs, flea markets, food exhibitions and local grocery stores. By the turn of the century, Aunt Jemima and Armour meat Chef were the two most trusted business symbols of American housewives. By 1910, more than 120 million breakfasts were provided to Aunt Jemima each year. The prevalence of Aunt Jemima has inspired many gifts and postal gifts, including dolls, breakfast club pins, tableware and recipe manuals.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
R.T. Davis Mill Company changed its name to Aunt Jemima Company in 1914, and finally sold to '''[https://www.quakeroats.com/ Quaker Oats Company]''' in 1926. In 1933, Anna Robinson, who weighed 350 pounds, became the second Aunt Jemima. Her complexion is much heavier and darker than Nancy Green. The third Aunt Jemima is Edith Wilson. Edith Wilson is mainly known for her role as Aunt Jemima on radio and TV shows from 1948 to 1966. By the 1960s, Quaker Oats Company became the market leader in the frozen food industry, and Aunt Jemima was the American icons. In recent years, Aunt Jemima has gotten a makeover: her skin has turned pale and the handkerchief has been removed from her head. Now she looked like a charming maid, not a mammy from Jim Crow's time.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.ferris.edu/jimcrow/mammies/ The Mammy Caricature.] Ferris.edu. Retrieved March 18, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Stereotype==&lt;br /&gt;
Desire to transform the conflict between the Civil War and the pre-war slavery world into a benevolent, laid-back old South’s fictional memory, the white creator of Aunt Jemima reinterpreted the black and white planting life, usually based on the black stereotype. Center women and men and their roles in the life of the white plantation. Manring asserts that the image of Aunt Jemima is an interesting expression of pre-war and post-war prostitute shows: ready-made mammy meet the race, gender, and class expectations of the white middle class, and learn how to deal with fewer servant and modern kitchen. However, for African Americans, this image of a nanny used to be and is still particularly painful. As a subordinate symbol of black women under slavery, and as a houseworker after liberation, the overweight, joyful mothers covered in scarves have been constantly reminding whites of oppression. Manring also believes that this racialized nursery stereotype seemed out of place in the 1990s, but Aunt Jemima insisted on it because the concept of race and gender is still deeply rooted in our national culture.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
By studying a century of advertising copy created by various advertising agencies and the company records of companies that own the product and its advertising images, especially Quaker Oats Company, Manring reveals deliberate manipulation by the public under careful circumstances. A hundred years of large-scale marketing activities have aroused huge consumer demand for ready-made products. By fusing together concepts about race, class, and gender, these advertising strategies attracted national white consciousness committed to reconciliation after the civil war and reconstruction.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kate Clifford Larson. [https://networks.h-net.org/node/11634/reviews/14707/larson-manring-slave-box-strange-career-aunt-jemima Larson on Manring, 'Slave in a Box: The Strange Career of Aunt Jemima'.] Networks.h-net.org. Retrieved March 18, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Based on [https://www.chicagotribune.com/ ''CHICAGO TRIBUNE''] Aunt Jemima was invented to sell a ready-made pancake mix. She is based on a character in a bard performance. As with all advertisements, her role is conceived for consumers (in this case, white consumers). For them, Aunt Jemima represented a gentle and relaxed life. Thanks to the joyous service of black women, they were &amp;quot;respected&amp;quot;, with forced intimacy and fictitious titles of relatives.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;'''JOHN MARK HANSEN.''' [https://www.chicagotribune.com/opinion/commentary/ct-opinion-aunt-jemima-brand-real-women-20200619-5wkt2euhrbcjdokrh5qvu6r7te-story.html Commentary: The real stories of the Chicago women who portrayed Aunt Jemima.] Chicagotribune.com. June 19, 2020. Retrieved March 18, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;''&amp;lt;code&amp;gt;&amp;quot;For many African American women, on the other hand, Aunt Jemima represented the reality of life in the racialized order of America, a life of servitude imposed on women who had no real choices in life.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt;''&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Antisdio</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Aunt_Jemimah&amp;diff=7057738</id>
		<title>Aunt Jemimah</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Aunt_Jemimah&amp;diff=7057738"/>
		<updated>2021-03-18T08:54:34Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Antisdio: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[Category:Racism in Folklore]]&lt;br /&gt;
The generalization of Aunt Jemima developed out of the Mammy picture. She contrasts from Mammy in that her obligations were limited to cooking. It was through Aunt Jemima that the relationship of the African-American lady with domestic work, particularly cooking, got fixed in the personalities of society. Accordingly, many Aunt Jemima collectibles discovered their way into the American kitchens. These black collectibles included staple rundown holders, salt and pepper shakers, spoon holders, burner sets, flour scoops, spatulas, blending bowls, match holders, tea kettles, hot-cushion holders, and substantially more. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Maybe Aunt Jemimah's most acclaimed picture is in the pancake promotion crusade. In St. Joseph, Mo., in 1889, Chris Rutt picked &amp;quot;'''[[Aunt Jemima]]'''&amp;quot; as the name for his new self-rising pancake mix, since ''&amp;quot;it just normally made me consider great cooking.&amp;quot;'' Clearly, others concurred in light of the fact that the mission was a moment achievement. Rutt offered his organization to Davis Milling Co., which picked Nancy Green as the Aunt Jemima items representative. This character built up a steadfast after of the two blacks and whites. To these individuals, Aunt Jemima had become reality. Her face actually can be found on the pancake boxes today. In spite of the fact that her picture has changed somewhat, the generalization lives on.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.ferris.edu/HTMLS/news/jimcrow/links/essays/vcu.htm Negative Racial Stereotypes and Their Effect on Attitudes Toward African-Americans]. Ferris.edu. Retrieved March 18, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Aunt Jemima brand pancake mix has been a piece of American life for over a century now, an overwhelmingly well known selection of purchasers. The lady on the case has gone through various makeovers, however she stays as before critically, an image of some implicit relationship among black worker ladies, the kitchen, and great food. This image remains too solid a promoting apparatus for its proprietors, the Quaker Oats Organization, to surrender. Aunt Jemima's story might be interesting for a number of reason. She might have been the first walking, talking trademark, and the product she pitches was among the first of a wave of supposedly labor-saving products at the turn of the century.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Maurice M. Manring. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/26235388?read-now=1&amp;amp;seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents Aunt Jemima Explained: The Old South, the Absent Mistress, and the Slave in a Box]. Jstor.org. Retrieved March 18, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Nancy Green==&lt;br /&gt;
In 1890, a previous slave named '''Nancy Green''' was employed to be the representative for Aunt Jemima brand food items.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Nancy Green was naturally introduced to slavery in 1834 in Montgomery Region, Kentucky. In 1889 the makers of Aunt Jemima, Charles Rutt and Charles Underwood, offered the organization to R.T Davis, who before long discovered Nancy Green in Chicago. The past proprietors had effectively settled upon her 'look' of a bandana and apron. Davis consolidated the Aunt Jemima look with a snappy tune from the Vaudeville circuit to make the Aunt Jemima brand. &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://blackamericaweb.com/2013/03/28/little-known-black-history-fact-the-history-of-aunt-jemima/ Little Known Black History Fact: The History of Aunt Jemima.] Blackamericaweb.com. Retrieved March 18, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The entertainers wore covers and red bandannas, impersonating the southern [[wikipedia:Mammy_stereotype|''mammy'']] in the kitchen. She was persistent, fat, and stupid, a buddy of the country idiot Jim Crow and his fashionable city cousin, Zip Coon. An odd character, she was particularly frightened and confounded by any development in innovation, for example, the phone and her powerlessness to adapt made her the aim of the joke for white crowds. Yet, in the kitchen, she was an unchallenged master, the cook for an admired adaptation of the Old South, a place that is known for acceptable food, delightful yet delicate white lady, warm climate, sophistication, and recreation.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Maurice M. Manring. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/26235388?read-now=1&amp;amp;seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents Aunt Jemima Explained: The Old South, the Absent Mistress, and the Slave in a Box]. Jstor.org. Retrieved March 18, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
She imitated Aunt Jemima until her dead in 1923. Nancy Green, standing next to the basket, dressed as Aunt Jemima, sang, cooked pancakes, and told stories about the Old South these stories made the South as happy as black and white local. She achieved great success. At the end of the trade fair, she had already sent thousands of pancakes. Her success made her a national celebrity. Her photo was posted on billboards across the country with the headline. Green who imitated Aunt Jemima has appeared in countless country fairs, flea markets, food exhibitions and local grocery stores. By the turn of the century, Aunt Jemima and Armour meat Chef were the two most trusted business symbols of American housewives. By 1910, more than 120 million breakfasts were provided to Aunt Jemima each year. The prevalence of Aunt Jemima has inspired many gifts and postal gifts, including dolls, breakfast club pins, tableware and recipe manuals.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
R.T. Davis Mill Company changed its name to Aunt Jemima Company in 1914, and finally sold to Quaker Oats Company in 1926. In 1933, Anna Robinson, who weighed 350 pounds, became the second Aunt Jemima. Her complexion is much heavier and darker than Nancy Green. The third Aunt Jemima is Edith Wilson. Edith Wilson is mainly known for her role as Aunt Jemima on radio and TV shows from 1948 to 1966. By the 1960s, Quaker Oats Company became the market leader in the frozen food industry, and Aunt Jemima was the American icons. In recent years, Aunt Jemima has gotten a makeover: her skin has turned pale and the handkerchief has been removed from her head. Now she looked like a charming maid, not a mammy from Jim Crow's time.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.ferris.edu/jimcrow/mammies/ The Mammy Caricature.] Ferris.edu. Retrieved March 18, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Stereotype==&lt;br /&gt;
