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		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Sapphire&amp;diff=7233501</id>
		<title>Sapphire</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Sapphire&amp;diff=7233501"/>
		<updated>2021-03-26T17:07:01Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Shafeo: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[Category:Racism in Folklore]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Jim Crow - Sapphire Dixie Postcard.jpg||230px|thumb]]&lt;br /&gt;
'''The Sapphire stereotype''' describes black women as rude, verbally abusive, mean, loud, stubborn, and domineering. This was also known as the Angry Black Woman (ABW) stereotype. This stereotype was popularized in movies and on television. She has a mean tongue, one hand on the hip and the other pointing and poking, shaking her head violently and rhythmically, mocking the crimes committed by African Americans, ranging from unemployment to sex Pursue white women. She is a grumpy, full of irrational state of anger and indignation, often despicable and insulting others. Although African Americans are her main target, people who insult or disrespect her will be harmed by their tongue.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Sapphire is a rough depiction of African-American women, but it's more than that; it is a social control mechanism used to punish black women who violate social norms that encourage them to be passive, non-threatening, servile, and invisible.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Dr. Pilgrim, David. [https://www.ferris.edu/HTMLS/news/jimcrow/antiblack/sapphire.htm The Sapphire Caricature.] Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia. August 2008. Retrieved March 26, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Sapphire Stevens==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Sapphire Stevens.jpg|240px|thumb|left| Sapphire Steven played by Ernestine Wade]]&lt;br /&gt;
From the 1800s to the mid-1900s, black women were often portrayed as &amp;quot;Sassy Mammies&amp;quot; in popular culture. Until the '''[[wikipedia:Amos_'n'_Andy|&amp;quot;''Amos 'n Andy&amp;quot;'']]''' radio show that portrayed the characteristics of African-American women as domineering, aggressive, and ambitious did she begin to be generally associated with the name Sapphire.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sapphire stereotype was born through the popular show &amp;quot;''Amos 'n Andy''.&amp;quot; This popular TV series was broadcast on the radio in 1926 and developed into a TV series, which ended in the 1950s.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Green, Laura. [https://www.ferris.edu/HTMLS/news/jimcrow/links/essays/vcu.htm Negative Racial Stereotypes and Their Effect on Attitudes Toward African-Americans.] Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia. Retrieved March 26, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sapphire Steven married George &amp;quot;Kingfish&amp;quot; Stevens, leader of the lodge. Sapphire Stevens regularly scolded him as a failure because Kingfish was lazy, easily confused, constantly unemployed, financially incompetent due to malapropism.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Amos 'n Andy&amp;quot; showed the character of Sapphire as a domineering and tenacious woman who has been engaged in verbal battles with her husband, Kingfish. Sapphire Steven has the emotional combination of [[Mammy]] and [[Aunt Jemimah]]. Her strong independence and greedy character made her a matriarch. She gave his stupid husband the upper hand by verbal insults. This stereotype is very humorous to white Americans.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:1&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sapphire became shorthand for a black woman who scolded harshly, harp indiscreetly, and was just angry. Therefore, even though Sapphire is a fictional character of a white television writer's imagination, she eventually becomes the incarnation of an angry black woman.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[https://www.npr.org/transcripts/723322372 Anger: The Black Woman's 'Superpower'.] NPR. May 15, 2019. Retrieved March 26, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==The Sapphire stereotype==&lt;br /&gt;
Sapphire is related to the image of an &amp;quot;angry black woman&amp;quot; and represents the image of a woman who is prone to get angry with anything. Sapphire represents the image of black women who may speak rude words.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Lalitya, Denissa. [https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/191011-EN-the-modern-representation-of-african-ame.pdf THE MODERN REPRESENTATION OF AFRICAN-AMERICAN WOMAN BASED ON THE CHARACTER OF OLIVIA POPE IN TV SERIES’ SCANDAL SEASON 1.] Neliti. Retrieved March 26, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The sapphire stereotype is best described as a verbally abusive and violent matriarch. Also, Sapphire is often considered overly emotional in conversations. In the eyes of white Americans, this personality trait is the main characteristic of all African American women. Sapphire is also often portrayed as a person who does not hesitate to commit physical violence because she can’t always control her anger. In addition to being loud, Sapphire also has quite &amp;quot;threatening body language,&amp;quot; which includes heavy gestures, hands on the hips, and neck/eye-rolling.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Versluys, Eveline. [https://libstore.ugent.be/fulltxt/RUG01/002/162/804/RUG01-002162804_2014_0001_AC.pdf Stereotypes of African American Women in US Television.] Universiteitsbibliotheek Gent. Retrieved March 26, 2021. &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The sapphire stereotype has been controlling the images that shape the impression of black women in American culture. Sapphire is considered vain because she cannot control her anger, and she has been beating others, especially men. Therefore, today, people usually call it the Angry Black Woman stereotype or ABW, which means that when black women are in any other state but happy or laughing, other people usually think they are angry. If a black woman is at work and serious, if she less smiles, people usually think that she is angry for no reason. This may cause black women to be threatening, dangerous, and insecure, in addition to emotional instability.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:2&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Black actress Kelechi Okafor said she was eager to eliminate the stereotypes of angry black women. She was aware that as a black woman in the series, she was considered the representative of all black women in Britain. “I was always laughing, smiling, I never had any drama. I knew if I reacted in any way that was like negative or shouting that people would be like: ‘There she goes, black girl giving the attitude.’” She said.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:3&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Dash, Daniellé. [https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2018/aug/28/why-is-reality-tv-so-obsessed-with-the-angry-black-woman Why is reality TV so obsessed with the ‘angry black woman’?]  The Guardian. August 28, 2018. Retrieved March 26, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
An American Author, Brittney Cooper, said, “It is OK to be angry. And it is OK to reclaim that anger because part of what I think then happens is that when we feel the right to be angry.” she thought that it was okay if black women were angry. Because when a person feels entitled to be angry, they also allow themselves to feel the other things they feel about that anger. And because it tries to restore the kind of full feeling of our emotional life.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:2&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Sapphire on TV==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Taraji P. Henson as Cookie Lyon.png|230 px|thumb| Taraji P. Henson as Cookie Lyon]]&lt;br /&gt;
Black people in TV are overrepresented in plot comedies but underrepresented in dramatic works. One problem with this imbalance is that black people in sitcoms are portrayed as racial stereotypes that cause people to laugh. The canned laughter prompted the TV audience to laugh because the angry black women, sapphires, insulted and mocked black men.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:1&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Several black female characters who portrayed the sapphire stereotype:&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[[wikipedia:Angry_black_woman#Portrayals|Angry black woman.]] Wikipedia. Retrieved March 26, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*Sapphire, from [[wikipedia:Amos_'n'_Andy|Amos 'n' Andy]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[wikipedia:Esther_Anderson_(Sanford_and_Son)|Aunt Esther]], a character in [[wikipedia:Sanford_and_Son|Sanford and Son]]&lt;br /&gt;
*Bernadine, a character in [[Waiting to Exhale]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[wikipedia:Wilhelmina_Slater|Wilhelmina Slater]], a character in [[wikipedia:Ugly_Betty|Ugly Betty]]&lt;br /&gt;
*Leshawna from [[wikipedia:Total_Drama|Total Drama]]&lt;br /&gt;
*Rasputia, from [[wikipedia:Norbit|Norbit]]&lt;br /&gt;
*Lakatriona Brunson from [[wikipedia:South_Beach_Tow|South Beach Tow]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[wikipedia:Cookie_Lyon|Cookie]] from [[wikipedia:Empire_(2015_TV_series)|Empire]]&lt;br /&gt;
*Rochelle from [[wikipedia:Everybody_Hates_Chris|Everybody Hates Chris]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
With the &amp;quot;Love and Hip Hop&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;Real Housewives&amp;quot; series, all kinds of black women can find their own representatives. There is often an &amp;quot;angry black woman&amp;quot; in the cast of these series. Still, it is balanced with the impetuous, naive, and various other personalities displayed by black women because black women are not the same. The representation of black women almost has been corrected, and the cultural and economic value of the nuanced representation of African American women’s stories has also been recognized.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:3&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Shafeo</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Sapphire&amp;diff=7233493</id>
		<title>Sapphire</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Sapphire&amp;diff=7233493"/>
		<updated>2021-03-26T16:57:38Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Shafeo: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[Category:Racism in Folklore]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Jim Crow - Sapphire Dixie Postcard.jpg||230px|thumb]]&lt;br /&gt;
'''The Sapphire stereotype''' describes black women as rude, verbally abusive, mean, loud, stubborn, and domineering. This was also known as the Angry Black Woman (ABW) stereotype. This stereotype was popularized in movies and on television. She has a mean tongue, one hand on the hip and the other pointing and poking, shaking her head violently and rhythmically, mocking the crimes committed by African Americans, ranging from unemployment to sex Pursue white women. She is a grumpy, full of irrational state of anger and indignation, often despicable and insulting others. Although African Americans are her main target, people who insult or disrespect her will be harmed by their tongue.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Sapphire is a rough depiction of African-American women, but it's more than that; it is a social control mechanism used to punish black women who violate social norms that encourage them to be passive, non-threatening, servile, and invisible.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Dr. Pilgrim, David. [https://www.ferris.edu/HTMLS/news/jimcrow/antiblack/sapphire.htm The Sapphire Caricature.] Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia. August 2008. Retrieved March 26, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Sapphire Stevens==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Sapphire Stevens.jpg|240px|thumb|left| Sapphire Steven played by Ernestine Wade]]&lt;br /&gt;
From the 1800s to the mid-1900s, black women were often portrayed as &amp;quot;Sassy Mammies&amp;quot; in popular culture. Until the '''&amp;quot;''Amos 'n Andy&amp;quot;''''' radio show that portrayed the characteristics of African-American women as domineering, aggressive, and ambitious did she begin to be generally associated with the name Sapphire.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sapphire stereotype was born through the popular show &amp;quot;''Amos 'n Andy''.&amp;quot; This popular TV series was broadcast on the radio in 1926 and developed into a TV series, which ended in the 1950s.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Green, Laura. [https://www.ferris.edu/HTMLS/news/jimcrow/links/essays/vcu.htm Negative Racial Stereotypes and Their Effect on Attitudes Toward African-Americans.] Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia. Retrieved March 26, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sapphire Steven married George &amp;quot;Kingfish&amp;quot; Stevens, leader of the lodge. Sapphire Stevens regularly scolded him as a failure because Kingfish was lazy, easily confused, constantly unemployed, financially incompetent due to malapropism.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Amos 'n Andy&amp;quot; showed the character of Sapphire as a domineering and tenacious woman who has been engaged in verbal battles with her husband, Kingfish. Sapphire Steven has the emotional combination of [[Mammy]] and [[Aunt Jemimah]]. Her strong independence and greedy character made her a matriarch. She gave his stupid husband the upper hand by verbal insults. This stereotype is very humorous to white Americans.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:1&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sapphire became shorthand for a black woman who scolded harshly, harp indiscreetly, and was just angry. Therefore, even though Sapphire is a fictional character of a white television writer's imagination, she eventually becomes the incarnation of an angry black woman.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[https://www.npr.org/transcripts/723322372 Anger: The Black Woman's 'Superpower'.] NPR. May 15, 2019. Retrieved March 26, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==The Sapphire stereotype==&lt;br /&gt;
Sapphire is related to the image of an &amp;quot;angry black woman&amp;quot; and represents the image of a woman who is prone to get angry with anything. Sapphire represents the image of black women who may speak rude words.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Lalitya, Denissa. [https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/191011-EN-the-modern-representation-of-african-ame.pdf THE MODERN REPRESENTATION OF AFRICAN-AMERICAN WOMAN BASED ON THE CHARACTER OF OLIVIA POPE IN TV SERIES’ SCANDAL SEASON 1.] Neliti. Retrieved March 26, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The sapphire stereotype is best described as a verbally abusive and violent matriarch. Also, Sapphire is often considered overly emotional in conversations. In the eyes of white Americans, this personality trait is the main characteristic of all African American women. Sapphire is also often portrayed as a person who does not hesitate to commit physical violence because she can’t always control her anger. In addition to being loud, Sapphire also has quite &amp;quot;threatening body language,&amp;quot; which includes heavy gestures, hands on the hips, and neck/eye-rolling.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Versluys, Eveline. [https://libstore.ugent.be/fulltxt/RUG01/002/162/804/RUG01-002162804_2014_0001_AC.pdf Stereotypes of African American Women in US Television.] Universiteitsbibliotheek Gent. Retrieved March 26, 2021. &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The sapphire stereotype has been controlling the images that shape the impression of black women in American culture. Sapphire is considered vain because she cannot control her anger, and she has been beating others, especially men. Therefore, today, people usually call it the Angry Black Woman stereotype or ABW, which means that when black women are in any other state but happy or laughing, other people usually think they are angry. If a black woman is at work and serious, if she less smiles, people usually think that she is angry for no reason. This may cause black women to be threatening, dangerous, and insecure, in addition to emotional instability.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:2&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Black actress Kelechi Okafor said she was eager to eliminate the stereotypes of angry black women. She was aware that as a black woman in the series, she was considered the representative of all black women in Britain. “I was always laughing, smiling, I never had any drama. I knew if I reacted in any way that was like negative or shouting that people would be like: ‘There she goes, black girl giving the attitude.’” She said.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:3&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Dash, Daniellé. [https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2018/aug/28/why-is-reality-tv-so-obsessed-with-the-angry-black-woman Why is reality TV so obsessed with the ‘angry black woman’?]  The Guardian. August 28, 2018. Retrieved March 26, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
An American Author, Brittney Cooper, said, “It is OK to be angry. And it is OK to reclaim that anger because part of what I think then happens is that when we feel the right to be angry.” she thought that it was okay if black women were angry. Because when a person feels entitled to be angry, they also allow themselves to feel the other things they feel about that anger. And because it tries to restore the kind of full feeling of our emotional life.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:2&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Sapphire on TV==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Taraji P. Henson as Cookie Lyon.png|230 px|thumb| Taraji P. Henson as Cookie Lyon]]&lt;br /&gt;
Black people in TV are overrepresented in plot comedies but underrepresented in dramatic works. One problem with this imbalance is that black people in sitcoms are portrayed as racial stereotypes that cause people to laugh. The canned laughter prompted the TV audience to laugh because the angry black women, sapphires, insulted and mocked black men.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:1&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Several black female characters who portrayed the sapphire stereotype:&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[[wikipedia:Angry_black_woman#Portrayals|Angry black woman.]] Wikipedia. Retrieved March 26, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*Sapphire, from Amos 'n' Andy&lt;br /&gt;