Desire to transform the conflict between the Civil War and the pre-war slavery world into a benevolent, laid-back old South’s fictional memory, the white creator of Aunt Jemima reinterpreted the black and white planting life, usually based on the black stereotype. Center women and men and their roles in the life of the white plantation. Manring asserts that the image of Aunt Jemima is an interesting expression of pre-war and post-war prostitute shows: ready-made mammy meet the race, gender, and class expectations of the white middle class, and learn how to deal with fewer servant and modern kitchen. However, for African Americans, this image of a nanny used to be and is still particularly painful. As a subordinate symbol of black women under slavery, and as a houseworker after liberation, the overweight, joyful mothers covered in scarves have been constantly reminding whites of oppression. Manring also believes that this racialized nursery stereotype seemed out of place in the 1990s, but Aunt Jemima insisted on it because the concept of race and gender is still deeply rooted in our national culture.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
By studying a century of advertising copy created by various advertising agencies and the company records of companies that own the product and its advertising images, especially Quaker Oats Company, Manring reveals deliberate manipulation by the public under careful circumstances. A hundred years of large-scale marketing activities have aroused huge consumer demand for ready-made products. By fusing together concepts about race, class, and gender, these advertising strategies attracted national white consciousness committed to reconciliation after the civil war and reconstruction.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kate Clifford Larson. [https://networks.h-net.org/node/11634/reviews/14707/larson-manring-slave-box-strange-career-aunt-jemima Larson on Manring, 'Slave in a Box: The Strange Career of Aunt Jemima'.] Networks.h-net.org. Retrieved March 18, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Antisdio</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Aunt_Jemimah&amp;diff=7057735</id>
		<title>Aunt Jemimah</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Aunt_Jemimah&amp;diff=7057735"/>
		<updated>2021-03-18T08:49:46Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Antisdio: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[Category:Racism in Folklore]]&lt;br /&gt;
The generalization of Aunt Jemima developed out of the Mammy picture. She contrasts from Mammy in that her obligations were limited to cooking. It was through Aunt Jemima that the relationship of the African-American lady with domestic work, particularly cooking, got fixed in the personalities of society. Accordingly, many Aunt Jemima collectibles discovered their way into the American kitchens. These black collectibles included staple rundown holders, salt and pepper shakers, spoon holders, burner sets, flour scoops, spatulas, blending bowls, match holders, tea kettles, hot-cushion holders, and substantially more. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Maybe Aunt Jemimah's most acclaimed picture is in the pancake promotion crusade. In St. Joseph, Mo., in 1889, Chris Rutt picked &amp;quot;'''[[Aunt Jemima]]'''&amp;quot; as the name for his new self-rising pancake mix, since ''&amp;quot;it just normally made me consider great cooking.&amp;quot;'' Clearly, others concurred in light of the fact that the mission was a moment achievement. Rutt offered his organization to Davis Milling Co., which picked Nancy Green as the Aunt Jemima items representative. This character built up a steadfast after of the two blacks and whites. To these individuals, Aunt Jemima had become reality. Her face actually can be found on the pancake boxes today. In spite of the fact that her picture has changed somewhat, the generalization lives on.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.ferris.edu/HTMLS/news/jimcrow/links/essays/vcu.htm Negative Racial Stereotypes and Their Effect on Attitudes Toward African-Americans]. Ferris.edu. Retrieved March 10, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Aunt Jemima brand pancake mix has been a piece of American life for over a century now, an overwhelmingly well known selection of purchasers. The lady on the case has gone through various makeovers, however she stays as before critically, an image of some implicit relationship among black worker ladies, the kitchen, and great food. This image remains too solid a promoting apparatus for its proprietors, the Quaker Oats Organization, to surrender. Aunt Jemima's story might be interesting for a number of reason. She might have been the first walking, talking trademark, and the product she pitches was among the first of a wave of supposedly labor-saving products at the turn of the century.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Maurice M. Manring. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/26235388?read-now=1&amp;amp;seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents Aunt Jemima Explained: The Old South, the Absent Mistress, and the Slave in a Box]. Jstor.org. Retrieved March 18, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Nancy Green==&lt;br /&gt;
In 1890, a previous slave named '''Nancy Green''' was employed to be the representative for Aunt Jemima brand food items.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Nancy Green was naturally introduced to slavery in 1834 in Montgomery Region, Kentucky. In 1889 the makers of Aunt Jemima, Charles Rutt and Charles Underwood, offered the organization to R.T Davis, who before long discovered Nancy Green in Chicago. The past proprietors had effectively settled upon her 'look' of a bandana and apron. Davis consolidated the Aunt Jemima look with a snappy tune from the Vaudeville circuit to make the Aunt Jemima brand. &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://blackamericaweb.com/2013/03/28/little-known-black-history-fact-the-history-of-aunt-jemima/ Little Known Black History Fact: The History of Aunt Jemima.] Blackamericaweb.com. Retrieved March 18, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The entertainers wore covers and red bandannas, impersonating the southern [[wikipedia:Mammy_stereotype|''mammy'']] in the kitchen. She was persistent, fat, and stupid, a buddy of the country idiot Jim Crow and his fashionable city cousin, Zip Coon. An odd character, she was particularly frightened and confounded by any development in innovation, for example, the phone and her powerlessness to adapt made her the aim of the joke for white crowds. Yet, in the kitchen, she was an unchallenged master, the cook for an admired adaptation of the Old South, a place that is known for acceptable food, delightful yet delicate white lady, warm climate, sophistication, and recreation.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Maurice M. Manring. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/26235388?read-now=1&amp;amp;seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents Aunt Jemima Explained: The Old South, the Absent Mistress, and the Slave in a Box]. Jstor.org. Retrieved March 18, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
She imitated Aunt Jemima until her dead in 1923. Nancy Green, standing next to the basket, dressed as Aunt Jemima, sang, cooked pancakes, and told stories about the Old South these stories made the South as happy as black and white local. She achieved great success. At the end of the trade fair, she had already sent thousands of pancakes. Her success made her a national celebrity. Her photo was posted on billboards across the country with the headline. Green who imitated Aunt Jemima has appeared in countless country fairs, flea markets, food exhibitions and local grocery stores. By the turn of the century, Aunt Jemima and Armour meat Chef were the two most trusted business symbols of American housewives. By 1910, more than 120 million breakfasts were provided to Aunt Jemima each year. The prevalence of Aunt Jemima has inspired many gifts and postal gifts, including dolls, breakfast club pins, tableware and recipe manuals.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
R.T. Davis Mill Company changed its name to Aunt Jemima Company in 1914, and finally sold to Quaker Oats Company in 1926. In 1933, Anna Robinson, who weighed 350 pounds, became the second Aunt Jemima. Her complexion is much heavier and darker than Nancy Green. The third Aunt Jemima is Edith Wilson. Edith Wilson is mainly known for her role as Aunt Jemima on radio and TV shows from 1948 to 1966. By the 1960s, Quaker Oats Company became the market leader in the frozen food industry, and Aunt Jemima was the American icons. In recent years, Aunt Jemima has gotten a makeover: her skin has turned pale and the handkerchief has been removed from her head. Now she looked like a charming maid, not a mammy from Jim Crow's time.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.ferris.edu/jimcrow/mammies/ The Mammy Caricature.] Ferris.edu. Retrieved March 18, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Stereotype==&lt;br /&gt;
Desire to transform the conflict between the Civil War and the pre-war slavery world into a benevolent, laid-back old South’s fictional memory, the white creator of Aunt Jemima reinterpreted the black and white planting life, usually based on the black stereotype. Center women and men and their roles in the life of the white plantation. Manring asserts that the image of Aunt Jemima is an interesting expression of pre-war and post-war prostitute shows: ready-made mammy meet the race, gender, and class expectations of the white middle class, and learn how to deal with fewer servant and modern kitchen. However, for African Americans, this image of a nanny used to be and is still particularly painful. As a subordinate symbol of black women under slavery, and as a houseworker after liberation, the overweight, joyful mothers covered in scarves have been constantly reminding whites of oppression. Manring also believes that this racialized nursery stereotype seemed out of place in the 1990s, but Aunt Jemima insisted on it because the concept of race and gender is still deeply rooted in our national culture.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
By studying a century of advertising copy created by various advertising agencies and the company records of companies that own the product and its advertising images, especially Quaker Oats Company, Manring reveals deliberate manipulation by the public under careful circumstances. A hundred years of large-scale marketing activities have aroused huge consumer demand for ready-made products. By fusing together concepts about race, class, and gender, these advertising strategies attracted national white consciousness committed to reconciliation after the civil war and reconstruction.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kate Clifford Larson. [https://networks.h-net.org/node/11634/reviews/14707/larson-manring-slave-box-strange-career-aunt-jemima Larson on Manring, 'Slave in a Box: The Strange Career of Aunt Jemima'.] Networks.h-net.org. Retrieved March 18, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Antisdio</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Aunt_Jemimah&amp;diff=7057734</id>
		<title>Aunt Jemimah</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Aunt_Jemimah&amp;diff=7057734"/>
		<updated>2021-03-18T08:49:16Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Antisdio: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[Category:Racism in Folklore]]&lt;br /&gt;
The generalization of Aunt Jemima developed out of the Mammy picture. She contrasts from Mammy in that her obligations were limited to cooking. It was through Aunt Jemima that the relationship of the African-American lady with domestic work, particularly cooking, got fixed in the personalities of society. Accordingly, many Aunt Jemima collectibles discovered their way into the American kitchens. These black collectibles included staple rundown holders, salt and pepper shakers, spoon holders, burner sets, flour scoops, spatulas, blending bowls, match holders, tea kettles, hot-cushion holders, and substantially more. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Maybe Aunt Jemimah's most acclaimed picture is in the pancake promotion crusade. In St. Joseph, Mo., in 1889, Chris Rutt picked &amp;quot;'''[[Aunt Jemima]]'''&amp;quot; as the name for his new self-rising pancake mix, since ''&amp;quot;it just normally made me consider great cooking.&amp;quot;'' Clearly, others concurred in light of the fact that the mission was a moment achievement. Rutt offered his organization to Davis Milling Co., which picked Nancy Green as the Aunt Jemima items representative. This character built up a steadfast after of the two blacks and whites. To these individuals, Aunt Jemima had become reality. Her face actually can be found on the pancake boxes today. In spite of the fact that her picture has changed somewhat, the generalization lives on.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.ferris.edu/HTMLS/news/jimcrow/links/essays/vcu.htm Negative Racial Stereotypes and Their Effect on Attitudes Toward African-Americans]. Ferris.edu. Retrieved March 10, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Aunt Jemima brand pancake mix has been a piece of American life for over a century now, an overwhelmingly well known selection of purchasers. The lady on the case has gone through various makeovers, however she stays as before critically, an image of some implicit relationship among black worker ladies, the kitchen, and great food. This image remains too solid a promoting apparatus for its proprietors, the Quaker Oats Organization, to surrender. Aunt Jemima's story might be interesting for a number of reason. She might have been the first walking, talking trademark, and the product she pitches was among the first of a wave of supposedly labor-saving products at the turn of the century.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Maurice M. Manring. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/26235388?read-now=1&amp;amp;seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents Aunt Jemima Explained: The Old South, the Absent Mistress, and the Slave in a Box]. Jstor.org. Retrieved March 18, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Nancy Green ==&lt;br /&gt;
In 1890, a previous slave named '''Nancy Green''' was employed to be the representative for Aunt Jemima brand food items.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Nancy Green was naturally introduced to slavery in 1834 in Montgomery Region, Kentucky. In 1889 the makers of Aunt Jemima, Charles Rutt and Charles Underwood, offered the organization to R.T Davis, who before long discovered Nancy Green in Chicago. The past proprietors had effectively settled upon her 'look' of a bandana and apron. Davis consolidated the Aunt Jemima look with a snappy tune from the Vaudeville circuit to make the Aunt Jemima brand. &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://blackamericaweb.com/2013/03/28/little-known-black-history-fact-the-history-of-aunt-jemima/ Little Known Black History Fact: The History of Aunt Jemima.] Blackamericaweb.com. Retrieved March 18, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The entertainers wore covers and red bandannas, impersonating the southern [[wikipedia:Mammy_stereotype|''mammy'']] in the kitchen. She was persistent, fat, and stupid, a buddy of the country idiot Jim Crow and his fashionable city cousin, Zip Coon. An odd character, she was particularly frightened and confounded by any development in innovation, for example, the phone and her powerlessness to adapt made her the aim of the joke for white crowds. Yet, in the kitchen, she was an unchallenged master, the cook for an admired adaptation of the Old South, a place that is known for acceptable food, delightful yet delicate white lady, warm climate, sophistication, and recreation.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Maurice M. Manring. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/26235388?read-now=1&amp;amp;seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents Aunt Jemima Explained: The Old South, the Absent Mistress, and the Slave in a Box]. Jstor.org. Retrieved March 18, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
She imitated Aunt Jemima until her dead in 1923. Nancy Green, standing next to the basket, dressed as Aunt Jemima, sang, cooked pancakes, and told stories about the Old South these stories made the South as happy as black and white local. She achieved great success. At the end of the trade fair, she had already sent thousands of pancakes. Her success made her a national celebrity. Her photo was posted on billboards across the country with the headline. Green who imitated Aunt Jemima has appeared in countless country fairs, flea markets, food exhibitions and local grocery stores. By the turn of the century, Aunt Jemima and Armour meat Chef were the two most trusted business symbols of American housewives. By 1910, more than 120 million breakfasts were provided to Aunt Jemima each year. The prevalence of Aunt Jemima has inspired many gifts and postal gifts, including dolls, breakfast club pins, tableware and recipe manuals.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
R.T. Davis Mill Company changed its name to Aunt Jemima Company in 1914, and finally sold to Quaker Oats Company in 1926. In 1933, Anna Robinson, who weighed 350 pounds, became the second Aunt Jemima. Her complexion is much heavier and darker than Nancy Green. The third Aunt Jemima is Edith Wilson. Edith Wilson is mainly known for her role as Aunt Jemima on radio and TV shows from 1948 to 1966. By the 1960s, Quaker Oats Company became the market leader in the frozen food industry, and Aunt Jemima was the American icons. In recent years, Aunt Jemima has gotten a makeover: her skin has turned pale and the handkerchief has been removed from her head. Now she looked like a charming maid, not a mammy from Jim Crow's time.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.ferris.edu/jimcrow/mammies/ The Mammy Caricature.] Ferris.edu. Retrieved March 18, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Stereotype ==&lt;br /&gt;
Desire to transform the conflict between the Civil War and the pre-war slavery world into a benevolent, laid-back old South’s fictional memory, the white creator of Aunt Jemima reinterpreted the black and white planting life, usually based on the black stereotype. Center women and men and their roles in the life of the white plantation. Manring asserts that the image of Aunt Jemima is an interesting expression of pre-war and post-war prostitute shows: ready-made mammy meet the race, gender, and class expectations of the white middle class, and learn how to deal with fewer servant and modern kitchen. However, for African Americans, this image of a nanny used to be and is still particularly painful. As a subordinate symbol of black women under slavery, and as a houseworker after liberation, the overweight, joyful mothers covered in scarves have been constantly reminding whites of oppression. Manring also believes that this racialized nursery stereotype seemed out of place in the 1990s, but Aunt Jemima insisted on it because the concept of race and gender is still deeply rooted in our national culture.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
By studying a century of advertising copy created by various advertising agencies and the company records of companies that own the product and its advertising images, especially Quaker Oats Company, Manring reveals deliberate manipulation by the public under careful circumstances. A hundred years of large-scale marketing activities have aroused huge consumer demand for ready-made products. By fusing together concepts about race, class, and gender, these advertising strategies attracted national white consciousness committed to reconciliation after the civil war and reconstruction.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kate Clifford Larson. [https://networks.h-net.org/node/11634/reviews/14707/larson-manring-slave-box-strange-career-aunt-jemima Larson on Manring, 'Slave in a Box: The Strange Career of Aunt Jemima'.] Networks.h-net.org. Retrieved March 18, 2021&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Antisdio</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=In_The_Heat_Of_The_Night_(1967)&amp;diff=6800425</id>
		<title>In The Heat Of The Night (1967)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=In_The_Heat_Of_The_Night_(1967)&amp;diff=6800425"/>
		<updated>2021-03-09T04:30:05Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Antisdio: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[File:51l3ij0-p3L. AC .jpg|thumb|Movie Poster|alt=|400x400px]]&lt;br /&gt;
In The Heat of The Night is a American mystery-drama film who released on August 2, 1967 in United States. Directed by [[wikipedia:Norman_Jewison|''Norman Jewison'']] and Produced by [[wikipedia:Walter_Mirisch|''Walter Mirisch.'']] This movie based on ''[[wikipedia:John_Ball_(novelist)|John Ball]]''&amp;lt;nowiki/&amp;gt;'s 1965 novel of the same name (''[[wikipedia:In_the_Heat_of_the_Night_(novel)|In The Heat of The Night]]'') and tells about Virgil Tibbs played by [[wikipedia:Sidney_Poitier|''Sidney Poitier'']] as a black detective who suffers racial slurs and humiliation at the hands of a white police chief Bill Gillespie played by [[wikipedia:Rod_Steiger|''Rod Steiger'']] while he tries to solve a murder in a small town in Mississippi. It also starring&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[wikipedia:Warren_Oates|''Warren Oates'']] as Sam Wood&lt;br /&gt;
*''[[wikipedia:Lee_Grant|Lee Grant]]'' as Mrs. Colbert&lt;br /&gt;
*[[wikipedia:Larry_Gates|''Larry Gates'']] as Endicott&lt;br /&gt;
*[[wikipedia:James_Patterson_(actor)|''James Patterson'']] as Lloyd Purdy&lt;br /&gt;
*[[wikipedia:William_Schallert|''William Schallert'']] as Mayor Schubert&lt;br /&gt;
*[[wikipedia:Beah_Richards|''Beah Richards'']] as Mama Caleba&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Plot==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:In the heat of the night still embed-compressed.jpg|thumb|left|Sidney Poitier (left) and Rod Steiger in the film In the Heat of the Night|alt=|300x300px]]&lt;br /&gt;
Philip Colbert, a wealthy man in Chicago, was murdered when he planned to build a factory in a small village in Sparta, Mississippi. Police Chief Bill Gillespie is under pressure and must find Colbert's murderer immediately. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Afro-American Virgil Tibbs passed by the roadside and was picked up by a racist policeman at the train station. He found that Tibbs had a lot of cash in his pocket. Tibbs was taken to the police station. Gillespie was very prejudiced against blacks and concluded that he was the culprit, but was embarrassed to learn that Tibbs was a Philadelphia homicide detective who visited his mother. After receiving the treatment of paranoia and racism, Tibbs only hoped to leave Sparta as soon as possible, but his captain from Philadelphia advised him to stay and assist in the investigation.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Tibbs initially suspected Eric Endicott, the wealthy plantation owner, who opposed the new factory. When he tried to ask Endicott about Colbert, Endicott slapped him. Tibbs slapped him, which caused Endicott to send a group of countryman gangsters after Tibbs. Gillespie rescued Tibbs from the battle and ordered him to leave the town for safety reasons. Tibbs refused to leave until he resolved the case. Tibbs asks Sam Wood, the policeman who found the body, to trace back the actions of the night of the murder. He patrolled with Gillespie and Sam, and at a dinner, the counter attendant Ralph Henshaw refused to serve Tibbs because he was black. Purdy insulted the black male Tibbs there and asked his sister to interrogate her about her sexual experience with Sam. He gathered a mob of lynchings to avenge Tibbs.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Tibbs cleared Sam by identifying the original scene of the crime and determining that Sam might not be able to drive two vehicles at the same time to dispose of the body and the victim's vehicle during the patrol. Tibbs intuitively found an abortion in a nearby backyard and found that someone had performed an abortion for Delores Purdy. When Delores returned, Tibbs chased her outside, where he met the murderer: Ralph Henshaw, the restaurant counter. After finishing Tibb's work, he finally boarded the bay and the Mobile and Ohio trains left the city, which was sent away by a more respected Gillespie.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Controversy==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Sidney Poitier (left) and Rod Steiger in the film In the Heat of the Night.jpg|thumb]]&lt;br /&gt;