*Aunt Esther, a character in Sanford and Son&lt;br /&gt;
*Bernadine, a character in Waiting to Exhale&lt;br /&gt;
*Wilhelmina Slater, a character in Ugly Betty&lt;br /&gt;
*Leshawna from Total Drama&lt;br /&gt;
*Rasputia, from Norbit&lt;br /&gt;
*Lakatriona Brunson from South Beach Tow&lt;br /&gt;
*Cookie from Empire&lt;br /&gt;
*Rochelle from Everybody Hates Chris&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
With the &amp;quot;Love and Hip Hop&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;Real Housewives&amp;quot; series, all kinds of black women can find their own representatives. There is often an &amp;quot;angry black woman&amp;quot; in the cast of these series. Still, it is balanced with the impetuous, naive, and various other personalities displayed by black women because black women are not the same. The representation of black women almost has been corrected, and the cultural and economic value of the nuanced representation of African American women’s stories has also been recognized.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:3&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Shafeo</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Sapphire&amp;diff=7233491</id>
		<title>Sapphire</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Sapphire&amp;diff=7233491"/>
		<updated>2021-03-26T16:55:38Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Shafeo: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[Category:Racism in Folklore]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Jim Crow - Sapphire Dixie Postcard.jpg||230px|thumb]]&lt;br /&gt;
'''The Sapphire stereotype''' describes black women as rude, verbally abusive, mean, loud, stubborn, and domineering. This was also known as the Angry Black Woman (ABW) stereotype. This stereotype was popularized in movies and on television. She has a mean tongue, one hand on the hip and the other pointing and poking, shaking her head violently and rhythmically, mocking the crimes committed by African Americans, ranging from unemployment to sex Pursue white women. She is a grumpy, full of irrational state of anger and indignation, often despicable and insulting others. Although African Americans are her main target, people who insult or disrespect her will be harmed by their tongue.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Sapphire is a rough depiction of African-American women, but it's more than that; it is a social control mechanism used to punish black women who violate social norms that encourage them to be passive, non-threatening, servile, and invisible.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Dr. Pilgrim, David. [https://www.ferris.edu/HTMLS/news/jimcrow/antiblack/sapphire.htm The Sapphire Caricature.] Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia. August 2008. Retrieved March 26, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Sapphire Stevens==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Sapphire Stevens.jpg|240px|thumb|left| Sapphire Steven played by Ernestine Wade]]&lt;br /&gt;
From the 1800s to the mid-1900s, black women were often portrayed as &amp;quot;Sassy Mammies&amp;quot; in popular culture. Until the '''&amp;quot;''Amos 'n Andy&amp;quot;''''' radio show that portrayed the characteristics of African-American women as domineering, aggressive, and ambitious did she begin to be generally associated with the name Sapphire.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sapphire stereotype was born through the popular show &amp;quot;''Amos 'n Andy''.&amp;quot; This popular TV series was broadcast on the radio in 1926 and developed into a TV series, which ended in the 1950s.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Green, Laura. [https://www.ferris.edu/HTMLS/news/jimcrow/links/essays/vcu.htm Negative Racial Stereotypes and Their Effect on Attitudes Toward African-Americans.] Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia. Retrieved March 26, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sapphire Steven married George &amp;quot;Kingfish&amp;quot; Stevens, leader of the lodge. Sapphire Stevens regularly scolded him as a failure because Kingfish was lazy, easily confused, constantly unemployed, financially incompetent due to malapropism.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Amos 'n Andy&amp;quot; showed the character of Sapphire as a domineering and tenacious woman who has been engaged in verbal battles with her husband, Kingfish. Sapphire Steven has the emotional combination of [[Mammy]] and [[Aunt Jemimah]]. Her strong independence and greedy character made her a matriarch. She gave his stupid husband the upper hand by verbal insults. This stereotype is very humorous to white Americans.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:1&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sapphire became shorthand for a black woman who scolded harshly, harp indiscreetly, and was just angry. Therefore, even though Sapphire is a fictional character of a white television writer's imagination, she eventually becomes the incarnation of an angry black woman.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[https://www.npr.org/transcripts/723322372 Anger: The Black Woman's 'Superpower'.] NPR. May 15, 2019. Retrieved March 26, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==The Sapphire stereotype==&lt;br /&gt;
Sapphire is related to the image of an &amp;quot;angry black woman&amp;quot; and represents the image of a woman who is prone to get angry with anything. Sapphire represents the image of black women who may speak rude words.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Lalitya, Denissa. [https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/191011-EN-the-modern-representation-of-african-ame.pdf THE MODERN REPRESENTATION OF AFRICAN-AMERICAN WOMAN BASED ON THE CHARACTER OF OLIVIA POPE IN TV SERIES’ SCANDAL SEASON 1.] Neliti. Retrieved March 26, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The sapphire stereotype is best described as a verbally abusive and violent matriarch. Also, Sapphire is often considered overly emotional in conversations. In the eyes of white Americans, this personality trait is the main characteristic of all African American women. Sapphire is also often portrayed as a person who does not hesitate to commit physical violence because she can’t always control her anger. In addition to being loud, Sapphire also has quite &amp;quot;threatening body language,&amp;quot; which includes heavy gestures, hands on the hips, and neck/eye-rolling.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Versluys, Eveline. [https://libstore.ugent.be/fulltxt/RUG01/002/162/804/RUG01-002162804_2014_0001_AC.pdf Stereotypes of African American Women in US Television.] Universiteitsbibliotheek Gent. Retrieved March 26, 2021. &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The sapphire stereotype has been controlling the images that shape the impression of black women in American culture. Sapphire is considered vain because she cannot control her anger, and she has been beating others, especially men. Therefore, today, people usually call it the Angry Black Woman stereotype or ABW, which means that when black women are in any other state but happy or laughing, other people usually think they are angry. If a black woman is at work and serious, if she less smiles, people usually think that she is angry for no reason. This may cause black women to be threatening, dangerous, and insecure, in addition to emotional instability.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:2&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Black actress Kelechi Okafor said she was eager to eliminate the stereotypes of angry black women. She was aware that as a black woman in the series, she was considered the representative of all black women in Britain. “I was always laughing, smiling, I never had any drama. I knew if I reacted in any way that was like negative or shouting that people would be like: ‘There she goes, black girl giving the attitude.’” She said.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:3&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Dash, Daniellé. [https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2018/aug/28/why-is-reality-tv-so-obsessed-with-the-angry-black-woman Why is reality TV so obsessed with the ‘angry black woman’?]  The Guardian. August 28, 2018. Retrieved March 26, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
An American Author, Brittney Cooper, said, “It is OK to be angry. And it is OK to reclaim that anger because part of what I think then happens is that when we feel the right to be angry.” she thought that it was okay if black women were angry. Because when a person feels entitled to be angry, they also allow themselves to feel the other things they feel about that anger. And because it tries to restore the kind of full feeling of our emotional life.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:2&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Sapphire on TV==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Taraji P. Henson as Cookie Lyon.png|230 px|thumb| Taraji P. Henson as Cookie Lyon]]&lt;br /&gt;
Black people in TV are overrepresented in plot comedies but underrepresented in dramatic works. One problem with this imbalance is that black people in sitcoms are portrayed as racial stereotypes that cause people to laugh. The canned laughter prompted the TV audience to laugh because the angry black women, sapphires, insulted and mocked black men.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:1&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Several black female characters who portrayed the sapphire stereotype:&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[[wikipedia:Angry_black_woman#Portrayals|Angry black woman.]] Wikipedia. Retrieved March 26, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*Sapphire, from Amos 'n' Andy&lt;br /&gt;
*Aunt Esther, a character in Sanford and Son&lt;br /&gt;
*Bernadine, a character in Waiting to Exhale&lt;br /&gt;
*Wilhelmina Slater, a character in Ugly Betty&lt;br /&gt;
*Leshawna from Total Drama&lt;br /&gt;
*Rasputia, from Norbit&lt;br /&gt;
*Lakatriona Brunson from South Beach Tow&lt;br /&gt;
*Cookie from Empire&lt;br /&gt;
*Rochelle from Everybody Hates Chris&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
With the &amp;quot;Love and Hip Hop&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;Real Housewives&amp;quot; series, all kinds of black women can find their own representatives. There is often an &amp;quot;angry black woman&amp;quot; in the cast of these series. Still, it is balanced with the impetuous, naive, and various other personalities displayed by black women because black women are not the same. The representation of black women almost has been corrected, and the cultural and economic value of the nuanced representation of African American women’s stories has also been recognized.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:3&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Shafeo</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=File:Taraji_P._Henson_as_Cookie_Lyon.png&amp;diff=7233485</id>
		<title>File:Taraji P. Henson as Cookie Lyon.png</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=File:Taraji_P._Henson_as_Cookie_Lyon.png&amp;diff=7233485"/>
		<updated>2021-03-26T16:47:07Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Shafeo: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Taraji P. Henson as Cookie Lyon&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Shafeo</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=File:Sapphire_Stevens.jpg&amp;diff=7233482</id>
		<title>File:Sapphire Stevens.jpg</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=File:Sapphire_Stevens.jpg&amp;diff=7233482"/>
		<updated>2021-03-26T16:43:49Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Shafeo: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Sapphire Stevens Amos n Andy&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Shafeo</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=File:Jim_Crow_-_Sapphire_Dixie_Postcard.jpg&amp;diff=7233480</id>
		<title>File:Jim Crow - Sapphire Dixie Postcard.jpg</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=File:Jim_Crow_-_Sapphire_Dixie_Postcard.jpg&amp;diff=7233480"/>
		<updated>2021-03-26T16:43:08Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Shafeo: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Sapphire&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Shafeo</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Sapphire&amp;diff=7233452</id>
		<title>Sapphire</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Sapphire&amp;diff=7233452"/>
		<updated>2021-03-26T16:13:08Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Shafeo: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[Category:Racism in Folklore]]&lt;br /&gt;
'''The Sapphire stereotype''' describes black women as rude, verbally abusive, mean, loud, stubborn, and domineering. This also known as Angry Black Woman (ABW) stereotype. This stereotype was popularized in movies and on television. She has a mean tongue, one hand on the hip and the other pointing and poking, shaking her head violently and rhythmically, mocking the crimes committed by African Americans, ranging from unemployment to sex Pursue white women. She is a grumpy, full of irrational state of anger and indignation, often despicable and insulting others. Although African Americans are her main target, people who insult or disrespect her will be harmed by their tounge.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Sapphire is a rough depiction of African-American women, but it's more than that; it is a social control mechanism used to punish black women who violate social norms that encourage them to be passive, non-threatening, servile and invisible.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Dr. Pilgrim, David. [https://www.ferris.edu/HTMLS/news/jimcrow/antiblack/sapphire.htm The Sapphire Caricature.] Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia. August 2008. Retrieved March 26, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Sapphire Stevens==&lt;br /&gt;
From the 1800s to the mid-1900s, black women were often portrayed as &amp;quot;Sassy Mammies&amp;quot; in popular culture. Until the '''&amp;quot;''Amos 'n Andy&amp;quot;''''' radio show that portrayed the characteristics of African-American women as domineering, aggressive and ambitious did she begin to be generally associated with the name Sapphire.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sapphire stereotype was born through the popular show &amp;quot;''Amos 'n Andy''&amp;quot;. This popular TV series was broadcast on the radio in 1926 and developed into a TV series, which ended in the 1950s.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Green, Laura. [https://www.ferris.edu/HTMLS/news/jimcrow/links/essays/vcu.htm Negative Racial Stereotypes and Their Effect on Attitudes Toward African-Americans.] Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia. Retrieved March 26, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sapphire Steven married to George &amp;quot;Kingfish&amp;quot; Stevens, leader of the lodge. Sapphire Stevens regularly scolded him as a failure, because Kingfish was lazy, easily confused, constantly unemployed, financially incompetent due to malapropism.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Amos 'n Andy&amp;quot; showed the character of Sapphire as domineering and tenacious woman who has been engaged in verbal battles with her husband, Kingfish. Sapphire Steven has the emotional combination of [[Mammy]] and [[Aunt Jemimah]]. Her strong independence and greedy character made her a matriarch. She gave his stupid husband the upper hand by verbal insults. This stereotype is very humorous to white Americans.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:1&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sapphire became a shorthand for a black woman who scolded harshly, harp indiscreetly, and was just angry. Therefore, even though Sapphire is a fictional character of the imagination of a white television writer, she eventually becomes the incarnation of an angry black woman.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[https://www.npr.org/transcripts/723322372 Anger: The Black Woman's 'Superpower'.] npr. May 15, 2019. Retrieved March 26, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==The Sapphire stereotype==&lt;br /&gt;
Sapphire is related to the image of an &amp;quot;angry black woman&amp;quot; and represents the image of a woman who is prone to get angry with anything. Sapphire represents the image of black women who may speak rude words.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Lalitya, Denissa. [https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/191011-EN-the-modern-representation-of-african-ame.pdf THE MODERN REPRESENTATION OF AFRICAN-AMERICAN WOMAN BASED ON THE CHARACTER OF OLIVIA POPE IN TV SERIES’ SCANDAL SEASON 1.] Neliti. Retrieved March 26, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The sapphire stereotype is best described as a verbally abusive and violent matriarch. In addition, Sapphire is often considered overly emotional in conversations. In the eyes of white Americans, this personality trait is the main characteristic of all African American women. Sapphire is also often portrayed as a person who does not hesitate to commit physical violence, because she can’t always control her anger. In addition to being loud, Sapphire also has quite &amp;quot;threatening body language&amp;quot;, which includes heavy gestures, hands on the hips, and neck/eye rolling.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Versluys, Eveline. [https://libstore.ugent.be/fulltxt/RUG01/002/162/804/RUG01-002162804_2014_0001_AC.pdf Stereotypes of African American Women in US Television.] Universiteitsbibliotheek Gent. Retrieved March 26, 2021. &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The sapphire stereotype has been controlling the images that shape the impression of black women in American culture. A sapphire is considered vain because she cannot control her anger and she has been beating others, especially men. Therefore, today, people usually call it the Angry Black Woman stereotype or ABW, which means that when black women are in any other state but happy or laughing, other people usually think they are angry. So, if a black woman is at work and serious, if she less smiles, then people usually think that she is angry for no reason. This may cause black women to be threatening, dangerous, and insecure in addition to emotional instability.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:2&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Black actress Kelechi Okafor said, she was eager to eliminate the stereotypes of angry black women. She aware that as a black women in the series, she was considered the representative of all black women in Britain. “I was always laughing, smiling, I never had any drama. I knew if I reacted in any way that was like negative or shouting that people would be like: ‘There she goes, black girl giving the attitude.’” She said.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:3&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Dash, Daniellé. [https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2018/aug/28/why-is-reality-tv-so-obsessed-with-the-angry-black-woman Why is reality TV so obsessed with the ‘angry black woman’?]  The Guardian. August 28, 2018. Retrieved March 26, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