In one scene, Tibbs was interrogated by the countryman police chief Bill Gillespie (Rod Steiger) of Mississippi (the most racist in the United States). Tibbs spoke with hatred and suspicion. In a world that will not succumb to him, he is a black man. He realized that the words seemed meaningless.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://www.sensesofcinema.com/2017/1967/in-the-heat-of-the-night/#fnref-29183-1&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; It also uses racism as a way of life, describing people trapped by benign isolation and arrogant attitudes. The city center is an insidious hatred that intensifies a quirky, respected concept of southern culture.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://lwlies.com/reviews/in-the-heat-of-the-night-1967/&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The film also shows the ways in which a police officer who cannot accept detectives can do better than him, simply because he is black.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/arts-music/article/2149701/revisiting-heat-night-film-confronted-racism&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Pros==&lt;br /&gt;
Racims can be solved as long as the people start to respect to each other ''&amp;quot;In the Heat of The Night takes some shortcuts in its vision of race and prejudice, but it also works as a strong exploration of race to this day. It’s what we might call a reconciliation film — a story in which a white character learns to be less racist because of his or her interactions with a black character&amp;quot;''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://religionnews.com/2020/06/10/what-movies-by-and-about-african-americans-can-teach-us-in-this-hard-present/&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ingeniously put the mystery and detective works that are usually the center of the story into the film's exploration of American racism, while at the same time depicting the original scene of the hateful South in the 1960s.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://sbiff.org/in-the-heat-of-the-night/&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Reference==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Anti-Black Racism in Mystery Movies]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Black Racism in Mystery Movies]]&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Antisdio</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Dear_White_People_(2014)&amp;diff=6800198</id>
		<title>Dear White People (2014)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Dear_White_People_(2014)&amp;diff=6800198"/>
		<updated>2021-03-09T04:20:25Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Antisdio: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[File:MV5BMjMzMjc5MjIzNV5BMl5BanBnXkFtZTgwNTY4OTQ2MjE@. V1 .jpg|thumb|Dear White People Movie Poster|alt=|350x350px]]&lt;br /&gt;
Written, directed and co-produced by [[wikipedia:Justin_Simien|''Justin Simien'']], Dear White People is American Comedy-Drama Movie who released on October 17, 2014 (United States). This movie tells about how is the lives of four black people at an Ivy League college as a black student. It stars [[wikipedia:Tyler_James_Williams|''Tyler James Williams'']] as Lionel Higgins, ''[[wikipedia:Tessa_Thompson|Tessa Thompson]] as Samantha White'', [[wikipedia:Teyonah_Parris|''Teyonah Parris'']] as Colandrea 'Coco' Conners, [[wikipedia:Brandon_P._Bell|''Brandon P. Bell'']] as Troy Fairbanks (as Brandon Bell), [[wikipedia:Malcolm_Barrett_(actor)|''Malcolm Barrett'']]&amp;lt;nowiki/&amp;gt;as Helmut West and [[wikipedia:Dennis_Haysbert|''Dennis Haysbert'']] as Dean Fairbanks.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Plot==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:17DEARWHITE-jumbo.jpg|thumb|left|The cast in Dear White People movie]]&lt;br /&gt;
Samantha White is a traditional media arts major at Winchester University, a well-known overwhelmingly white university. Sam used her tongue and witty radio show &amp;quot;Dear White&amp;quot; and her own published novel &amp;quot;Ebony and Ivy&amp;quot; to arouse the administration and student groups, condemning Winchester's white and racial crimes.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Activist Samantabeth’s sudden election as the head of the traditional black dormitory is building a culture war on a university campus, threatening the universal concept of what it means to be black. Although Sam used her popularity as the host of the controversial and polarizing radio show &amp;quot;Dear White&amp;quot; to discourage ''[https://dearwhitepeople.fandom.com/wiki/Armstrong-Parker_House Armstrong Parker House]'' from diversifying the institution, the outgoing principal, the son of the dean of the university, Troy Fairbanks ignored the lofty wish. His father applied to join the team of the university’s popular comedy magazine Pastiche, otherwise the all-white university newspaper hired the black sports science fiction writer Lionel Higgins to secretly conduct the report. He didn't know anything about the writing of black culture, and Coco Conners, who was absorbed by violence, tried to use the campus commotion to start a reality TV business.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
But no one at Winchester University is willing to prepare for Pastiche's shameful, incorrect annual Halloween party, and its &amp;quot;free your inner black&amp;quot; theme throws gasoline on an already sultry fire of frustration and confusion. When a party is in chaotic anarchy, everyone needs to choose one side.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;http://dearwhitepeople.com/synopsis&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Pros==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:From left, Nia Jervier, Teyonah Parris and Brandon P. Bell in Dear White People..jpg|thumb|From left, Nia Jervier, Teyonah Parris and Brandon P. Bell in Dear White People.]]&lt;br /&gt;
Mike Scott on [https://www.nola.com/ ''NOLA.com''] give 4 stars out of 5, he said that &amp;quot;Dear White&amp;quot; is a charming and clever movie, and racial irony makes all of us have something to say. He also thought it was &amp;quot;provocative&amp;quot; but very good. &amp;quot;''The genius of it all, despite its hot-button themes and eyebrow-raising title, is that it does it all with a disarming and deeply rooted sense of humor and charm. The result is an astute and funny film built around an impressively layered script and an appealing ensemble cast that manages to broach the delicate issue of race in an honest, sensible way.&amp;quot;''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://www.nola.com/entertainment_life/movies_tv/article_b7dc01ca-d73a-539a-88fe-27dd5973df60.html&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
All the content in the film is worth buying, because it is willing to face toxic and taboo things, so there is no suspense. &amp;quot;Dear White&amp;quot; is not a tool for complaining, but an open, even optimistic portrait, depicting people who are forced to navigate, resist or even use an unreasonable and unreasonable privilege system. Irony is indeed the perfect weapon for reason. Justin Simien is witty, calm and discerning.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://www.washingtonpost.com/goingoutguide/movies/dear-white-people-movie-review-a-satirical-and-timely-conversation-about-race/2014/10/16/fddef272-53ac-11e4-892e-602188e70e9c_story.html?tid=kp_google&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.- ''[https://www.washingtonpost.com/people/ann-hornaday/ Ann Hornaday]'' on [https://www.washingtonpost.com/ ''Washingtonpost.com''], she also give 3 stars out of 5&lt;br /&gt;
[https://www.nytimes.com/by/a-o--scott ''A.O. Scott''] on [https://www.nytimes.com/ ''Newyorktimes.com''] says &amp;quot;''Everyone should see this movie, and everyone will see it a little differently''.&amp;quot; Because this is a clever school comedy movie that combines some hot potatoes, including race, sex, privilege, power, agility, and occasional stumbles.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/17/movies/dear-white-people-about-racial-hypocrisy-at-a-college.html&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Reference==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category: Anti-Black Racism in Comedy Movies]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Antisdio</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Queen_%26_Slim_(2019)&amp;diff=6800076</id>
		<title>Queen &amp; Slim (2019)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Queen_%26_Slim_(2019)&amp;diff=6800076"/>
		<updated>2021-03-09T04:06:19Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Antisdio: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[File:81vNcJau+9L. AC SL1500 .jpg|thumb|Queen &amp;amp; Slim Movie Poster|alt=|350x350px]]&lt;br /&gt;
Directed by [[wikipedia:Melina_Matsoukas|''Melina Matsoukas'']] Queen &amp;amp; Slim is American Romantic-Crime-Drama movie who released on November 27, 2019 (United States). Set in today's United State this kind of another variation of &amp;quot;[[wikipedia:Bonnie_and_Clyde|''Bonnie &amp;amp; Clyde'']]&amp;quot; tells about a black young couple who seeks refuge after the main character kills a cop in self-defense on their first date. This movie stars are [[wikipedia:Daniel_Kaluuya|''Daniel Kaluuya'']] as Slim, [[wikipedia:Jodie_Turner-Smith|''Jodie Turner-Smith'']] as Queen, [[wikipedia:Bokeem_Woodbine|''Bokeem Woodbine'']] as Uncle Earl, [[wikipedia:Chloë_Sevigny|''Chloë Sevigny'']] as Mrs. Shepherd, [[wikipedia:Flea_(musician)|''Flea'']] as Mr. Shepherd, [[wikipedia:Sturgill_Simpson|''Sturgill Simpson'']] as Police Officer Reed and [[wikipedia:Indya_Moore|''Indya Moore'']] as Goddess.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Plot==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Queen-slim.jpg|thumb|left|Queen and Slim|alt=|356x356px]]&lt;br /&gt;
After the queen and Slim swiped to the right in the '''[https://www.help.tinder.com/hc/en-us/articles/115004647686-What-is-Tinder- Tinder]''', they met in the restaurant in person. Slim worked at Costco, and Queen was a lawyer, and had a bad day in court.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In a restaurant like one of those old-fashioned diners in &amp;quot;Pulp Fiction,&amp;quot; the two chatted. Slim likes this place because it is owned by black people, but the Queen thinks it is cheap. The two men seem to have no second date, and there seems to be no hope for the direction of things. The situation will change. When Slim drove home, a police car pulled them over. The police are rude, suspicious and white.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Then, he continued to search the car for contraband that did not exist at all. It was late, and the road was silent except for hostile negotiations between the police officer and the presumed criminal. After Slim realized the threat, he treated it calmly and obeyed the officer's orders as politely as possible. The queen knew her rights, and she was not shy to ask for her rights. When she called her, the situation quickly got out of control. Ground, grab his pistol, bangs! There is now a decline in the number of racist police in the country.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When they absconded, first it was Slim’s car, then the Kentucky Sheriff’s pickup truck, then the blue Pontiac Catarina, and finally an old, poop-brown Mercedes. Si, Queen and Slim, they drove through a poor, rural and black America. , Queen and Slim will soon become what the script calls &amp;quot;Bonnie and Clyde&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Controversy==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Daniel-kaluuya-queen-slim-1a-tout-550x550.jpg|thumb|Jodie Turner Smith as Queen and Daniel Kaluuya as Slim|alt=|250x250px]]&lt;br /&gt;