An American Author, Brittney Cooper, said “is OK to be angry. And it is OK to reclaim that anger because part of what I think then happens is that when we feel the right to be angry.” she thought that it was okay if black women were angry. Because when a person feels entitled to be angry, then they also allow themselves to feel the other things they feel about that anger. And because it tries to restore the kind of full feeling of our emotional life.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:2&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Sapphire on TV==&lt;br /&gt;
Black people in TV are overrepresented in plot comedies, but underrepresented in dramatic works. One problem with this imbalance is that black people in sitcoms are portrayed out of racial stereotypes in order to cause people to laugh. The canned laughter prompted the TV audience to laugh because the angry black women, sapphires, insulted and mocked black men.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:1&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Several black female characters who portrayed the sapphire stereotype:&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[[wikipedia:Angry_black_woman#Portrayals|Angry black woman.]] Wikipedia. Retrieved March 26, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*Sapphire, from Amos 'n' Andy&lt;br /&gt;
*Aunt Esther, a character in Sanford and Son&lt;br /&gt;
*Bernadine, a character in Waiting to Exhale&lt;br /&gt;
*Wilhelmina Slater, a character in Ugly Betty&lt;br /&gt;
*Leshawna from Total Drama&lt;br /&gt;
*Rasputia, from Norbit&lt;br /&gt;
*Lakatriona Brunson from South Beach Tow&lt;br /&gt;
*Cookie from Empire&lt;br /&gt;
*Rochelle from Everybody Hates Chris&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
With &amp;quot;Love and Hip Hop&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;Real Housewives&amp;quot; series, all kinds of black women can find their own representatives. There is often an &amp;quot;angry black woman&amp;quot; in the cast of these series, but it is balanced with the impetuous, naive and various other personalities displayed by black women, because black women are not exactly the same. The representation of black women almost has been corrected, and the cultural and economic value of the nuanced representation of African American women’s stories has also been recognized.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:3&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Shafeo</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Sapphire&amp;diff=7233450</id>
		<title>Sapphire</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Sapphire&amp;diff=7233450"/>
		<updated>2021-03-26T16:12:21Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Shafeo: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[Category:Racism in Folklore]]&lt;br /&gt;
'''The Sapphire stereotype''' describes black women as rude, verbally abusive, mean, loud, stubborn, and domineering. This also known as Angry Black Woman (ABW) stereotype. This stereotype was popularized in movies and on television. She has a mean tongue, one hand on the hip and the other pointing and poking, shaking her head violently and rhythmically, mocking the crimes committed by African Americans, ranging from unemployment to sex Pursue white women. She is a grumpy, full of irrational state of anger and indignation, often despicable and insulting others. Although African Americans are her main target, people who insult or disrespect her will be harmed by their tounge.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Sapphire is a rough depiction of African-American women, but it's more than that; it is a social control mechanism used to punish black women who violate social norms that encourage them to be passive, non-threatening, servile and invisible.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Dr. Pilgrim, David. [https://www.ferris.edu/HTMLS/news/jimcrow/antiblack/sapphire.htm The Sapphire Caricature.] Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia. August 2008. Retrieved March 26, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Sapphire Stevens==&lt;br /&gt;
From the 1800s to the mid-1900s, black women were often portrayed as &amp;quot;Sassy Mammies&amp;quot; in popular culture. Until the '''&amp;quot;''Amos 'n Andy&amp;quot;''''' radio show that portrayed the characteristics of African-American women as domineering, aggressive and ambitious did she begin to be generally associated with the name Sapphire.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sapphire stereotype was born through the popular show &amp;quot;''Amos 'n Andy''&amp;quot;. This popular TV series was broadcast on the radio in 1926 and developed into a TV series, which ended in the 1950s.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Green, Laura. [https://www.ferris.edu/HTMLS/news/jimcrow/links/essays/vcu.htm Negative Racial Stereotypes and Their Effect on Attitudes Toward African-Americans.] Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia. Retrieved March 26, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sapphire Steven married to George &amp;quot;Kingfish&amp;quot; Stevens, leader of the lodge. Sapphire Stevens regularly scolded him as a failure, because Kingfish was lazy, easily confused, constantly unemployed, financially incompetent due to malapropism.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Amos 'n Andy&amp;quot; showed the character of Sapphire as domineering and tenacious woman who has been engaged in verbal battles with her husband, Kingfish. Sapphire Steven has the emotional combination of [[Mammy]] and [[Aunt Jemimah]]. Her strong independence and greedy character made her a matriarch. She gave his stupid husband the upper hand by verbal insults. This stereotype is very humorous to white Americans.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:1&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sapphire became a shorthand for a black woman who scolded harshly, harp indiscreetly, and was just angry. Therefore, even though Sapphire is a fictional character of the imagination of a white television writer, she eventually becomes the incarnation of an angry black woman.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[https://www.npr.org/transcripts/723322372 Anger: The Black Woman's 'Superpower'.] npr. May 15, 2019. Retrieved March 26, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==The Sapphire stereotype==&lt;br /&gt;
Sapphire is related to the image of an &amp;quot;angry black woman&amp;quot; and represents the image of a woman who is prone to get angry with anything. Sapphire represents the image of black women who may speak rude words.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Lalitya, Denissa. [https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/191011-EN-the-modern-representation-of-african-ame.pdf THE MODERN REPRESENTATION OF AFRICAN-AMERICAN WOMAN BASED ON THE CHARACTER OF OLIVIA POPE IN TV SERIES’ SCANDAL SEASON 1.] Neliti. Retrieved March 26, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The sapphire stereotype is best described as a verbally abusive and violent matriarch. In addition, Sapphire is often considered overly emotional in conversations. In the eyes of white Americans, this personality trait is the main characteristic of all African American women. Sapphire is also often portrayed as a person who does not hesitate to commit physical violence, because she can’t always control her anger. In addition to being loud, Sapphire also has quite &amp;quot;threatening body language&amp;quot;, which includes heavy gestures, hands on the hips, and neck/eye rolling.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Versluys, Eveline. [https://libstore.ugent.be/fulltxt/RUG01/002/162/804/RUG01-002162804_2014_0001_AC.pdf Stereotypes of African American Women in US Television.] Universiteitsbibliotheek Gent. Retrieved March 26, 2021. &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The sapphire stereotype has been controlling the images that shape the impression of black women in American culture. A sapphire is considered vain because she cannot control her anger and she has been beating others, especially men. Therefore, today, people usually call it the Angry Black Woman stereotype or ABW, which means that when black women are in any other state but happy or laughing, other people usually think they are angry. So, if a black woman is at work and serious, if she less smiles, then people usually think that she is angry for no reason. This may cause black women to be threatening, dangerous, and insecure in addition to emotional instability.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:2&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Black actress Kelechi Okafor said, she was eager to eliminate the stereotypes of angry black women. She aware that as a black women in the series, she was considered the representative of all black women in Britain. “I was always laughing, smiling, I never had any drama. I knew if I reacted in any way that was like negative or shouting that people would be like: ‘There she goes, black girl giving the attitude.’” She said.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:3&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Dash, Daniellé. [https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2018/aug/28/why-is-reality-tv-so-obsessed-with-the-angry-black-woman Why is reality TV so obsessed with the ‘angry black woman’?]  The Guardian. August 28, 2018. Retrieved March 26, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
An American Author, Brittney Cooper, said “is OK to be angry. And it is OK to reclaim that anger because part of what I think then happens is that when we feel the right to be angry.” she thought that it was okay if black women were angry. Because when a person feels entitled to be angry, then they also allow themselves to feel the other things they feel about that anger. And because it tries to restore the kind of full feeling of our emotional life.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:2&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Sapphire on TV==&lt;br /&gt;
Black people in TV are overrepresented in plot comedies, but underrepresented in dramatic works. One problem with this imbalance is that black people in sitcoms are portrayed out of racial stereotypes in order to cause people to laugh. The canned laughter prompted the TV audience to laugh because the angry black women, sapphires, insulted and mocked black men.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:1&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Several black female characters who portrayed the sapphire stereotype:&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[[wikipedia:Angry_black_woman#Portrayals|Angry black woman.]] Wikipedia. Retrieved March 26, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Sapphire, from Amos 'n' Andy&lt;br /&gt;
* Aunt Esther, a character in Sanford and Son&lt;br /&gt;
* Bernadine, a character in Waiting to Exhale&lt;br /&gt;
* Wilhelmina Slater, a character in Ugly Betty&lt;br /&gt;
* Leshawna from Total Drama&lt;br /&gt;
* Rasputia, from Norbit&lt;br /&gt;
* Lakatriona Brunson from South Beach Tow&lt;br /&gt;
* Cookie from Empire&lt;br /&gt;
* Rochelle from Everybody Hates Chris&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
With &amp;quot;Love and Hip Hop&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;Real Housewives&amp;quot; series, all kinds of black women can find their own representatives. There is often an &amp;quot;angry black woman&amp;quot; in the cast of these series, but it is balanced with the impetuous, naive and various other personalities displayed by black women, because black women are not exactly the same. The representation of black women almost has been corrected, and the cultural and economic value of the nuanced representation of African American women’s stories has also been recognized.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:3&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Shafeo</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Underrepresented_Minorities&amp;diff=7134505</id>
		<title>Underrepresented Minorities</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Underrepresented_Minorities&amp;diff=7134505"/>
		<updated>2021-03-22T17:36:18Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Shafeo: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[Category:Racism in Folklore]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Best Actress Nomination in Oscar 2020.jpg|thumb|right|White actresses dominated Oscar 2020.]]&lt;br /&gt;
The marginalization of diverse groups in Hollywood is commonplace and has existed in the film industry more than a century ago. Hollywood has always been a lucrative and isolated industry in which white people dominate. This reality led the Hollywood narrative center to routinely erase women and people of color. Over the years, people have repeatedly tried to clarify this problem, but most of these efforts have failed to bring about lasting changes. Critics who criticized Hollywood's response to the issue of diversity have long held a firm attitude.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Dr. Hunt, Darnell et al. [https://socialsciences.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/UCLA-Hollywood-Diversity-Report-2019-2-21-2019.pdf Hollywood Diversity Report 2019: Old Story, New Beginning.] UCLA College Social Sciences. February 21, 2019. Retrieved March 22, 2021. &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When the #OscarsSoWhite movement was launched in 2015, Hollywood was forced to openly face its long-standing diversity problem. Critics of the industry have pointed out that if the industry does not produce high-quality films that enable people of color to play an important role, it is unrealistic to expect significant progress for people of color at the Oscars. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
By 2018, 31% of the Academy membership were women, 16% for minority groups. In the following year, there were 842 new members, half of which were women, while people of color accounted for 29%, further diversifying the Academy membership. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Nevertheless, a year after women and minorities made great progress at the 2018 Oscars, the 2019 nomination women and people of color still marginalized. Of the 20 nominees for the Academy Awards, 19 of them were White. Despite the fact that in 2019, several highly acclaimed films were directed by women, none of them was nominated for best director.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Dr. Hunt, Darnell et al. [https://socialsciences.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/UCLA-Hollywood-Diversity-Report-2020-Film-2-6-2020.pdf Hollywood Diversity Report 2020: A Tale of Two Hollywoods.] UCLA College Social Sciences. February 6, 2020. Retrieved Maret 22, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the six years examined, Hollywood’s discussion of diversity has undoubtedly escalated, as the release of &amp;quot;Black Panther&amp;quot; ($1.3 billion) and &amp;quot;Crazy Rich Asians&amp;quot; ($239 million). It shows the power of diversity of Hollywood images and stories at the box office. &lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Black Panther Poster.jpg|thumb|left|Black Panther movie dominated by Black people]]&lt;br /&gt;
That said, take a closer look at the extent to which women and people of color are present in front of and behind the camera reveals that the structural changes necessary for business as usual in the Hollywood film industry have not yet taken place. From studio board meeting rooms and executive suites to talent intermediaries acting as gatekeepers, the basic production relationships centered on white men in Hollywood white film production have remained unchanged. Among the directors, writers, and protagonists who breathed life into Hollywood movies, the number of diverse groups is still seriously underrepresented.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Representation on- and off-screen==&lt;br /&gt;
Black talent is underrepresented in various industries, especially in Film and TV industry. Studies have shown that less than 6% of film writers, directors, and producers produced in the United States are black. The representation is even lower in some genres. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Even compared to similar industries, the film industry, in particular, is still more whites than black people. The lack of black executives in the film and television industry has brought a disturbing chain reaction to the entire industry. In certain movies and TV series, prominent figures headed by Black have concealed the fact that black actors are still underrepresented on the screen. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Statistics show that films directed by black producers or black directors are more likely to become black writers. If the producer of the film is black, then it is more likely to appoint a black director in the film. The same is true in TV. When the creator of the show is black, the host (the main producer) is likely to be black. Specifically, in the five performances of black creators, more than four audiences are Black showrunners. However, only 5% of all performers are black.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Dunn, Jonathan et al. [https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/diversity-and-inclusion/black-representation-in-film-and-tv-the-challenges-and-impact-of-increasing-diversity# Black representation in film and TV: The challenges and impact of increasing diversity.] McKinsey &amp;amp; Company. March 11, 2021. Retrieved March 22, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Most of the studio films that have come out, be they biopics or stories with black main characters, often have white screenwriters able to tell the stories. Most companies want great or well-known writers. It is very unlikely that a black writer will get the opportunity to write a screenplay for a black main character.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Some even point out that the industry’s diversity and inclusion practices are misleading when the focus should be on the conditions that keep the white men to remain in positions of control. Black people still face the same barrier to enter the film industry, when there are one woman and one black out of 8 whites.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Actor Kendrick Sampson wrote “The lack of a true commitment to inclusion and institutional support has only reinforced Hollywood’s legacy of white supremacy,” he added “This is not only in storytelling. It is cultural and systemic in Hollywood”.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Low''',''' Elaine &amp;amp; Angelique Jackson. [https://variety.com/2020/biz/features/black-representation-hollywood-inclusion-diversity-entertainment-1234693219/ The Reckoning Over Representation: Black Hollywood Speaks Out, But Is the Industry Listening?] Variety. June 30, 2020. Retrieved March 22, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Underrepresented==&lt;br /&gt;
According to the &amp;quot;Hollywood Diversity Report” for 2019 &amp;amp; 2020 of the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), although there are gains in front of and behind the camera, the proportion of women and minorities in movies and TV is still insufficient. The study found that women and minorities accounted for an insufficient proportion of employment in all 12 types of industries surveyed.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;BROWN, TRACY. [https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-ucla-hollywood-diversity-report-20190221-story.html UCLA diversity report finds women and minorities still underrepresented in film and TV.] LA Times. February. 21, 2019. Retrieved March 22, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Blackface.jpg|200px|thumb| White people in Blackface, early Hollywood]]&lt;br /&gt;
In the past few years, the proportion of women and non-white characters on the screen has been steadily increasing, but the growth rate has been slow. Black characters account for 12.5% ​​of all characters, which is close to the representative of the American population. However, in many cases, these descriptions are problematic. In the early days of Hollywood, blacks were usually not played by blacks. They rarely appear, and most of the time they are played by white people in Blackface.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Schacht, Kira. [https://www.dw.com/en/hollywood-movies-stereotypes-prejudice-data-analysis/a-47561660 What Hollywood movies do to perpetuate racial stereotypes.] DW. February 21, 2019. Retrieved March 22, 2021. &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Black actors often have little chance to break out or achieve success in the film industry. Compared with black actors, white actors have more opportunities to act as lead roles early in their careers. In the first ten years of their careers, emerging black actors received an average of six, while their white counterparts received nine for the leading role. They usually take the lead role for two to three years, which means they lack a stable income to help them stay in the industry.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:1&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In decision-making and leadership roles, blacks are seriously underrepresented. Black professionals have few executive positions in the entire industry. In terms of background film executives, most of them are white. In particular, the film industry still maintains a disproportionately white status compared to black people.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ramos, Dino-Ray. [https://deadline.com/2021/03/mckinsey-and-company-study-black-led-projects-hollywood-diversity-inclusion-representation-1234711705/ New Study Finds Undervaluing Of Black-Led Projects Costs Hollywood $10 Billion Annually.] DEADLINE. March 10, 2021. Retrieved March 22, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== References  ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Shafeo</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Underrepresented_Minorities&amp;diff=7134501</id>
		<title>Underrepresented Minorities</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Underrepresented_Minorities&amp;diff=7134501"/>
		<updated>2021-03-22T17:34:52Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Shafeo: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[Category:Racism in Folklore]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Best Actress Nomination in Oscar 2020.jpg|thumb|right|White actresses dominated Oscar 2020.]]&lt;br /&gt;
The marginalization of diverse groups in Hollywood is commonplace and has existed in the film industry more than a century ago. Hollywood has always been a lucrative and isolated industry in which white people dominate. This reality led the Hollywood narrative center to routinely erase women and people of color. Over the years, people have repeatedly tried to clarify this problem, but most of these efforts have failed to bring about lasting changes. Critics who criticized Hollywood's response to the issue of diversity have long held a firm attitude.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Dr. Hunt, Darnell et al. [https://socialsciences.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/UCLA-Hollywood-Diversity-Report-2019-2-21-2019.pdf Hollywood Diversity Report 2019: Old Story, New Beginning.] UCLA College Social Sciences. February 21, 2019. Retrieved March 22, 2021. &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When the #OscarsSoWhite movement was launched in 2015, Hollywood was forced to openly face its long-standing diversity problem. Critics of the industry have pointed out that if the industry does not produce high-quality films that enable people of color to play an important role, it is unrealistic to expect significant progress for people of color at the Oscars. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
By 2018, 31% of the Academy membership were women, 16% for minority groups. In the following year, there were 842 new members, half of which were women, while people of color accounted for 29%, further diversifying the Academy membership. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Nevertheless, a year after women and minorities made great progress at the 2018 Oscars, the 2019 nomination women and people of color still marginalized. Of the 20 nominees for the Academy Awards, 19 of them were White. Despite the fact that in 2019, several highly acclaimed films were directed by women, none of them was nominated for best director.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Dr. Hunt, Darnell et al. [https://socialsciences.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/UCLA-Hollywood-Diversity-Report-2020-Film-2-6-2020.pdf Hollywood Diversity Report 2020: A Tale of Two Hollywoods.] UCLA College Social Sciences. February 6, 2020. Retrieved Maret 22, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the six years examined, Hollywood’s discussion of diversity has undoubtedly escalated, as the release of &amp;quot;Black Panther&amp;quot; ($1.3 billion) and &amp;quot;Crazy Rich Asians&amp;quot; ($239 million). It shows the power of diversity of Hollywood images and stories at the box office. &lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Black Panther Poster.jpg|thumb|left|Black Panther movie dominated by Black people]]&lt;br /&gt;
That said, take a closer look at the extent to which women and people of color are present in front of and behind the camera reveals that the structural changes necessary for business as usual in the Hollywood film industry have not yet taken place. From studio board meeting rooms and executive suites to talent intermediaries acting as gatekeepers, the basic production relationships centered on white men in Hollywood white film production have remained unchanged. Among the directors, writers, and protagonists who breathed life into Hollywood movies, the number of diverse groups is still seriously underrepresented.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Representation on- and off-screen ==&lt;br /&gt;
Black talent is underrepresented in various industries, especially in Film and TV industry. Studies have shown that less than 6% of film writers, directors, and producers produced in the United States are black. The representation is even lower in some genres. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Even compared to similar industries, the film industry, in particular, is still more whites than black people. The lack of black executives in the film and television industry has brought a disturbing chain reaction to the entire industry. In certain movies and TV series, prominent figures headed by Black have concealed the fact that black actors are still underrepresented on the screen. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Statistics show that films directed by black producers or black directors are more likely to become black writers. If the producer of the film is black, then it is more likely to appoint a black director in the film. The same is true in TV. When the creator of the show is black, the host (the main producer) is likely to be black. Specifically, in the five performances of black creators, more than four audiences are Black showrunners. However, only 5% of all performers are black.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Dunn, Jonathan et al. [https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/diversity-and-inclusion/black-representation-in-film-and-tv-the-challenges-and-impact-of-increasing-diversity# Black representation in film and TV: The challenges and impact of increasing diversity.] McKinsey &amp;amp; Company. March 11, 2021. Retrieved March 22, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Most of the studio films that have come out, be they biopics or stories with black main characters, often have white screenwriters able to tell the stories. Most companies want great or well-known writers. It is very unlikely that a black writer will get the opportunity to write a screenplay for a black main character.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Some even point out that the industry’s diversity and inclusion practices are misleading when the focus should be on the conditions that keep the white men to remain in positions of control. Black people still face the same barrier to enter the film industry, when there are one woman and one black out of 8 whites.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Actor Kendrick Sampson wrote “The lack of a true commitment to inclusion and institutional support has only reinforced Hollywood’s legacy of white supremacy,” he added “This is not only in storytelling. It is cultural and systemic in Hollywood”.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Low''',''' Elaine &amp;amp; Angelique Jackson. [https://variety.com/2020/biz/features/black-representation-hollywood-inclusion-diversity-entertainment-1234693219/ The Reckoning Over Representation: Black Hollywood Speaks Out, But Is the Industry Listening?] Variety. June 30, 2020. Retrieved March 22, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Underrepresented ==&lt;br /&gt;
According to the &amp;quot;Hollywood Diversity Report” for 2019 &amp;amp; 2020 of the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), although there are gains in front of and behind the camera, the proportion of women and minorities in movies and TV is still insufficient. The study found that women and minorities accounted for an insufficient proportion of employment in all 12 types of industries surveyed.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;BROWN, TRACY. [https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-ucla-hollywood-diversity-report-20190221-story.html UCLA diversity report finds women and minorities still underrepresented in film and TV.] LA Times. February. 21, 2019. Retrieved March 22, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Blackface.jpg|200px|thumb| White people in Blackface, early Hollywood]]&lt;br /&gt;
In the past few years, the proportion of women and non-white characters on the screen has been steadily increasing, but the growth rate has been slow. Black characters account for 12.5% ​​of all characters, which is close to the representative of the American population. However, in many cases, these descriptions are problematic. In the early days of Hollywood, blacks were usually not played by blacks. They rarely appear, and most of the time they are played by white people in Blackface.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Schacht, Kira. [https://www.dw.com/en/hollywood-movies-stereotypes-prejudice-data-analysis/a-47561660 What Hollywood movies do to perpetuate racial stereotypes.] DW. February 21, 2019. Retrieved March 22, 2021. &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Black actors often have little chance to break out or achieve success in the film industry. Compared with black actors, white actors have more opportunities to act as lead roles early in their careers. In the first ten years of their careers, emerging black actors received an average of six, while their white counterparts received nine for the leading role. They usually take the lead role for two to three years, which means they lack a stable income to help them stay in the industry.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:1&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In decision-making and leadership roles, blacks are seriously underrepresented. Black professionals have few executive positions in the entire industry. In terms of background film executives, most of them are white. In particular, the film industry still maintains a disproportionately white status compared to black people.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ramos, Dino-Ray. [https://deadline.com/2021/03/mckinsey-and-company-study-black-led-projects-hollywood-diversity-inclusion-representation-1234711705/ New Study Finds Undervaluing Of Black-Led Projects Costs Hollywood $10 Billion Annually.] DEADLINE. March 10, 2021. Retrieved March 22, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Shafeo</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=File:Blackface.jpg&amp;diff=7134420</id>
		<title>File:Blackface.jpg</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=File:Blackface.jpg&amp;diff=7134420"/>
		<updated>2021-03-22T17:31:59Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Shafeo: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Blackface&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Shafeo</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=File:Black_Panther_Poster.jpg&amp;diff=7134100</id>
		<title>File:Black Panther Poster.jpg</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=File:Black_Panther_Poster.jpg&amp;diff=7134100"/>
		<updated>2021-03-22T17:25:57Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Shafeo: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Black Panther Poster&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Shafeo</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=File:Best_Actress_Nomination_in_Oscar_2020.jpg&amp;diff=7134078</id>
		<title>File:Best Actress Nomination in Oscar 2020.jpg</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=File:Best_Actress_Nomination_in_Oscar_2020.jpg&amp;diff=7134078"/>
		<updated>2021-03-22T17:24:52Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Shafeo: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;White actresses dominated Oscar 2020.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Shafeo</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Underrepresented_Minorities&amp;diff=7133548</id>
		<title>Underrepresented Minorities</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Underrepresented_Minorities&amp;diff=7133548"/>
		<updated>2021-03-22T16:14:20Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Shafeo: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[Category:Racism in Folklore]]&lt;br /&gt;
The marginalization of diverse groups in Hollywood is commonplace and has existed in the film industry more than a century ago. Hollywood has always been a lucrative and isolated industry in which white people dominate. This reality led the Hollywood narrative center to routinely erase women and people of color. Over the years, people have repeatedly tried to clarify this problem, but most of these efforts have failed to bring about lasting changes. Critics who criticized Hollywood's response to the issue of diversity have long held a firm attitude.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Dr. Hunt, Darnell et al. [https://socialsciences.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/UCLA-Hollywood-Diversity-Report-2019-2-21-2019.pdf Hollywood Diversity Report 2019: Old Story, New Beginning.] UCLA College Social Sciences. February 21, 2019. Retrieved March 22, 2021. &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When the #OscarsSoWhite movement was launched in 2015, Hollywood was forced to openly face its long-standing diversity problem. Critics of the industry have pointed out that if the industry does not produce high-quality films that enable people of color to play an important role, it is unrealistic to expect significant progress for people of color at the Oscars. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
By 2018, 31% of the Academy membership were women, 16% for minority groups. In the following year, there were 842 new members, half of which were women, while people of color accounted for 29%, further diversifying the Academy membership. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Nevertheless, a year after women and minorities made great progress at the 2018 Oscars, the 2019 nomination women and people of color still marginalized. Of the 20 nominees for the Academy Awards, 19 of them were White. Despite the fact that in 2019, several highly acclaimed films were directed by women, none of them was nominated for best director.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Dr. Hunt, Darnell et al. [https://socialsciences.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/UCLA-Hollywood-Diversity-Report-2020-Film-2-6-2020.pdf Hollywood Diversity Report 2020: A Tale of two Hollywoods.] UCLA College Social Sciences. February 6, 2020. Retrieved Maret 22, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the six years examined, Hollywood’s discussion of diversity has undoubtedly escalated, as the recent releases of &amp;quot;Black Panther&amp;quot; ($1.3 billion) and &amp;quot;Crazy Rich Asians&amp;quot; ($239 million). It shows the power of diversity of Hollywood images and stories at the box office. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