Courtney Anderson on [https://courtdanee.medium.com/queen-slim-isnt-for-black-people-b48dee33106d her site] says &amp;quot;''this movie doesn’t seem to have been made for Black people''&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://courtdanee.medium.com/queen-slim-isnt-for-black-people-b48dee33106d&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Considering that blacks have been violently debating police brutality in the past few years and insisting on avoiding impunity shooting and killing, this film reflects the blacks trying to escape state-sanctioned abuse through the necessary means—seeking Love, friendship, and redemption come along-may appeal to black audiences. Following her statement she also say &amp;quot;O''r, maybe I should say that it’s not for certain types of Black people. For the past few days, I’ve been trying to figure out who Queen &amp;amp; Slim is actually for''.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://courtdanee.medium.com/queen-slim-isnt-for-black-people-b48dee33106d&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Some some even responded to their disappointment after watching this movie &amp;quot;''I left the theater after watching Queen &amp;amp; Slim feeling, yet again, that I was being reminded of my inevitable demise as a black person in America, or the demise of someone I love. I felt hopeless instead of inspired; deflated instead of uplifted; tired instead of woke&amp;quot;'' by Jordan Ligons on Theringer&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://www.theringer.com/movies/2019/12/20/21030177/queen-and-slim-black-lives-matter&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. Because of Why must black stories rely on trauma and hopelessness?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Reference==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category: Black Racism in Romance Movies]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Antisdio</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Mississippi_Burning_(1988)&amp;diff=6799318</id>
		<title>Mississippi Burning (1988)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Mississippi_Burning_(1988)&amp;diff=6799318"/>
		<updated>2021-03-09T03:55:08Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Antisdio: &lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;div&gt;[[File:51kcUb0z+CL. AC .jpg|thumb|Mississippi Burning Movie Poster|alt=|400x400px]]&lt;br /&gt;
Mississippi Burning is American biographical crime thriller who released on December 2, 1988 (Washington). This 128 minutes movie tells about two FBI agents ''[[wikipedia:Gene_Hackman|Gene Hackman]]'' as Agent Rupert Anderson and ''[[wikipedia:Willem_Dafoe|Willem Dafoe]]'' as Agent Alan Ward investigating the murder of civil rights by [[wikipedia:Ku_Klux_Klan|''Ku Klux Klan'']] workers in the 1960s are trying to break the silence conspiracy in a small southern town where the black-and-white separation divides, based on The 1964 [[wikipedia:Murders_of_Chaney,_Goodman,_and_Schwerner|''Murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner'']]. It also starring &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[wikipedia:Frances_McDormand|''Frances McDormand'']] as Mrs. Pell&lt;br /&gt;
*[[wikipedia:Brad_Dourif|''Brad Dourif'']] as Deputy Sheriff Clinton Pell&lt;br /&gt;
*[[wikipedia:R._Lee_Ermey|''R. Lee Ermey'']] as Mayor Tilman&lt;br /&gt;
*[[wikipedia:Gailard_Sartain|''Gailard Sartain'']] as Sheriff Ray Stuckey&lt;br /&gt;
*[[wikipedia:Stephen_Tobolowsky|''Stephen Tobolowsky'']] as Clayton Townley&lt;br /&gt;
*[[wikipedia:Michael_Rooker|''Michael Rooker'']] as Frank Bailey&lt;br /&gt;
*[[wikipedia:Pruitt_Taylor_Vince|''Pruitt Taylor Vince'']] as Lester Cowens&lt;br /&gt;
*[[wikipedia:Badja_Djola|''Badja Djola'']] as Agent Monk&lt;br /&gt;
*[[wikipedia:Kevin_Dunn|''Kevin Dunn'']] as Agent Bird&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Plot==&lt;br /&gt;
The Mississippi Burning was established in 1964 when three civil rights workers were murdered by members of Ku Klux Klan in a small town. Two FBI agents, Willem Dafoe played Ward, he is an enthusiastic Harvard University graduate who held high positions in the Robert Kennedy Department of Justice. This reliable agent hopes to attract the attention of killers by making the city a target of national media attention. Gene Hackman performed at an active Oscar awards ceremony, playing the former Mississippi State Senator Anderson, his charm has won the trust of the deputy sheriff's dissatisfied wife. He claimed that her evidence holds the key to what actually happened to the three civil rights workers.[[File:MISSISSIPPI-BURNING-008.jpg|thumb|left|Gene Hackman and Willem Dafoe in Mississippi Burning]]&lt;br /&gt;
==Controversy==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The film describes the way blacks were lynched, beaten and their houses and churches burned during the Civil War.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://www.spiritualityandpractice.com/films/reviews/view/6198&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; It also shows many appalling (and roughly accurate) incidents of racist violence, and its narrative focuses on the significance of racial politics to white people.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://www.theguardian.com/film/2013/apr/10/reel-history-mississippi-burning&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Pro==&lt;br /&gt;
It also showed that FBI agents restrained and took legal proceedings under Anderson's instructions in order to identify the killer. This makes them as brutal and humane as their racist opponents. Mississippi Burning tried to illustrate a barbaric justice that has penetrated into American history but runs counter to the value of human rights and personal freedom.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://www.spiritualityandpractice.com/films/reviews/view/6198&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[https://www.rogerebert.com/contributors/roger-ebert Roger Ebert] give this one 4 stars out of 5 And I have never seen other movies that capture the look, feel, and smell of racism so powerfully. In this movie, we can feel their hatred of racists, how to replace other entertainment methods, and how to make up for their sense of worthlessness. When the back of racism is broken, we can feel something freely breaking free and fresh air pouring in.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/mississippi-burning-1988&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Reference==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category: Anti-Black Racism in Thriller Movies]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category: Black Racism in Thriller Movies]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Antisdio</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Antebellum_(2020)&amp;diff=6798949</id>
		<title>Antebellum (2020)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Antebellum_(2020)&amp;diff=6798949"/>
		<updated>2021-03-09T03:47:50Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Antisdio: &lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;div&gt;[[File:Download (2).jpg|thumb|Antebellum Movie Poster]]&lt;br /&gt;
Antebellum is American Drama-Thiller-Horror, written adn directed by Gerard Bush and Christopher Renz in their feature directorial debuts who released on September 18, 2020 (United States). It stars [[wikipedia:Janelle_Monáe|''Janelle Monáe'']] as Veronica / Eden, [[wikipedia:Eric_Lange|''Eric Lange'']] as Him / Senator Denton, [[wikipedia:Jena_Malone|''Jena Malone'']] as Elizabeth, [[wikipedia:Jack_Huston|''Jack Huston'']] as Captain Jasper, [[wikipedia:Kiersey_Clemons|''Kiersey Clemons'']] as Julia and [[wikipedia:Gabourey_Sidibe|''Gabourey Sidibe'']] as Dawn. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This film tells a modern African American woman who must escape when she finds herself in a slave plantation in the south during the Civil War.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Plot==&lt;br /&gt;
The successful writer Veronica Henley (Janelle Monáe) had a wonderful life with her husband and daughter. When she flew to the Deep South to attend a meeting, she suddenly found herself living in a nightmare because she was transported back to the terrifying pre-war era, beaten and even killed by a cotton plantation run by the cruel Confederate officer Captain Jasper (Jack Houston) The slave died. Veronica, now a slave named Eden, finds herself caught in this frightening new reality and works with other slaves, discovering the incredible before it’s too late The incredible mystery.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Controversy==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:This movie had the opportunity to show a more dynamic side of slavery narratives, but it ends up reaffirming the very horror it is trying to critique..jpg|thumb|left|Janelle Monáe as Veronica / Eden]]&lt;br /&gt;
======I Am Tired of Films Like Antebellum======&lt;br /&gt;
I'm tired. I am tired of pop culture things. These things turn black people into underworld and actively portray the evils of this world of clothes. I am tired of myself being the main prism through which we perceive black culture through suffering. I am so hungry that the joy of black and the performance of black are like a meal, which makes me feel bored. I am tired of slavery movies that cannot understand the inner life of black women, even if their animals become a tool for filmmakers to investigate the terrorist acts of slavery. I'm tired of harsh descriptions and the exposure blacks get from milquetoast social messages.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://www.vulture.com/2020/09/antebellum-movie-review-i-am-tired-of-films-like-this.html&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
======Antebellum isnt just bad - its vile to make a point about the evils of white supremacy, the film subjects its Black characters to unceasing brutality.======&lt;br /&gt;
Violence and abuse continue to appear in the top 40 movies: a woman was killed for trying to escape; the kidnappers of Eden are strongly branded. A Confederate soldier sexually assaulted a enslaved woman in a particularly painful sequence. The terrible reality of slavery has become a stereotype of horror movies.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://www.theatlantic.com/culture/archive/2020/09/antebellum-review/616403/&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
======'''Grossly Misguided 'Antebellum' Thinks Trauma Is Empowering for Some Stupid Reason'''======&lt;br /&gt;
The reputation of the slave movie is a weak one and needs to be broken. It is important to remember the past. Entertainment plays an important role in shaping public memory. Movies are &amp;quot;painful&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://www.pajiba.com/film_reviews/review-with-spoilers-grossly-misguided-antebellum-thinks-trauma-is-empowering-for-some-stupid-reason.php&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Reference==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category: Black Racism in Thriller Movies]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Antisdio</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Get_out_(2017)&amp;diff=6798942</id>
		<title>Get out (2017)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Get_out_(2017)&amp;diff=6798942"/>
		<updated>2021-03-09T03:40:29Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Antisdio: &lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;div&gt;[[File:GetOut PosterArt.jpg|thumb|Get Out Poster]]&lt;br /&gt;
Get Out is a horror, mystery and thriller film by Jordan Peele who released on February 24, 2017 United States and directed by Jordan Peele. This 104-minute film portrays the social problem in America in the form of racism toward black people. But Get Out isn't about the overtly, apparently frightening kind of racism—burning crosses and lynchings and snarling hatred. Alternatively, it's interested in illustrating how racist conduct that attempts to be aggressively unscary is just as terrifying, and in making us experience that horror, in a visceral, physical way.The stars are ''[[wikipedia:Daniel_Kaluuya|Daniel Kaluuya]]'' as Chris Washington, [[wikipedia:Allison_Williams_(actress)|''Allison Williams'']] as Rose Harmitage, [[wikipedia:Lil_Rel_Howery|''Lil Rel Howery'']], [[wikipedia:Bradley_Whitford|''Bradley Whitford'']], [[wikipedia:Stephen_Root|''Stephen Root'']], [[wikipedia:Catherine_Keener|''Catherine Keener'']], [[wikipedia:Lakeith_Stanfield|''Lakeith Stanfield'']], and [[wikipedia:Caleb_Landry_Jones|''Caleb Landry Jones.'']]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Get Out&amp;quot; has been recognised by the National Board of Review and the American Film Institute as one of the top 10 films of 2017. In 2018, Get Out won 39 big nominations, earning 17 trophies. Peele won for Best Original Screenplay in 2018 Academy Awards. It also Including Best Picture, Best Actor in a leading role by Daniel Kaluuya and Best Directing by Jordan as nomination.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://envelope.latimes.com/awards/titles/get-out/&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Plot==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Getout.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Catherine Keener, Bradley Whitford, Allison Williams, Betty Gabriel, and Daniel Kaluuya in Get Out. ]]&lt;br /&gt;