That said, take a closer look at the extent to which women and people of color are present in front of and behind the camera reveals that the structural changes necessary for business as usual in the Hollywood film industry have not yet taken place. From studio board meeting rooms and executive suites to talent intermediaries acting as gatekeepers, the basic production relationships centered on white men in Hollywood white film production have remained unchanged. Among the directors, writers and protagonists who breathed life into Hollywood movies, the number of diverse groups is still seriously underrepresented.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Representation on- and off-screen ==&lt;br /&gt;
Black talent is underrepresented in various industries, especially in Film and TV industry. Studies have shown that less than 6% of film writers, directors and producers produced in the United States are black. The representation is even lower in some genre. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Even compared to similar industries, the film industry in particular is still more whites than black people. The lack of black executives in the film and television industry has brought a disturbing chain reaction to the entire industry. In certain movies and TV series, prominent figures headed by Black have concealed the fact that black actors are still underrepresented on the screen. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Statistics show that films directed by black producers or black directors are more likely to become black writers. If the producer of the film is black, then it is more likely to appoint a black director in the film. The same is true in TV. When the creator of the show is black, the host (the main producer) is likely to be black. Specifically, in the five performances of black creators, more than four audiences are Black showrunners. However, only 5% of all performers are black.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Dunn, Jonathan et al. [https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/diversity-and-inclusion/black-representation-in-film-and-tv-the-challenges-and-impact-of-increasing-diversity# Black representation in film and TV: The challenges and impact of increasing diversity.] McKinsey &amp;amp; Company. March 11, 2021. Retrieved March 22, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Most of the studio films that have come out, be they biopics or stories with black main characters, often have white screenwriters able to tell the stories. Most companies want great or well-known writers. It is very unlikely that a black writer will get the opportunity to write a screenplay for a black main character.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Some even point out that the industry’s diversity and inclusion practices are misleading, when the focus should be on the conditions that keep the white men to remain in positions of control. Black people still face the same barrier to enter the film industry, when there is one woman and one black out of 8 whites.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Actor Kendrick Sampson wrote “The lack of a true commitment to inclusion and institutional support has only reinforced Hollywood’s legacy of white supremacy,” he added “This is not only in storytelling. It is cultural and systemic in Hollywood”.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Low''',''' Elaine &amp;amp; Angelique Jackson. [https://variety.com/2020/biz/features/black-representation-hollywood-inclusion-diversity-entertainment-1234693219/ The Reckoning Over Representation: Black Hollywood Speaks Out, But Is the Industry Listening?] Variety. June 30, 2020. Retrieved March 22, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Underrepresented ==&lt;br /&gt;
According to the &amp;quot;Hollywood Diversity Report” for 2019 &amp;amp; 2020 of the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), although there are gains in front of and behind the camera, the proportion of women and minorities in movies and TV is still insufficient. The study found that women and minorities accounted for an insufficient proportion of employment in all 12 types of industries surveyed.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;BROWN, TRACY. [https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-ucla-hollywood-diversity-report-20190221-story.html UCLA diversity report finds women and minorities still underrepresented in film and TV.] LA Times. February. 21, 2019. Retrieved March 22, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the past few years, the proportion of women and non-white characters on the screen has been steadily increasing, but the growth rate has been slow. Black characters account for 12.5% ​​of all characters, which is close to the representative of the American population. However, in many cases, these descriptions are problematic. In the early days of Hollywood, blacks were usually not played by blacks. They rarely appear, and most of the time they are played by white people in Blackface.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Schacht, Kira. [https://www.dw.com/en/hollywood-movies-stereotypes-prejudice-data-analysis/a-47561660 What Hollywood movies do to perpetuate racial stereotypes.] DW. February 21, 2019. Retrieved March 22, 2021. &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Black actors often have little chance to break out or achieve success in film industry. Compared with black actors, white actors have more opportunities to act as lead roles early in their careers. In the first ten years of their careers, emerging black actors received an average of six, while their white counterparts received nine for the leading role. They usually take the lead role for two to three years, which means they lack a stable income to help them stay in the industry.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:1&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In decision-making and leadership roles, blacks are seriously underrepresented. Black professionals have few executive positions in the entire industry. In terms of background film executives, most of them are white. In particular, the film industry still maintains a disproportionately white status compared to black people.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ramos, Dino-Ray. [https://deadline.com/2021/03/mckinsey-and-company-study-black-led-projects-hollywood-diversity-inclusion-representation-1234711705/ New Study Finds Undervaluing Of Black-Led Projects Costs Hollywood $10 Billion Annually.] DEADLINE. March 10, 2021. Retrieved March 22, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
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	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=William_Lloyd_Garrison&amp;diff=6538394</id>
		<title>William Lloyd Garrison</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=William_Lloyd_Garrison&amp;diff=6538394"/>
		<updated>2021-03-01T15:23:04Z</updated>

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&lt;div&gt;[[File:William-Lloyd-Garrison.jpg|thumb|William Lloyd Garrison]]&lt;br /&gt;
'''William Lloyd Garrison''' was born in Massachusetts on December 10, 1805. He was a tireless reformer who works for women's right to vote, civil rights, and prohibition, but he was known for his &amp;quot;fierce opposition to slavery.&amp;quot; Through ''&amp;quot;The Liberator&amp;quot;'', an anti-slavery newspaper, he led the moral movement to abolish slavery in the United States. He also established the ''New England Anti-Slavery Society'' in 1832, and the ''American Anti-Slavery Society'' in 1833.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.nationalabolitionhalloffameandmuseum.org/william-lloyd-garrison.html William Lloyd Garrison.] National Abolition Hall of Fame and Museum. Retrieved January 30, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==History==&lt;br /&gt;
Garrison was born on December 10, 1805, in Newburyport, Massachusetts. When Garrison was only three years old, his father abandoned him and the family. Garrison’s mother, a devout Baptist, Frances Maria, worked hard to raise Garrison and his siblings into poverty. As a child, Garrison lived with a Baptist deacon for a period of time and received basic education there. IIn 1814, he reunited with his mother and started to work as a shoemaker, but it turns out that this job requires a lot of physical strength for the little boy.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1818, when Garrison was 13 years old, he was appointed writer and editor apprentice for seven years under Ephraim W. Allen, editor of the ''Newburyport Herald''. During this apprenticeship period that Garrison found his true calling. Through various newspaper jobs, he acquired the skills to run his own newspaper. In 1826, 20 years-old-Garrison borrowed money from his former employer and purchased ''The Newburyport Essex Courant''. The Garrison renamed the newspaper ''Newburyport Free Press'' and used it as a political instrument to express the sentiments of the old Federal Party. Unfortunately, within six months, the newspaper went bankrupt because subscribers raised objections to its firm federal system.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1828, he moved to Boston and worked at the ''National Philanthropist.'' While working for the ''National Philanthropist,'' he met Benjamin Lundy, who worked as the anti-slavery editor of the ''Genius of Emancipation.'' Lundy's abolition of the cause of death attracted Garrison's attention. When Lundy offered Garrison an editorial position in the ''Genius of Universal Emancipation'', Garrison eagerly accepted it. This work marked the beginning of Garrison's abolitionist movement.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[https://www.biography.com/writer/william-lloyd-garrison William Lloyd Garrison Biography (1805–1879).] Biography November 21 2014 (Original), January 13 2021 (Updated). Retrieved January 30, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At the age of 25, Garrison joined the abolitionist movement. He joined the ''American Colonization Society'', which believed that free blacks should immigrate to the territories on the west coast of Africa. At first glance, society seems to promote the freedom and happiness of blacks. There must be some members who encourage slaves to practice enslavement (giving freedom). However, the facts have proved that the number of members who advocated abstention is very small. Most members do not want to release slaves. Their goal is to reduce the number of free blacks in the country, thereby helping to maintain slavery.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p1561.html William Lloyd Garrison 1805 - 1879.] Public Broadcasting Service. Retrieved January 30, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Contribution==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:The Liberator.jpg|left|thumb|The Liberator Newspaper Heading]]&lt;br /&gt;
===The Liberator (1831–1865)===&lt;br /&gt;
Soon after he broke away from the ''American Colonization Society'' in 1830 he started his own abolitionist newspaper together with his friend Isaac Knapp, calling it ''The Liberator'' with a motto &amp;quot;Our country is the world—our countrymen are mankind.&amp;quot; The Liberator was responsible for initially building Garrison’s reputation as an abolitionist.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Statue of William Lloyd Garrison.jpg|left|thumb|[[Statue of William Lloyd Garrison (Boston)|William Lloyd Garrison Statue]] in Boston]]&lt;br /&gt;
In the first issue of ''The Liberator'', dated January 1, 1831, he stated his views on slavery vehemently: “I do not wish to think, or speak, or write, with moderation.… I am in earnest—I will not equivocate—I will not excuse—I will not retreat a single inch—AND I WILL BE HEARD.” and yes, he was heard. From the very first issue in 1831 to the last issue after the Civil War in 1865, for more than three decades Garrison spoke out eloquently and passionately against slavery and for the rights of America's black inhabitants.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Thomas, John L.[https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-Lloyd-Garrison William Lloyd Garrison.] Encyclopædia Britannica December 23, 2020. Retrieved January 30, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:1&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===New England Anti-Slavery Society (1831–1837)===&lt;br /&gt;
In addition to publishing The Liberator, Garrison spearheaded a new movement organization to demand the complete abolition of slavery in the United States. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1832, Garrison formed ''New England Anti-Slavery Society.'' The first meeting was on January 1, 1832(some sources list the date as January 1, 1831), in Belknap Street church hall (also known as ''[[African Meeting House (Boston)|African Meeting House]]''). The ''New England Anti-Slavery Society'' based in Boston, Massachusetts, supported the immediate abolition of slavery and treats slavery as immoral. It particularly opposed the ''American Colonization Society''. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Society sponsored lecturers or people who traveled throughout New England, lectured in local churches or auditoriums, and sold abolitionists or ''The Liberator''. They also encouraged the establishment of local anti-slavery associations as much as possible. By 1833, there were 47 local associations in the ten northern states, of which 33 were in New England.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In January 1833, Thomas Dalton, chairman of the Massachusetts General Colored Association, successfully petitioned to merge with the New England Anti-Slavery Society and other black anti-slavery societies that had already existed in Massachusetts, New York, Ohio, Connecticut, and New Jersey. This society reorganized in 1835 as the ''Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society'' with the same purpose.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[[wikipedia:Massachusetts_Anti-Slavery_Society|Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society.]] Wikipedia. Retrieved January 30, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===American Anti-Slavery Society (1833–1870)===&lt;br /&gt;
''American Anti-Slavery Society'' founded by William Lloyd Garrison and Arthur Tappan in 1833. Frederick Douglass, an escaped slave, was a key leader of this society who often spoke at its meetings. This society had the same purpose as ''New England Anti-Slavery Society.''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[[wikipedia:American_Anti-Slavery_Society|American Anti-Slavery Society.]] Wikipedia. Retrieved January 30, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1840, the number of supporters of the society was around 2,000, with total memberships ranging from 150,000 to 200,000. The societies sponsored meetings, adopted resolutions, signed antislavery petitions to be sent to Congress, published journals and enlisted subscriptions, printed and distributed propaganda in vast quantities, and sent out lecturers to carry the antislavery message to Northern audiences.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The participants of the society mainly come from religious circles and charitable backgrounds, as well as the free black community, of which six blacks served as members of the first management committee. The society’s public meetings most effectively reflect the eloquent testimony of former slaves such as Frederick Douglass or William Wells Brown. The society’s antislavery activities frequently met with violent public opposition, with mobs invading meetings, attacking speakers, and burning presses. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The American Anti-Slavery Society was formally dissolved in 1870, after the Civil War and Emancipation.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. [https://www.britannica.com/topic/American-Anti-Slavery-Society American Anti-Slavery Society.] Encyclopædia Britannica July 28, 2016. Retrieved January 30, 2021. &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category: Personalities]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
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	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Abyssinian_Meeting_House&amp;diff=5569295</id>
		<title>Abyssinian Meeting House</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Abyssinian_Meeting_House&amp;diff=5569295"/>
		<updated>2021-02-01T16:52:03Z</updated>

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&lt;div&gt;[[File:Abyssinian Meeting House.jpg|thumb|Abyssinian Meeting House in Portland]]&lt;br /&gt;
The '''Abyssinian Meeting House''' was established in 1826 in response to the growing needs of the African American community in Portland. The third oldest meeting house in the country, the first is in [[African Meeting House (Boston)|Boston]], the second in [[African Meeting House (Nantucket)|Nantucket]],&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Carkhuff, David. [https://web.archive.org/web/20101229151641/http://portlanddailysun.me/node/19091/18808 Abyssinian Meeting House focus of regional mapping.] The Portland Daily Sun February 17, 2010. Retrieved February 1, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; provided a center of support and encouragement for the African-American community that promotes racial equality through anti-slavery activities. The building is one of the few buildings near Newbury Street that survived the Portland Fire of 1866. The church was decommissioned in 1917, and the building was eventually sold and converted into a rental unit. Since 1991, it has been vacant and deteriorated. The Committee to Restore the Abyssinian Meeting House recently funded a professional Historic Structure Report and is gathering strength and seeking funds for its restoration.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20080725025330/http://www.mainepreservation.org/Endangered/02.shtml 2002 Maine's Most Endangered Historic Properties.] Maine Preservation. Retrieved February 1, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The building is the only Underground Railroad site in Maine recognized by the National Park Service. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Background ==&lt;br /&gt;
At the time, the Portland Church regarded non-white members as second-class citizens. The church benches were separated, and African Americans were appointed to sit on the balcony or were forbidden to attend the service.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[[wikipedia:Abyssinian_Meeting_House|Abyssinian Meeting House.]] Wikipedia. Retrieved February 1, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In February 1828, 22 black residents took steps to formally organize the Abyssinian Religious Association as an all-African American congregation. By July 2, they had merged the association, appointed a trustee, and started to build their own new meeting house. The congregation became involved in political issues, especially those that affect African Americans. &lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Abyssinian Meeting House Memo.jpg|thumb|left]]&lt;br /&gt;
Later, the Abyssinian Meeting House played a role in the Underground Railroad. Because of its easy access by rail and sea, Portland has developed into one of the northernmost hubs of the Underground Railroad system. Black and white activists in Portland provided safe havens and shelters for slaves and helped organize escape routes to England and Canada. The leaders, Reuben Ruby, and members of the Abyssinian Church actively participated in concealing, supplying, and transporting runaway slaves. Lewis G. Clark, a runaway slave from Kentucky, provided first-hand information on the horror of slavery in a speech at the Abyssinian Meeting House. During the conference, this meeting house also housed the famous abolitionist leader Frederick Douglass also spoke at the forum. Ruby also hosted [[William Lloyd Garrison]] in his home. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Abyssinian Meeting House was saved from the 1866 Portland fire, largely through the efforts of a black fireman and Reuben Ruby's son William Wilberforce Ruby. Only two surviving African-American meeting houses in the Northeast are known. The [[African Meeting House (Boston)|African Meeting House in Boston]] (1806) and the small, vernacular, [[African Meeting House (Nantucket)|African Meeting House in Nantucket]] (1827) both initially Baptist houses of worship.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[https://www.nps.gov/nr/feature/afam/2007/abyssinian.htm Abyssinian Meeting House.] National Park Service Retrieved February 1, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Throughout the 19th century, Abyssinians have been the center of social and political life for the African-American community in Portland. The building is both a church and a segregated public school, as well as a concert, dinner and entertainment venue. Its members and missionaries include former enslaved people, leaders of the Underground Railroad movement, and candid advocates for the abolition of slavery in the United States.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[https://www.thehistorylist.com/sites/abyssinian-meetinghouse-portland-maine/the-underground-railroad-a-historic-america-road-trip Abyssinian Meetinghouse.] The History List. Retrieved February 1, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; By the end of the 19th century, the number of members in the conference room had decreased, and the black population had become smaller and more dispersed. Since then, the level of activity at the church was minimal although the congregation as a formal entity survived until 1916.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; The meeting room closed in 1917. It was converted into a low-cost apartment in 1924, and was finally abandoned by the city of Portland and taken over to pay taxes. In 1998, the Abyssinian Restoration Committee purchased the property and began to restore it.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:1&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Abyssinian Meeting House was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on February 3, 2006.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category: Anti-Black Racism in Monuments]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
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	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=File:Abyssinian_Meeting_House_Memo.jpg&amp;diff=5569291</id>
		<title>File:Abyssinian Meeting House Memo.jpg</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=File:Abyssinian_Meeting_House_Memo.jpg&amp;diff=5569291"/>
		<updated>2021-02-01T16:50:59Z</updated>

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		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=File:Abyssinian_Meeting_House.jpg&amp;diff=5569288</id>
		<title>File:Abyssinian Meeting House.jpg</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=File:Abyssinian_Meeting_House.jpg&amp;diff=5569288"/>
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&lt;div&gt;Abyssinian Meeting House&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
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	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Abyssinian_Meeting_House&amp;diff=5569256</id>
		<title>Abyssinian Meeting House</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Abyssinian_Meeting_House&amp;diff=5569256"/>
		<updated>2021-02-01T16:44:17Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Shafeo: Created page with &amp;quot;The '''Abyssinian Meeting House''' was established in 1826 in response to the growing needs of the African American community in Portland. The third oldest meeting house in th...&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;The '''Abyssinian Meeting House''' was established in 1826 in response to the growing needs of the African American community in Portland. The third oldest meeting house in the country, the first is in [[African Meeting House (Boston)|Boston]], the second in [[African Meeting House (Nantucket)|Nantucket]],&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Carkhuff, David. [https://web.archive.org/web/20101229151641/http://portlanddailysun.me/node/19091/18808 Abyssinian Meeting House focus of regional mapping.] The Portland Daily Sun February 17, 2010. Retrieved February 1, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; provided a center of support and encouragement for the African-American community that promotes racial equality through anti-slavery activities. The building is one of the few buildings near Newbury Street that survived the Portland Fire of 1866. The church was decommissioned in 1917, and the building was eventually sold and converted into a rental unit. Since 1991, it has been vacant and deteriorated. The Committee to Restore the Abyssinian Meeting House recently funded a professional Historic Structure Report and is gathering strength and seeking funds for its restoration.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20080725025330/http://www.mainepreservation.org/Endangered/02.shtml 2002 Maine's Most Endangered Historic Properties.] Maine Preservation. Retrieved February 1, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The building is the only Underground Railroad site in Maine recognized by the National Park Service. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Background ==&lt;br /&gt;
At the time, the Portland Church regarded non-white members as second-class citizens. The church benches were separated, and African Americans were appointed to sit on the balcony or were forbidden to attend the service.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[[wikipedia:Abyssinian_Meeting_House|Abyssinian Meeting House.]] Wikipedia. Retrieved February 1, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In February 1828, 22 black residents took steps to formally organize the Abyssinian Religious Association as an all-African American congregation. By July 2, they had merged the association, appointed a trustee, and started to build their own new meeting house. The congregation became involved in political issues, especially those that affect African Americans. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Later, the Abyssinian Meeting House played a role in the Underground Railroad. Because of its easy access by rail and sea, Portland has developed into one of the northernmost hubs of the Underground Railroad system. Black and white activists in Portland provided safe havens and shelters for slaves and helped organize escape routes to England and Canada. The leaders, Reuben Ruby, and members of the Abyssinian Church actively participated in concealing, supplying, and transporting runaway slaves. Lewis G. Clark, a runaway slave from Kentucky, provided first-hand information on the horror of slavery in a speech at the Abyssinian Meeting House. During the conference, this meeting house also housed the famous abolitionist leader Frederick Douglass also spoke at the forum. Ruby also hosted [[William Lloyd Garrison]] in his home. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Abyssinian Meeting House was saved from the 1866 Portland fire, largely through the efforts of a black fireman and Reuben Ruby's son William Wilberforce Ruby. Only two surviving African-American meeting houses in the Northeast are known. The [[African Meeting House (Boston)|African Meeting House in Boston]] (1806) and the small, vernacular, [[African Meeting House (Nantucket)|African Meeting House in Nantucket]] (1827) both initially Baptist houses of worship.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[https://www.nps.gov/nr/feature/afam/2007/abyssinian.htm Abyssinian Meeting House.] National Park Service Retrieved February 1, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Throughout the 19th century, Abyssinians have been the center of social and political life for the African-American community in Portland. The building is both a church and a segregated public school, as well as a concert, dinner and entertainment venue. Its members and missionaries include former enslaved people, leaders of the Underground Railroad movement, and candid advocates for the abolition of slavery in the United States.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[https://www.thehistorylist.com/sites/abyssinian-meetinghouse-portland-maine/the-underground-railroad-a-historic-america-road-trip Abyssinian Meetinghouse.] The History List. Retrieved February 1, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; By the end of the 19th century, the number of members in the conference room had decreased, and the black population had become smaller and more dispersed. Since then, the level of activity at the church was minimal although the congregation as a formal entity survived until 1916.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; The meeting room closed in 1917. It was converted into a low-cost apartment in 1924, and was finally abandoned by the city of Portland and taken over to pay taxes. In 1998, the Abyssinian Restoration Committee purchased the property and began to restore it.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:1&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Abyssinian Meeting House was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on February 3, 2006.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== References ==&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Shafeo</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Austin_F._Williams_House_and_Carriagehouse&amp;diff=5563032</id>
		<title>Austin F. Williams House and Carriagehouse</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Austin_F._Williams_House_and_Carriagehouse&amp;diff=5563032"/>
		<updated>2021-02-01T11:19:01Z</updated>

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&lt;div&gt;[[File:Austin Williams House and Carriegehouse.jpg|thumb|Austin Williams House and Carriegehouse in Farmington]]&lt;br /&gt;
The '''Austin F. Williams House and Carriagehouse''' have important connections with the Underground Railroad and the famous [[wikipedia:La_Amistad|Amistad Africans events]] of 1839-1841. Austin F. Williams (1805-1885), a prominent abolitionist of the day who devoted much of his life to this cause, was a conductor of the Underground Railroad and, along with other citizens, made the Farmington community the [[wikipedia:Underground_Railroad|Underground Railroad]] main stopped.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20071012220012/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1941479679&amp;amp;ResourceType=Building Williams, Austin F., Carriagehouse and House'''.'''] National Historic Landmark. Retrieved February 1, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; This house located in 127 Main St. in [[wikipedia:Farmington,_Connecticut|Farmington, Connecticut]] and belongs to [[wikipedia:National_Historic_Landmark|National Historic Landmark.]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Background ==&lt;br /&gt;
In June 1839, 53 members of the [[wikipedia:Mende_people|Mende]] tribe from Sierra Leone were illegally arrested and transported to Cuba where they were sold to two Spanish growers in Havana. Four days out of Havana, Mende, led by Sengbe Pieh (also known as [[wikipedia:Joseph_Cinqué|Joseph Cinqué]]), took control of the ship and ordered the ship to sail for America. During the siege, Mende killed the ship's captain and cook, and by the time Amistad was anchored at the end of Long Island on August 24, 1839, 10 of Mende had died of illness or injuries sustained in the takeover. Mend was arrested in New Haven, Connecticut, and charged with piracy and murder. A national defense committee including Austin Williams was established, led by Lewis Tapan of the American Mission Association, and it hired Congressman Roger Sherman Baldwin and former US President John Quincy Adams On behalf of Mende. The Supreme Court ruled that Meng De was illegally detained by force and that the siege and murder of the captain and the chef were for self-defense. Mende was ordered free on March 9, 1841.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/underground/ct1.htm Austin F. Williams House and Carriagehouse.] National Park Service. Retrieved February 1, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Autin Williams Couragehouse.jpg|left|thumb|Austin Williams Carriegehouse ]]&lt;br /&gt;
Austin Williams and his wife Janet Cowles Williams were abolitionists. During Mende's imprisonment, Williams communicated with his friend, Amistad committee member Lewis Tappan. The Amistad Committee was established to defend Amistad’s captives and is raising funds to return home. Williams, Samuel Deming, and John Treadwell Norton arranged for Africans, who released from prison and placed them in Farmington. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Once upon their arrival, some Mendes were placed on the second floor of Samuel Deming's shop but more space was needed, and Williams offered to build them a temporary shelter. The dormitory was erected in a public barn on May 4, 1841, and during the rest of their stay in Farmington before back to their hometown. The house served as the main residence for African men.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.nps.gov/places/austin-f-williams-carriagehouse-and-house.htm Austin F. Williams Carriagehouse and House.] National Park Service July 25, 2017. Retrieved February 1, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Men work in the local agricultural sector, and women work as household chores in their private residence in Farmington.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On November 27, 1841, they set sail for West Africa along with several missionaries and arrived in Freetown, Sierra Leone in January of 1842.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; Soon after Mende left, Williams built his own house slightly in the southeast and converted the dormitory into a carriage house. The house remained in the Williams family until 1948. Make Farmington community a major stop for the Underground Railroad. After the Civil War, Williams was appointed director of the Freedman’s Bureau of New England and New York and found housing and job opportunities for the released African Americans.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.ctmq.org/7-austin-f-williams-houses/ NHL: Austin F. Williams Houses.] CTMQ. Retrieved February 1, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category: Anti-Black Racism in Monuments]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Shafeo</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=File:Autin_Williams_Couragehouse.jpg&amp;diff=5563031</id>
		<title>File:Autin Williams Couragehouse.jpg</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=File:Autin_Williams_Couragehouse.jpg&amp;diff=5563031"/>
		<updated>2021-02-01T11:17:46Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Shafeo: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Austin Williams House and Carriegehouse&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Shafeo</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=File:Austin_Williams_House_and_Carriegehouse.jpg&amp;diff=5563030</id>
		<title>File:Austin Williams House and Carriegehouse.jpg</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=File:Austin_Williams_House_and_Carriegehouse.jpg&amp;diff=5563030"/>
		<updated>2021-02-01T11:16:21Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Shafeo: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Austin Williams House and Carriegehouse&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Shafeo</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Austin_F._Williams_House_and_Carriagehouse&amp;diff=5562985</id>
		<title>Austin F. Williams House and Carriagehouse</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Austin_F._Williams_House_and_Carriagehouse&amp;diff=5562985"/>
		<updated>2021-02-01T11:03:42Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Shafeo: Created page with &amp;quot;The '''Austin F. Williams House and Carriagehouse''' have important connections with the Underground Railroad and the famous Amistad Africans events o...&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;The '''Austin F. Williams House and Carriagehouse''' have important connections with the Underground Railroad and the famous [[wikipedia:La_Amistad|Amistad Africans events]] of 1839-1841. Austin F. Williams (1805-1885), a prominent abolitionist of the day who devoted much of his life to this cause, was a conductor of the Underground Railroad and, along with other citizens, made the Farmington community the [[wikipedia:Underground_Railroad|Underground Railroad]] main stopped.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20071012220012/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1941479679&amp;amp;ResourceType=Building Williams, Austin F., Carriagehouse and House'''.'''] National Historic Landmark. Retrieved February 1, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; This house located in 127 Main St. in [[wikipedia:Farmington,_Connecticut|Farmington, Connecticut]] and belongs to [[wikipedia:National_Historic_Landmark|National Historic Landmark.]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Background ==&lt;br /&gt;