He is a young African American, and when he meets his white girlfriend Rose Armitage, he discovers a dark and disturbing mystery. About five months after dating, talented young African American photographers Chris (Kaluuya) and Rose (Williams) Upstate with her active white parents, neurosurgeon Dean (Bradley Whitford) and therapist/hypnotist mother Missy ( Catherine Keener) hang out). Chris was a little nervous about the reaction of Rose's family to him. Her boyfriend is black, she didn't tell them. However, Dean is passionate about the achievements of Olympia Jesse Owens and his support for Obama, which is really sweet to him The property employs Walter, played by Marter Henderson and Georgina (Betty Gabriel), both of whom are black. Dean forgave Chris because he felt he was shrinking from the sight of the two black servants on the white family farm.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For the family, things have become a rule. Everyone is enthusiastic about the next annual party, and all family members are attending. At the invitation of the Armitage family, the visitors were all white men who were already old. Except for a black man who behaved like a white man. They were so friendly, and Chris celebrated too much. It was his experience like a black man.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Then things started to get weird. He saw Walter, the night club manager, doing strange things outside the house. When he walked into the house, he had a strange encounter with Missy. As the weekend with his family progressed, Chris discovered several secrets and discovered that Rose’s claim that he was her first black boyfriend was incorrect. When he tried to leave the house, he was stopped by Rose and her family. Rose's hypnotist mother kicked him out for hypnotism.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Controversy==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:95fb08714607e3bb176a045d559512d8ef69bdbb.jpg|thumb|Chris and Rose in Get Out]]&lt;br /&gt;
The film has won many honors, but it will inevitably be criticized. Some viewers think this movie is too privileged for white people, and white people are always so bad.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;''I don't care if this actually an entertaining movie or not I find it atrocious that anyone can support such outright racism. It's blatantly pushing a racist stereotype agenda against white people. But no you can't be racist against white people we're &amp;quot;too privileged&amp;quot; I've heard as an excuse&amp;quot;''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://www.mic.com/articles/169514/get-out-movie-controversy-film-called-anti-white-and-racist-by-some-viewers&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
''&amp;quot;White people are bad in everything, why do they always have to be the victim?!?!?&amp;quot; My goodness, calm down. You're acting as if no other race/ethnicity is ever portrayed as the villain. If I complained every time the only Hispanic in the movie was a drug dealer, gang member, or the help, I'd lose my breathe. Some of you need to stop trying to play the victim card when you know it isn't the same. You're not the victim. You're not being oppressed. You're not underrepresented. STOP.&amp;quot;''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://www.mic.com/articles/169514/get-out-movie-controversy-film-called-anti-white-and-racist-by-some-viewers&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
But despite all the critics, this movie actually caused the problem of modern slavery. This shows that the slavery of blacks to whites has not stopped in the past, but has continued to the present. Director Jason Blum said that we can use various genres to introduce people to very important information. ''&amp;quot;If you can make genre movies that make the world a better place, that's a good thing.&amp;quot;''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://variety.com/2017/biz/news/get-out-awards-category-controvers-1202618267/&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Reference==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category: Black Racism in Thriller Movies]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Antisdio</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=The_Banker_(2020)&amp;diff=6798933</id>
		<title>The Banker (2020)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=The_Banker_(2020)&amp;diff=6798933"/>
		<updated>2021-03-09T03:31:01Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Antisdio: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[File:MV5BZWIzZmQ3Y2EtZTEyMC00MTk1LTlkMzktNmFkMjAzOWM2ZWViXkEyXkFqcGdeQXVyNjM2MDMxMDk@. V1 .jpg|thumb|The Banker Movie Poster|alt=|350x350px]]&lt;br /&gt;
The Banker is American drama movie directed produced by [[wikipedia:George_Nolfi|''George Nolfi'']] who released on March 6, 2020 (United States). Driven by real events, this film tells the story of Black businessmen ''[https://www.history.com/news/bernard-garrett-banker-jim-crow Bernard Garrett]'' played by [[wikipedia:Anthony_Mackie|''Anthony Mackie'']] and Joe Morris played by [[wikipedia:Samuel_L._Jackson|Samuel L. Jackson]] developing a business plan in Los Angeles in the 1960s to fight for housing discrimination and equal access to the American Dream for African Americans and it was Apple’s first original movie. It also starring &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*Anthony Mackie as Bernard Garrett&lt;br /&gt;
*[[wikipedia:Nicholas_Hoult|''Nicholas Hoult'']] as Matt Steiner&lt;br /&gt;
*Samuel L. Jackson as Joe Morris&lt;br /&gt;
*[[wikipedia:Nia_Long|''Nia Long'']] as Eunice Garrett&lt;br /&gt;
*Scott Daniel Johnson as Robert Florance, Jr.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Plot==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Samuel-l-jackson-anthony-mackie-the-banker-apple.jpg|thumb|left]]&lt;br /&gt;
Bernard Garrett (Anthony Mackie) is ambitious, and the world around him has been trying to flatten. When a black teenager grew up in Texas in the late 1930s, he realized that expectations and opportunities were limited, but refused to accept the idea that his life would become enslavement. Then he tried to get involved in the real estate industry in 1954, but faced a lot of racial discrimination. He became a co-investor in the rich man’s club owner Joe Morris (Samuel L. Jackson), and together they had Matt Steiner (Nicholas Hoult) posing at the meeting to make the sales smoother because he was white . In the end, they will achieve great success in the real estate sector in Los Angeles. In order to provide loans to black people to start businesses and buy houses, Bernard wanted to buy a new bank in his hometown of Texas. Matt was responsible for this work and eventually asked for the expansion of the second bank.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the end, they were upset by Matt's lack of banking expertise and both accepted federal charges. Bernard is adamantly opposed to giving blacks the same upward mobility potential. He and Joe were serving sentences in prison, and when they were released, they went to several properties they had left in the Bahamas to recover with Bernard's wife, Nia Long.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://themoviespoiler.com/movies/the-banker/&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Pros==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Samuel L Jackson and Anthony Mackie in The Banker..jpg|thumb|Samuel L Jackson and Anthony Mackie in The Banker.]]&lt;br /&gt;
Black characters have been relegated to period films that position them as subservient, trapped playing maids and slaves, but not in The Banker. In this movie, a black businessmen character is seen facing racism and how this movie tells about equality. &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://www.theguardian.com/film/2020/mar/19/the-banker-review-apple-first-movie-is-a-slick-yet-patchy-racism-drama&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Banker exposes America's history of inequality and discriminatory banking policies. The movie can be an inspiration for those facing difficult times, with limited action and sex scenes.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://www.bangkokpost.com/life/arts-and-entertainment/1897150/the-banker-spotlights-american-inequality&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
''&amp;quot;This film tells a powerful story about equality, human dignity, and desegregat''ion&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://siliconvalleyathome.org/event/understanding-racism-in-housing-a-conversation-with-the-filmmakers-of-the-banker-movie/&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It also shows that African-American entrepreneurs can also achieve their goals while breaking racial boundaries, making it possible for black citizens to move into previously white communities.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://variety.com/2020/film/reviews/the-banker-review-anthony-mackie-samuel-l-jackson-1203522502/&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Reference==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Anti-Black Racism in Drama Movies]]&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Antisdio</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=The_Color_of_Friendship_(2000)&amp;diff=6777815</id>
		<title>The Color of Friendship (2000)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=The_Color_of_Friendship_(2000)&amp;diff=6777815"/>
		<updated>2021-03-08T13:43:20Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Antisdio: &lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;div&gt;[[File:The-color-of-friendship-movie-cover-md.jpg|thumb|The Color of Friendship Movie Poster|alt=|400x400px]]&lt;br /&gt;
The Color of Friendship is a television film directed by Kevin Hooks who released on February 5, 2000 and based on true events.This film tells the story of a young black girl who befriends with a South African exchange student named Mahree Bok. They form friendship despite having misinterpreted views about each other's cultures, and Piper's father is deeply opposed to the apartheid regime in South Africa. It starring &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[wikipedia:Carl_Lumbly|''Carl Lumbly'']] as Congressman [[wikipedia:Ron_Dellums|''Ron Dellums'']]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[wikipedia:Penny_Johnson_Jerald|''Penny Johnson'']] as Roscoe Dellums&lt;br /&gt;
*[[wikipedia:Lindsey_Haun|''Lindsey Haun'']] as Mahree Bok&lt;br /&gt;
*[[wikipedia:Shadia_Simmons|''Shadia Simmons'']] as Piper Dellums&lt;br /&gt;
*Anthony Burnett as Brandy Dellums&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Plot==&lt;br /&gt;
Set in 1977, African American Congressman Carl Lumbly participated in the anti-apartheid movement in South Africa, especially after Stephen Biko was imprisoned. The congressman’s teenage daughter, Shadia Simmons, convinced him and her mother Roscoe (Penny Johnson) to let an exchange student live in their home for four months. At the same time, Mahree Bok (Lindsey Haun) asked her mother to return to South Africa and asked her father (a police officer) to agree to her participation in the exchange program. She is very happy to live in America. [[File:Color-of-friendship-1024x576.jpg|thumb|left|Lindsey Haun as Mahree Bok and Shadia Simmons as Piper Dellums]]At the airport, both girls get a rude awakening. The South African teen, Mahree (Lindsay Haun), is expecting a white family, while Piper and her family are excited to be hosting a black African. At first, Mahree retreated to her bedroom and locked the door. All her views of the blacks are undercut by the Dellums, who are well-to-do, sophisticated, and willing to let her go like her hosts. Out of sheer stubbornness to prove that her father and younger brother were wrong, Mahree decided to stick it out in America.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