In June 1839, 53 members of the [[wikipedia:Mende_people|Mende]] tribe from Sierra Leone were illegally arrested and transported to Cuba where they were sold to two Spanish growers in Havana. Four days out of Havana, Mende, led by Sengbe Pieh (also known as [[wikipedia:Joseph_Cinqué|Joseph Cinqué]]), took control of the ship and ordered the ship to sail for America. During the siege, Mende killed the ship's captain and cook, and by the time Amistad was anchored at the end of Long Island on August 24, 1839, 10 of Mende had died of illness or injuries sustained in the takeover. Mend was arrested in New Haven, Connecticut and charged with piracy and murder. A national defense committee including Austin Williams was established, led by Lewis Tapan of the American Mission Association, and it hired Congressman Roger Sherman Baldwin and former US President John Quincy Adams On behalf of Mende. The Supreme Court ruled that Meng De was illegally detained by force and that the siege and murder of the captain and the chef was for self-defense. Mende was ordered free on March 9, 1841.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/underground/ct1.htm Austin F. Williams House and Carriagehouse.] National Park Service. Retrieved February 1, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Austin Williams and his wife Janet Cowles Williams were abolitionists. During Mende's imprisonment, Williams communicated with his friend, Amistad committee member Lewis Tappan. The Amistad Committee was established to defend Amistad’s captives and is raising funds to return home. Williams, Samuel Deming and John Treadwell Norton arranged for Africans, who released from prison and placed them in Farmington. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Once upon their arrival, some Mendes were placed on the second floor of Samuel Deming's shop but more space was needed, and Williams offered to build them a temporary shelter. The dormitory was erected in a public barn on May 4, 1841, and during the rest of their stay in Farmington before back to their hometown. The house served as the main residence for African men.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.nps.gov/places/austin-f-williams-carriagehouse-and-house.htm Austin F. Williams Carriagehouse and House.] National Park Service July 25, 2017. Retrieved February 1, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Men work in the local agricultural sector, and women work as household chores in their private residence in Farmington.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On November 27, 1841, they set sail for West Africa along with several missionaries and arrived in Freetown, Sierra Leone in January of 1842.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; Soon after Mende left, Williams built his own house slightly in the southeast and converted the dormitory into a carriage house. The house remained in the Williams family until 1948 year. Make Farmington community a major stop for the Underground Railroad. After the Civil War, Williams was appointed director of the Freedman’s Bureau of New England and New York, and found housing and job opportunities for the released African Americans.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.ctmq.org/7-austin-f-williams-houses/ NHL: Austin F. Williams Houses.] CTMQ. Retrieved February 1, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== References ==&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Shafeo</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Penn_Center_(South_Carolina)&amp;diff=5535846</id>
		<title>Penn Center (South Carolina)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Penn_Center_(South_Carolina)&amp;diff=5535846"/>
		<updated>2021-01-31T15:47:25Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Shafeo: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[File:Penn Center Penn School.jpg|thumb|Penn Center in South Carolina]]&lt;br /&gt;
The '''Penn Center''', or originally called as '''Penn School''', is an African-American cultural and educational center in the Corners Community, on Saint Helena Island, South Carolina. the Penn Center founded in 1862 and was home to the first academic school for freed slaves. Today, it is one of the most important African-American historical and cultural institutions in existence and continues to be committed to the preservation of the [[wikipedia:Gullah|''Gullah'' culture]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[http://www.beaufortsc.org/50-things-to-do/penn-center/ PENN CENTER.] Beaufort. Retrieved January 31, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Background==&lt;br /&gt;
Northern missionaries and abolitionists Laura Towne and Ellen Murray established Penn School in 1862 to educate newly freed slaves in Sea Island. It was one of the first schools built for former slaves in the United States. The Penn School, established as part of the &amp;quot;Port Royal Experiment&amp;quot;, was a model school in the South.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[https://discoversouthcarolina.com/products/672 Penn Center National Historic Landmark.] South Carolina. Retrieved January 31, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Their purpose is to help the abandoned slaves prepare for freedom by teaching them how to study and survive economically. They named the school in honor of the state, and the state was named after the Quaker activist William Penn.&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Penn Center.jpg|thumb|left]]&lt;br /&gt;
By the early 1900s, it had adopted Booker Washington’s industrial training model. The focus of the model is to teach black people industries, such as crops and woodworking, to help them earn a living. The school has been teaching students until the mid-twentieth century. At this time, after 86 years of study, the school shifted its focus and began to provide community services, such as daycare and health training. There are many reasons for this change. One of the reasons is that black families moved northward, leading to a decline in enrollment. Another important reason is that the state and county governments of South Carolina finally began to take steps to provide black children with a more comprehensive education. Before 1948, the public school system was only required to provide seventh grade education for blacks.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
During the Civil Rights Movement, [[wikipedia:Martin_Luther_King_Jr.|Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.]] and the [[wikipedia:Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference|Southern Christian Leadership Conference]] often met in the center of Pennsylvania. The center was a rare retreat where members of both races can meet peacefully without being threatened or harmed.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.sciway.net/afam/penn.html#penn-center-history PENN CENTER – ST. HELENA ISLAND, BEAUFORT COUNTY, SOUTH CAROLINA.] ''SCIWAY.'' Retrieved January 31, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1990 Penn Center placed on the “most endangered historic places” list by National Trust for Historic Preservation; a mission focused on promoting and preserving Gullah cultural assets.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.penncenter.com/explore-penn-centers-history A TIMELINE OF OUR HISTORY.] Penn Center. Retrieved January 31, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The school preserves the history and culture of many African Americans on the island through collections, historical documents, oral history, records, and handicrafts.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:1&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External Link==&lt;br /&gt;
Penn Center [http://www.penncenter.com/ Official Website.] &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category: Anti-Black Racism in Monuments]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Shafeo</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=File:Penn_Center.jpg&amp;diff=5535844</id>
		<title>File:Penn Center.jpg</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=File:Penn_Center.jpg&amp;diff=5535844"/>
		<updated>2021-01-31T15:45:12Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Shafeo: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Penn Center Board name&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Shafeo</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=File:Penn_Center_Penn_School.jpg&amp;diff=5535843</id>
		<title>File:Penn Center Penn School.jpg</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=File:Penn_Center_Penn_School.jpg&amp;diff=5535843"/>
		<updated>2021-01-31T15:43:30Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Shafeo: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Penn Center&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Shafeo</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Penn_Center_(South_Carolina)&amp;diff=5535836</id>
		<title>Penn Center (South Carolina)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Penn_Center_(South_Carolina)&amp;diff=5535836"/>
		<updated>2021-01-31T15:32:01Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Shafeo: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;The '''Penn Center''', or originally called as '''Penn School''', is an African-American cultural and educational center in the Corners Community, on Saint Helena Island, South Carolina. the Penn Center founded in 1862 and was a home to the first academic school for freed slaves. Today, it is one of the most important African-American historical and cultural institutions in existence, and continues to be committed to the preservation of the [[wikipedia:Gullah|''Gullah'' culture]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[http://www.beaufortsc.org/50-things-to-do/penn-center/ PENN CENTER.] Beaufort. Retrieved January 31, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Background==&lt;br /&gt;
Northern missionaries and abolitionists Laura Towne and Ellen Murray established Penn School in 1862 to educate newly freed slaves in Sea Island. It was one of the first schools built for former slaves in the United States. The Penn School, established as part of the &amp;quot;Port Royal Experiment&amp;quot;, was a model school in the South.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[https://discoversouthcarolina.com/products/672 Penn Center National Historic Landmark.] South Carolina. Retrieved January 31, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Their purpose is to help the abandoned slaves prepare for freedom by teaching them how to study and survive economically. They named the school in honor of the state, and the state was named after the Quaker activist William Penn.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
By the early 1900s, it had adopted Booker Washington’s industrial training model. The focus of the model is to teach black people industries, such as crops and woodworking, to help them earn a living. The school has been teaching students until the mid-twentieth century. At this time, after 86 years of study, the school shifted its focus and began to provide community services, such as day care and health training. There are many reasons for this change. One of the reasons is that black families moved northward, leading to a decline in enrollment. Another important reason is that the state and county governments of South Carolina finally began to take steps to provide black children with more comprehensive education. Before 1948, the public school system was only required to provide seventh grade education for blacks.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
During the Civil Rights Movement, [[wikipedia:Martin_Luther_King_Jr.|Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.]] and the [[wikipedia:Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference|Southern Christian Leadership Conference]] often met in the center of Pennsylvania. The center was a rare retreat where members of both races can meet peacefully without being threatened or harmed.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.sciway.net/afam/penn.html#penn-center-history PENN CENTER – ST. HELENA ISLAND, BEAUFORT COUNTY, SOUTH CAROLINA.] ''SCIWAY.'' Retrieved January 31, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1990 Penn Center placed on “most endangered historic places” list by National Trust for Historic Preservation; mission focused on promoting and preserving Gullah cultural assets.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.penncenter.com/explore-penn-centers-history A TIMELINE OF OUR HISTORY.] Penn Center. Retrieved January 31, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The school preserves the history and culture of many African Americans on the island through collections, historical documents, oral history, records and handicrafts.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:1&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External Link==&lt;br /&gt;
Penn Center [http://www.penncenter.com/ Official Website.] &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Shafeo</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Penn_Center_(South_Carolina)&amp;diff=5535833</id>
		<title>Penn Center (South Carolina)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Penn_Center_(South_Carolina)&amp;diff=5535833"/>
		<updated>2021-01-31T15:25:02Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Shafeo: Created page with &amp;quot;The '''Penn Center''', or originally called as '''Penn School''', is an African-American cultural and educational center in the Corners Community, on Saint Helena Island, Sout...&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;The '''Penn Center''', or originally called as '''Penn School''', is an African-American cultural and educational center in the Corners Community, on Saint Helena Island, South Carolina. the Penn Center founded in 1862 and was a home to the first academic school for freed slaves. Today, it is one of the most important African-American historical and cultural institutions in existence, and continues to be committed to the preservation of the Gullah Geechee culture&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[http://www.beaufortsc.org/50-things-to-do/penn-center/ PENN CENTER.] Beaufort. Retrieved January 31, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Background ==&lt;br /&gt;
Northern missionaries and abolitionists Laura Towne and Ellen Murray established Penn School in 1862 to educate newly freed slaves in Sea Island. It was one of the first schools built for former slaves in the United States. The Penn School, established as part of the &amp;quot;Port Royal Experiment&amp;quot;, was a model school in the South.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; Their purpose is to help the abandoned slaves prepare for freedom by teaching them how to study and survive economically. They named the school in honor of the state, and the state was named after the Quaker activist William Penn.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
By the early 1900s, it had adopted Booker Washington’s industrial training model. The focus of the model is to teach black people industries, such as crops and woodworking, to help them earn a living. The school has been teaching students until the mid-twentieth century. At this time, after 86 years of study, the school shifted its focus and began to provide community services, such as day care and health training. There are many reasons for this change. One of the reasons is that black families moved northward, leading to a decline in enrollment. Another important reason is that the state and county governments of South Carolina finally began to take steps to provide black children with more comprehensive education. Before 1948, the public school system was only required to provide seventh grade education for blacks.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
During the Civil Rights Movement, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference often met in the center of Pennsylvania. The center was a rare retreat where members of both races can meet peacefully without being threatened or harmed.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1990 Penn Center placed on “most endangered historic places” list by National Trust for Historic Preservation; mission focused on promoting and preserving Gullah cultural assets.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.penncenter.com/explore-penn-centers-history A TIMELINE OF OUR HISTORY.] Penn Center. Retrieved January 31, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The school preserves the history and culture of many African Americans on the island through collections, historical documents, oral history, records and handicrafts.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== External Link ==&lt;br /&gt;
Penn Center [http://www.penncenter.com/ Official Website.] &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Shafeo</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Maggie_L._Walker_National_Historic_Site&amp;diff=5532651</id>
		<title>Maggie L. Walker National Historic Site</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Maggie_L._Walker_National_Historic_Site&amp;diff=5532651"/>
		<updated>2021-01-31T10:14:33Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Shafeo: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[File:Maggie L. Walker National Historic Site.jpg|thumb|Maggie L. Walker National Historic Site in Richmond, Virginia.]]&lt;br /&gt;
The '''Maggie L. Walker National Historic Site''' preserves the residence, property, and heritage of civil rights activist Maggie Lena Walker. This house was built in 1883 and is located at 110½ E. Leigh Street in the [[wikipedia:Jackson_Ward|Jackson Ward]] neighborhood of [[wikipedia:Richmond,_Virginia|Richmond, Virginia]]. The Walker family owned the home until 1979 when it was purchased by the [[wikipedia:National_Park_Service|National Park Service.]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[https://www.nps.gov/mawa/learn/historyculture/maggie-lena-walker.htm Maggie Lena Walker.] National Park Service December 4, 2020. Retrieved January 31, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Maggie Lena Walker (1867-1934), the daughter of a former slave mother and a Northern abolitionists father, founded the successful ''St. Luke Penney Savings Bank'' and became the first African-American woman to established and led the Bank of America. Walker was the leader of the Richmond community and moved to the Jackson Ward community in 1904.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20090121190158/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1585&amp;amp;ResourceType=Building Walker, Maggie Lena, House.] National Historic Landmark Program, Retrieved January 31, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Background ==&lt;br /&gt;