During her stay, Mahree sees people of different races come along and realizes how much she and Piper have in common. Both of them have been good friends. Both of them appear to have a nice time at the mall, trying on various clothes, and so on. Mahree is also forced to overcome her own propensity to see her host family as dangerous servants and odd black people, and learns to live day by day among them. She also refuses to admit, however, that the system is oppressive and wrong in her own country, or that her own family has a hand in perpetuating it.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When the South African Embassy in Washington forcibly expelled her from Dellums's home and told her that as a minor she must go home, Mahri's eyes really opened. This was the first time in her life that she was like a prisoner, deprived of her rights and feelings. A story that Flora told her became the touchstone of Mahree's new understanding of tolerance and, together with others, created a world free of prejudice and racial hatred.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Pros==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:190301-the-color-of-friendship-piper-mahree-premium.jpg|thumb|The Color of Friendship scene]]&lt;br /&gt;
This film shows a way to both define and resolve the racial difference. Each one of them has an essential message that will make people understand more about others that are different. It's important because even though one doesn't have any problems with someone of a different color, other people will.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://whatsondisneyplus.com/the-color-of-friendship-retro-review/&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
''&amp;quot;A smart, intricate portrayal of racism and the political climate of the 1970s, both in the U.S. and South Africa.&amp;quot;'' The Color of Friendship deals with the issue of racism with intricacy and heart, and reveals the strength of education and love over all else. His positive message is still extremely relevant today, and can be understood by all ages and races, wrapped in a family and friendship story.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://www.commonsensemedia.org/movie-reviews/the-color-of-friendship&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
''&amp;quot;We can not afford to be color blind.&amp;quot;'' This film has done an outstanding job of showing that not everyone is the same and that race/ethnicity needs to be remembered if we want to get through social injustices anywhere in this country and abroad. The film experimented with racial problems in a real way, like the bad words used at the time to demonstrate how black people were disrespected in both the U.S. and South Africa.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://www.izzyandliv.com/blogs/stuff-we-love/what-disneys-the-color-friendship-taught-me-about-race-and-tolerance&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Reference==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category: Anti-Black Racism in Drama Movies]]&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Antisdio</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Mudbound_(2017)&amp;diff=6776477</id>
		<title>Mudbound (2017)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Mudbound_(2017)&amp;diff=6776477"/>
		<updated>2021-03-08T13:13:40Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Antisdio: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[File:MV5BZTg3YTEzNjYtZTY2NS00YjNmLTlhNjUtZTI2M2E5NDI4M2NjXkEyXkFqcGdeQXVyMzI3MDEzMzM@. V1 .jpg|thumb|Mudbound Movie Poster|alt=|300x300px]]&lt;br /&gt;
Mudbound is a American historical drama movie who released on November 17, 2017 in United Stated and directed by [[wikipedia:Dee_Rees|''Dee Rees'']].The movie is based upon the novel of the same name by author [[wikipedia:Hillary_Jordan|''Hillary Jordan'']] who tells the story of two Mississippi families, a black family and a white family. They are both farmers, who struggle with life after the Second World War. The storyline is motivated by problems such as PTSD, racism, and economic concerns, giving the film a tremendously realistic and sincere feeling. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It starring :&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[wikipedia:Garrett_Hedlund|''Garrett Hedlund'']] as Jamie McAllan&lt;br /&gt;
*[[wikipedia:Carey_Mulligan|''Carey Mulligan'']] as Laura McAllan&lt;br /&gt;
*[[wikipedia:Jason_Clarke|''Jason Clarke'']] as Henry McAllan&lt;br /&gt;
*[[wikipedia:Jason_Mitchell|''Jason Mitchell'']] as Ronsel Jackson&lt;br /&gt;
*[[wikipedia:Mary_J._Blige|''Mary J. Blige'']] as Florence Jackson&lt;br /&gt;
*[[wikipedia:Rob_Morgan_(actor)|''Rob Morgan'']] as Hap Jackson&lt;br /&gt;
*[[wikipedia:Jonathan_Banks|''Jonathan Banks'']] as Pappy McAllan&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Mudbound also received 19 major nominations in 2018 including [[wikipedia:Academy_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actress|''Best Actress in a supporting role'']] by Mary J. Blige, [[wikipedia:Academy_Award_for_Best_Adapted_Screenplay|''Best Adapted screenplay'']] by Virgil Williams and Dee Rees and win [[wikipedia:Academy_Award_for_Best_Cinematography|''Best Cinematographer'']] by Rachel Morrison in 2018 New York Film Critics Circle.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://envelope.latimes.com/awards/titles/mudbound/&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Plot==&lt;br /&gt;
The McAllans are a bourgeois agricultural family. Henry McAllan grew up on a farm sold by his family when he was a teenager, has a degree and worked in Memphis, and met his wife Laura in 1939. She didn't particularly attract him, but she married him anyway. The couple have two daughters. After the war broke out, Jamie (Henry's brother) became a fighter pilot. After Henry left, Henry decided to buy land in Mississippi and lived with another family named Papi (Henry and Jamie's father). Racists, between idleness and retirement, love to launch attacks among everyone, family members or friends, but have a special contempt for blacks, and are especially happy to insult blacks with impunity.[[File:Mudbound-2017.jpg|thumb|left|Jamie with Jackson Family|alt=|480x480px]]The dramatic incident on the farm involved tensions between the Macallans and the Jackson couple, a black family. In the Mississippi Delta, Hap Jackson is the arable land of is farmer. In the past few years, his ancestors worked as slaves for decades. He longed to own the property he was working on, and the latter was forced to hand it over to the white man with a gun. When the son they owned died, the Jackson family suffered two accidents and Harp broke his leg. This causes families to rent a child from McAllans and reduce their land income. The accident means Florence can no longer work for Laura. The core relationship in the movie is the friendship between the two people after the war.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The core relationship in the film is the post-war friendship between Florence and Harp's eldest son, Jamie and Ronsel Jackson. Ronsel was happy to meet his family, but was angry at being treated as a second-class citizen in a slum in Mississippi, and Jamie has always suffered from PTSD. When Rancy was riding together on the McAllen truck, he introduced Jamie to his wife and son in Germany. At home, Pappy condemned Jamie for allowing a black man to sit with him in the front of the truck.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After entering the house, Ronsel found himself leaving the photo on the truck. Later that night, members of Ku Klux Klan picked him up and beat him. Jamie was taken to a remote farm site, Ronsel was detained and awarded a &amp;quot;trial&amp;quot; by KKK to decide whether to lynch him. When Jamie tried to defend Ronsel, others eventually overwhelmed him, forcing him to choose punishment for Ronsel: taking his eyes, tongue or testicles. Jamie is forced to witness Ronsel's physical mutilation. Ronsel was naked and found by his relatives. In revenge for Ronsel's treatment, Jamie killed his father at night.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After Henry returned home, Laura said that his father died peacefully in his sleep. Henry and Jamie dug a grave and buried their father in a muddy farm. They learned that the scene was the tomb of a former slave. Later, the Jackson family found happiness on a new farm. Ronsel, now silent, returns to Germany to reunite with his girlfriend and son.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Pros==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Breaking the rules of racial separation.jpg|thumb|Jason Mitchell and Garrett Hedlund in the Mudbound Movie]]&lt;br /&gt;
Johnny Brayson on [https://www.bustle.com/ '''Bustle'''] said that this movie feels so real and could change how you see history &amp;quot;''Mudbound may technically be a fictional story, but it was shaped by accounts of people who had experienced similar events and lifestyles firsthand, which explains why it feels so real.&amp;quot;''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://www.bustle.com/p/is-mudbound-a-true-story-theres-a-reason-the-powerful-netflix-drama-feels-so-real-5466932&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; His Grandmother also said to him &amp;quot;''will never be a citizen in this country.' And what she meant by that was that this country will never see her as a first class American citizen. She’d always be a problem, or a reminder. I wanted to explore how these black soldiers are received [abroad] first as Americans then as black men. But here, they’re received only as black men, and I don’t know if they're ever seen as American''.&amp;quot; Thats why he feels this movie is so real, because at that time his Grandmother used to feel the same way.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Peter Travers on [https://www.rollingstone.com/ '''Rolling Stone'''] also said that this movie reflects the Trump era without he being a part of it, &amp;quot;''A fiercely intimate epic about poverty, racism, violence and a divided America, Mudbound scorchingly reflects the Trump era without being a part of it''.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/movie-reviews/mudbound-review-epic-drama-on-poverty-race-and-family-is-stunning-achievement-123814/&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
And based on [https://ew.com/ '''EW'''] by Chris Nashawaty he said that telling story about race is never easy, but this movie did such a wonderful job &amp;quot;''Telling stories about race is never easy. There’s so much baggage, so many charged emotions, it’s so easy to make a wrong step. But Mudbound is never preachy, reductive, or undercut by its own good intentions. Just the opposite. It’s a deeply felt American tale told with heart and humanity&amp;quot;.''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://ew.com/movies/2017/11/16/mudbound-review/&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Reference==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category: Anti-Black Racism in Drama Movies]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Antisdio</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=The_Butler_(2013)&amp;diff=6776456</id>
		<title>The Butler (2013)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=The_Butler_(2013)&amp;diff=6776456"/>
		<updated>2021-03-08T12:50:01Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Antisdio: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[File:51Yr0ke4csL. AC .jpg|thumb|The Butler Movie Poster]]&lt;br /&gt;
The Bulter is an American historical drama movie who released on August 16, 2013 in United State. Directed by [[wikipedia:Lee_Daniels|''Lee Daniels'']] and produced by Pamela Oas Williams, Laura Ziskin, Lee Daniels, Buddy Patrick and Cassian Elwes. It starring &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[wikipedia:Forest_Whitaker|''Forest Whitaker'']] as Cecil Gaines&lt;br /&gt;
*[[wikipedia:Oprah_Winfrey|''Oprah Winfrey'']] as Gloria Gaines&lt;br /&gt;
*[[wikipedia:Mariah_Carey|''Mariah Carey'']] as Hattie Pearl&lt;br /&gt;
*[[wikipedia:John_Cusack|''John Cusack'']] as Richard Nixon&lt;br /&gt;
*[[wikipedia:Jane_Fonda|''Jane Fonda'']]&amp;lt;nowiki/&amp;gt;as Nancy Reagan&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[wikipedia:Cuba_Gooding_Jr.|''Cuba Gooding Jr.'']] as Carter Wilson&lt;br /&gt;
*[[wikipedia:Terrence_Howard|''Terrence Howard'']] as Howard&lt;br /&gt;
*[[wikipedia:Lenny_Kravitz|''Lenny Kravitz'']] as James Holloway&lt;br /&gt;
*[[wikipedia:James_Marsden|''James Marsden'']] as John F. Kennedy&lt;br /&gt;
*[[wikipedia:David_Oyelowo|''David Oyelowo'']] as Louis Gaines&lt;br /&gt;
*[[wikipedia:Vanessa_Redgrave|''Vanessa Redgrave'']] as Annabeth Westfall&lt;br /&gt;
*[[wikipedia:Alan_Rickman|''Alan Rickman'']] as Ronald Reagan&lt;br /&gt;
*[[wikipedia:Liev_Schreiber|''Liev Schreiber'']] as Lyndon B. Johnson&lt;br /&gt;
*[[wikipedia:Robin_Williams|''Robin Williams'']] as Dwight D. Eisenhower&lt;br /&gt;
*[[wikipedia:Clarence_Williams_III|''Clarence Williams III'']] as Maynard&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This 132 minutes movie is loosely based on the life of Eugene Allen, a 34-year-old butler in the White House during eight presidents. Allen’s top priority was to make the White House a comfortable residence for each chief executive and his family.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://www.whitehousehistory.org/the-life-of-eugene-allen&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In fact, it is so loosely based that it is difficult to decide which parts of the plot are based on the actual life of Allen, and which parts are added for dramatic effect. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Plot==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Eugene Allen attends birthday party for John F. Kennedy Jr. and Caroline Kennedy in 1962..jpg|thumb|left|Eugene Allen attends birthday party for John F. Kennedy Jr. and Caroline Kennedy in 1962.|alt=|252x252px]]&lt;br /&gt;
The film begins with Cecil Gaines working on a cotton plantation with his father and mother in 1926. The white plantation owner raped his mother and the father was shot and killed. The grandmother of the cotton plantation owner felt sorry for him, and then let Cecil work in the house as a servant. Cecil was trained to become a tenant, eventually ran away and learned how to be a housekeeper. It was very difficult to be a black housekeeper at that time, because a person could not respond to conversations, which often included racist remarks and prejudices.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1957, after the White House administrative staff were impressed by his behavior and work at the Excelsior Hotel in Washington, DC, he was invited to accept the position of butler among the White House black butlers. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
During the presidency of Eisenhower to Reagan, Cecil and other butler staff remained, serving as a first-hand but silent testimony to history and the internal operations of the Oval Office during the civil rights movement. people. Cecil continued to perform his duties in the White House, regardless of personal opinion, but as his sons were affected by the social and political turmoil characteristic of the 1960s and 70s, domestic tensions intensified. Faced with the destruction to her family and Cecil's negligence in taking care of her first family, Gloria turned to alcoholism and neighbors' embraces. When Cecil struggled to deal with his family's behavior and his own conscience, he found himself at the crossroads of previously unimaginable social changes.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://morethanthehelpingbutler.weebly.com/the-butler-analysis.html&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Pros==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:LeeDanielsTheButler-2013-3.jpg|thumb|Forest Whitetaker as Cecil Gaines in The Butler|alt=]]&lt;br /&gt;
Butler received positive reviews from critics. Alex Shockley said: “Overall, I think this film is a good portrayal of the difficult times for blacks throughout the 1900s. The film that took place during the Civil Rights Movement made I have a better understanding of movies and a deeper understanding of the historical background. It is important for people to watch movies like Lee Daniel's movie &amp;quot;The Butler&amp;quot; because It gives people in the 21st century a glimpse of the history of this country. I also believe that this shows the fact that even if we get so far, there is still a lot to do.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://sites.psu.edu/academy/2016/03/27/the-butler-movie-analysis/&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
An American film critic and author ''[[wikipedia:Todd_McCarthy|Todd McCarthy]]''  also said in ''[https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/lee-daniels-butler-what-critics-607292 The Hollywood Reporter]'' that &amp;quot;emotionally effective&amp;quot; drama is &amp;quot;always engaging, often entertaining and certainly never dull.&amp;quot; He observed: ''&amp;quot;This is not an artful, tidy or sophisticated film, but its subject and his stationary odyssey are of such a singular nature that, as a great playwright once wrote, attention must be paid to such a person.&amp;quot;''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/lee-daniels-butler-what-critics-607292&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In [https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/16/movies/lee-daniels-the-butler-stars-forest-whitaker.html?pagewanted=all ''The New York Times''] A.O. Scott, meanwhile, praised the movie as &amp;quot;a brilliantly truthful.&amp;quot; Scott writes: ''&amp;quot;The history of repression, protest and reform did not just happen on the abstract plane of activism and politics, but also in the lives of ordinary families, who were always doing more than just suffering and struggling. The genius of The Butler lies in the sly and self-assured way it connects public affairs to private experience.&amp;quot;''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/16/movies/lee-daniels-the-butler-stars-forest-whitaker.html?pagewanted=all&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Reference==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category: Anti-Black Racism in Drama Movies]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Antisdio</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Coonskin_(1975)&amp;diff=6776446</id>
		<title>Coonskin (1975)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Coonskin_(1975)&amp;diff=6776446"/>
		<updated>2021-03-08T12:40:50Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Antisdio: &lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;div&gt;[[File:Coonskin xlg.jpg|thumb|Cooskin Movie Poster|alt=|400x400px]]&lt;br /&gt;
Coonskin is American live action/animated satire-crime movie, written and directed by [[wikipedia:Ralph_Bakshi|''Ralph Bakshi'']] who released on August 20, 1975 in United Stated. The film tells the story of a country-born liar Rabbit taking over organized crime in Harlem, facing the institutionalized racist opposition from the mafia and corrupt police.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0071361/&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Combined live action with animation, it starring &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[wikipedia:Barry_White|''Barry White'']] as Sampson&lt;br /&gt;
*[[wikipedia:Charles_Gordone|''Charles Gordone'']] as Preacherman&lt;br /&gt;
*[[wikipedia:Philip_Michael_Thomas|''Philip Thomas'']] as Randy&lt;br /&gt;
*[[wikipedia:Scatman_Crothers|''Scatman Crothers'']] as Pappy&lt;br /&gt;
*Philip Michael Thomas - Brother Rabbit&lt;br /&gt;
*Barry White - Brother Bear&lt;br /&gt;
*Charles Gordone - Preacher Fox&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Plot==&lt;br /&gt;
Sampson and the local preacher are planning to get their friend Randy out of jail in the South. Meanwhile, Randy escapes from inside the prison with another cellmate named Pappy and waits for Sampson and the Preacher to help them get out. Randy unwillingly listens to Pappy say a story about three guys who imitate Randy and his friends while waiting for them. The story of Pappy is told in animation set against background images and footage of live action.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After the bank mortgages their home and sells it to a man who converts it into a brothel, Brother Rabbit, Brother Bear, and Preacher Fox are forced to pack up and flee their Southern settings. They meet a con man called Simple Savior, a fake revolutionary leader who claims to be &amp;quot;cousin&amp;quot; of &amp;quot;Black Jesus&amp;quot; and that he gives &amp;quot;the strength to kill whites&amp;quot; to his followers. He and Bear kill the Savior after Rabbit tricks his would-be killers. This helps Rabbit to take over the racket of the Savior, placing him in line to become Harlem's head of all organized crime.[[File:Coonskin1.jpg|thumb|left|alt=|356x356px]]The rabbit first has to confront the cruel racist and gay white police Madigan and the Mafia bagman, the latter revealing his hatred of African Americans in different ways, including refusing to be in the plan Take a shower before meeting them. When putting LSD sugar cubes in a drink, he will be distracted by the black stripper. Then, Madigan was influenced by drunk and drunk, had sexual contact with a stereotyped homosexual man, and then put him in a lady's outfit that reflected the huge stereotype, dressed in black face, and was finally pushed out of the back of the club, where He learned that Ruby and Bobby both died. Then, when he recovered from drug recovery, he shot at random, killed one of them and was shot by the police.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The godfather lives in the subway with his wife and same-sex son, which is the ultimate goal of the rabbit. Sonny, his only son, was awarded a contract to kill the rabbit. Between staying with Rabbit or starting a new, crime-free life, Bear is torn apart. In order to follow his advice, Bell decided to search for Fox. The rabbit used tar to make his own melted imitation in a bear war. When the Mafia members took turns stabbing the &amp;quot;tar rabbits&amp;quot;, they were trapped together.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Controversy==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Coonskinmatch2311954956 23d802562e.jpg|thumb]]&lt;br /&gt;
During a question-and-answer session, several individuals from the [https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/congress-racial-equality-core '''Congress for Racial Equality (CORE)'''] criticized the film. ''“It depicts blacks as slaves, hustlers and whores. It is a racist film to me, and very insulting.”'' -[[wikipedia:Elaine_Parker|''Elaine Parker'']] &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://www.nytimes.com/1975/07/20/archives/the-campaign-to-suppress-coonskin-it-depicts-blacks-as-slaves.html&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; ''&amp;quot;We charge them with high crimes against black people—stereotyping and degrading blacks.”'' -Charles Cook (Los Angeles regional chairman of CORE), he also think that this film is racist because of how he depicted black people, ''&amp;quot;The movie perpetuates racial disrespect. The black community does not need people like Bakshi who want to make clowns out of us. Every movie and TV show depicts blacks as comics, whores, pushers, or pimps.”''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://www.nytimes.com/1975/07/20/archives/the-campaign-to-suppress-coonskin-it-depicts-blacks-as-slaves.html&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Reference==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Black Racism in Cartoons]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Antisdio</name></author>
		
	</entry>
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