Maggie Lena Mitchell was born on July 15, 1864, in Richmond, Virginia. Her mother was a slave and assistant cook in Elizabeth Van Lew's Church Hill Mansion. Later, her parents moved the family to the alley between Broad and Marshall streets, where Maggie and her brother Johnnie grew up. After his father's death in 1876, Maggie's mother supported the family by working as a laundress, and the young Maggie helped by providing clean clothes.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1903, Maggie Lena Walker founded a bank and hired black women to run the bank. Walker lived in the remote south, founded the ''St. Luke Penny Savings Bank'', and devoted his life to the development of African Americans. As the president of the only black women’s bank in the United States, she advocates encouraging black professional women and girls by creating job opportunities, funding educational institutions, and participating in well-known civil rights organizations.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://americanhistory.si.edu/american-enterprise/new-perspectives/only-one-room/maggie-lena-walker Maggie Lena Walker, 1864-1934.] National Museum of American History. Retrieved January 31, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
From 1903 until her death in 1934, Maggie L. Walker used her bank, the ''St. Luke Penny Savings Bank'', to provide women with economic power and help strengthen the country. The emerging black middle class in Smithson. Walker's role as a woman created the bank and served as the president, which was very rare at the time and was completely unique in the black community.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.nps.gov/mawa/learn/historyculture/female-bank-presidents.htm Early Women In Banking.] National Park Service November 15, 2019. Retrieved January 31, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[wikipedia:Maggie_L._Walker_National_Historic_Site|Maggie L. Walker National Historic Site]] is a house, where Walker lived with her large family from 1905 until her death in 1934 and became a national historic site in 1978. The National Park Service keeps it as a fully equipped house museum since 1985. The museum’s collection is very comprehensive, most of which was donated directly by Walker’s descendants in 1979, including personal belongings, furniture and art, and extremely Important Maggie Walker household paper. These archives contain rare photos, as well as Walker's speeches, letters, diaries, and business documents.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://artsandculture.google.com/partner/maggie-l-walker-national-historic-site Maggie L. Walker National Historic Site, National Park Service.] Google Arts &amp;amp; Culture. Retrieved January 31, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category: Anti-Black Racism in Monuments]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Shafeo</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=File:Maggie_L._Walker_National_Historic_Site.jpg&amp;diff=5532649</id>
		<title>File:Maggie L. Walker National Historic Site.jpg</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=File:Maggie_L._Walker_National_Historic_Site.jpg&amp;diff=5532649"/>
		<updated>2021-01-31T10:11:31Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Shafeo: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Maggie L. Walker National Historic Site&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Shafeo</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Maggie_L._Walker_National_Historic_Site&amp;diff=5532645</id>
		<title>Maggie L. Walker National Historic Site</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Maggie_L._Walker_National_Historic_Site&amp;diff=5532645"/>
		<updated>2021-01-31T09:59:05Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Shafeo: Created page with &amp;quot;The '''Maggie L. Walker National Historic Site''' preserves the residence, property, and heritage of civil rights activist Maggie Lena Walker. This house was built in 1883 and...&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;The '''Maggie L. Walker National Historic Site''' preserves the residence, property, and heritage of civil rights activist Maggie Lena Walker. This house was built in 1883 and is located at 110½ E. Leigh Street in the [[wikipedia:Jackson_Ward|Jackson Ward]] neighborhood of [[wikipedia:Richmond,_Virginia|Richmond, Virginia]]. The Walker family owned the home until 1979, when it was purchased by the [[wikipedia:National_Park_Service|National Park Service.]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[https://www.nps.gov/mawa/learn/historyculture/maggie-lena-walker.htm Maggie Lena Walker.] National Park Service December 4, 2020. Retrieved January 31, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Maggie Lena Walker (1867-1934), the daughter of a former slave mother and a Northern abolitionists father, founded the successful ''St. Luke Penney Savings Bank'' and became the first African-American woman to established and led the Bank of America. Walker was the leader of the Richmond community and moved to the Jackson Ward community in 1904.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20090121190158/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1585&amp;amp;ResourceType=Building Walker, Maggie Lena, House.] National Historic Landmark Program, Retrieved January 31, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Background ==&lt;br /&gt;
Maggie Lena Mitchell was born on July 15, 1864 in Richmond, Virginia. Her mother was a slave and assistant cook in Elizabeth Van Lew's Church Hill Mansion. Later, her parents moved the family to the alley between Broad and Marshall streets, where Maggie and her brother Johnnie grew up. After his father's death in 1876, Maggie's mother supported the family by working as a laundress, and the young Maggie helped by providing clean clothes.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1903, Maggie Lena Walker founded a bank and hired black women to run the bank. Walker lived in the remote south, founded the ''St. Luke Penny Savings Bank'', and devoted his life to the development of African Americans. As the president of the only black women’s bank in the United States, she advocates encouraging black professional women and girls by creating job opportunities, funding educational institutions, and participating in well-known civil rights organizations.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://americanhistory.si.edu/american-enterprise/new-perspectives/only-one-room/maggie-lena-walker Maggie Lena Walker, 1864-1934.] National Museum of American History. Retrieved January 31, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
From 1903 until her death in 1934, Maggie L. Walker used her bank, the ''St. Luke Penny Savings Bank'', to provide women with economic power and help strengthen the country. The emerging black middle class in Smithson. Walker's role as a woman created the bank and served as the president, which was very rare at the time and was completely unique in the black community.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.nps.gov/mawa/learn/historyculture/female-bank-presidents.htm Early Women In Banking.] National Park Service November 15, 2019. Retrieved January 31, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[wikipedia:Maggie_L._Walker_National_Historic_Site|Maggie L. Walker National Historic Site]] is a house, where Walker lived with her large family from 1905 until her death in 1934 and became a national historic site in 1978. The National Park Service keeps it as a fully equipped house museum since 1985. The museum’s collection is very comprehensive, most of which were donated directly by Walker’s descendants in 1979, including personal belongings, furniture and art, and extremely Important Maggie Walker household paper. These archives contain rare photos, as well as Walker's speeches, letters, diaries and business documents.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://artsandculture.google.com/partner/maggie-l-walker-national-historic-site Maggie L. Walker National Historic Site, National Park Service.] Google Arts &amp;amp; Culture. Retrieved January 31, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== References ==&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Shafeo</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Frederick_Douglass_National_Historic_Site&amp;diff=5507057</id>
		<title>Frederick Douglass National Historic Site</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Frederick_Douglass_National_Historic_Site&amp;diff=5507057"/>
		<updated>2021-01-30T18:59:43Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Shafeo: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[File:Cedar Hill, Frederick Douglass National Historic Site.jpg|thumb|''Frederick Douglass National Historic Site'' in Anacostia]]&lt;br /&gt;
The '''Frederick Douglass National Historic Site''' is located at 1411 W Street, SE, in Anacostia, Southeast Washington, D.C. The site preserves the residence of Frederick Douglass, one of the most prominent African Americans of the 19th century. Douglass lived in this house, which he named '''Cedar Hill''', from 1877 until his death in 1895.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[https://www.nps.gov/frdo/planyourvisit/basicinfo.htm Frederick Douglass: Basic Information.] National Park Service. Retrieved January 31, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; On September 5, 1962, the Frederick Douglass estate became a unit of the National Park Service and after many restorations, this site reopened to the public in February 1972.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[https://www.nps.gov/frdo/learn/historyculture/places.htm Cedar Hill: Frederick Douglass's Home in Anacostia.] National Park Service. Retrieved January 31, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The center of the site is this historic house, which sits on a 50-foot hill and occupies eight acres of the original property. The house has been restored to its 1895 appearance and is furnished with original items by Frederick Douglass and other family members.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Background ==&lt;br /&gt;
Frederick Douglass was born in 1818 in Talbot County, Maryland. He was an escaped slave and later became a famous activist, author, and public speaker. He became the leader of the abolitionist movement, which tried to end slavery before and during the Civil War. After that conflict and the publication of the Emancipation Proclamation in 1862, he continued to promote equality and human rights until his death in 1895.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/frederick-douglass#:~:text=Frederick%20Douglass%20was%20an%20escaped,and%20during%20the%20Civil%20War.&amp;amp;text=His%20work%20served%20as%20an,of%20the%201960s%20and%20beyond. Frederick Douglass.] History October 27, 2009(Original) January 21, 2021(Updated). Retrieved January 31, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Frederick Douglass National Historic Site inside.jpg|left|thumb]]&lt;br /&gt;
The house was built between 1855 and 1859 and consisted of between 6 to 14 rooms. Douglass purchased the house in 1877 moved into the house with his first wife, Anna Murray Douglass, in 1878. Home improvements were carried out between 1877 and 1878. The original kitchen was changed into a dining room, and a new kitchen was added to the south wing. Upstairs, the partition separating the two rooms on the west side of the house was removed and replaced by two walls to create three smaller bedrooms. Eventually, during this period, the loft was completed with five additional rooms.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He and his family lived at Cedar Hill until his death on February 20, 1895. After his death, the house was converted into a 21-room mansion. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1900, at the urging of Helen Pitts Douglass, the United States Congress chartered the ''Frederick Douglass Memorial and Historical Association'' (FDMHA). After Helen died in 1903, FDMHA received the property. In cooperation with the ''National Association of Colored Women'', FDMHA completed the first restoration of Douglas House in 1922. On September 5, 1962, Frederick Douglas Manor became a unit of the ''National Park Service''. This house has been restored many times, in 1962, 1972, 1980 and most recent restoration lasted from 2004 to 2007.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:1&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition to commemorating outstanding historical figures, the ''Frederick Douglass National Historic Site'' also showcases the characteristics of romantic cottages in a natural environment. Although the landscape has changed over time, it still retains most of its historical integrity. The location is one of the most important attractions in the country-when Douglass lived here, he was one of the most well-known and respected African Americans in Washington, DC, and the entire country. This site is operated today by the ''National Park Service'' and preserves Douglass's legacy as an abolitionist and civil rights leader. &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://historicsites.dcpreservation.org/items/show/156&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category: Anti-Black Racism in Monuments]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Shafeo</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Frederick_Douglass_National_Historic_Site&amp;diff=5507052</id>
		<title>Frederick Douglass National Historic Site</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Frederick_Douglass_National_Historic_Site&amp;diff=5507052"/>
		<updated>2021-01-30T18:58:22Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Shafeo: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[File:Cedar Hill, Frederick Douglass National Historic Site.jpg|thumb|''Frederick Douglass National Historic Site'' in Anacostia]]&lt;br /&gt;
The '''Frederick Douglass National Historic Site''' is located at 1411 W Street, SE, in Anacostia, Southeast Washington, D.C. The site preserves the residence of Frederick Douglass, one of the most prominent African Americans of the 19th century. Douglass lived in this house, which he named '''Cedar Hill''', from 1877 until his death in 1895.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[https://www.nps.gov/frdo/planyourvisit/basicinfo.htm Frederick Douglass: Basic Information.] National Park Service. Retrieved January 31, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; On September 5, 1962, the Frederick Douglass estate became a unit of the National Park Service and after many restorations, this site reopened to the public in February 1972.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[https://www.nps.gov/frdo/learn/historyculture/places.htm Cedar Hill: Frederick Douglass's Home in Anacostia.] National Park Service. Retrieved January 31, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The center of the site is this historic house, which sits on a 50-foot hill and occupies eight acres of the original property. The house has been restored to its 1895 appearance and is furnished with original items by Frederick Douglass and other family members.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Background ==&lt;br /&gt;
Frederick Douglass was born in 1818 in Talbot County, Maryland. He was an escaped slave and later became a famous activist, author, and public speaker. He became the leader of the abolitionist movement, which tried to end slavery before and during the Civil War. After that conflict and the publication of the Emancipation Proclamation in 1862, he continued to promote equality and human rights until his death in 1895.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/frederick-douglass#:~:text=Frederick%20Douglass%20was%20an%20escaped,and%20during%20the%20Civil%20War.&amp;amp;text=His%20work%20served%20as%20an,of%20the%201960s%20and%20beyond. Frederick Douglass.] History October 27, 2009(Original) January 21, 2021(Updated). Retrieved January 31, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Frederick Douglass National Historic Site inside.jpg|left|thumb]]&lt;br /&gt;
The house was built between 1855 and 1859 and consisted of between 6 to 14 rooms. Douglass purchased the house in 1877 moved into the house with his first wife, Anna Murray Douglass, in 1878. Home improvements were carried out between 1877 and 1878. The original kitchen was changed into a dining room, and a new kitchen was added to the south wing. Upstairs, the partition separating the two rooms on the west side of the house was removed and replaced by two walls to create three smaller bedrooms. Eventually, during this period, the loft was completed with five additional rooms.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He and his family lived at Cedar Hill until his death on February 20, 1895. After his death, the house was converted into a 21-room mansion. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1900, at the urging of Helen Pitts Douglass, the United States Congress chartered the ''Frederick Douglass Memorial and Historical Association'' (FDMHA). After Helen died in 1903, FDMHA received the property. In cooperation with the ''National Association of Colored Women'', FDMHA completed the first restoration of Douglas House in 1922. On September 5, 1962, Frederick Douglas Manor became a unit of the ''National Park Service''. This house has been restored many times, in 1962, 1972, 1980 and most recent restoration lasted from 2004 to 2007.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:1&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition to commemorating outstanding historical figures, the ''Frederick Douglass National Historic Site'' also showcases the characteristics of romantic cottages in a natural environment. Although the landscape has changed over time, it still retains most of its historical integrity. The location is one of the most important attractions in the country-when Douglass lived here, he was one of the most well-known and respected African Americans in Washington, DC, and the entire country. This site is operated today by the ''National Park Service'' and preserves Douglass's legacy as an abolitionist and civil rights leader. &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://historicsites.dcpreservation.org/items/show/156&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category: Anti-Racist&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Shafeo</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=File:Frederick_Douglass_National_Historic_Site_inside.jpg&amp;diff=5507045</id>
		<title>File:Frederick Douglass National Historic Site inside.jpg</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=File:Frederick_Douglass_National_Historic_Site_inside.jpg&amp;diff=5507045"/>
		<updated>2021-01-30T18:56:42Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Shafeo: &lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;div&gt;Frederick Douglass National Historic Site&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Shafeo</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=File:Cedar_Hill,_Frederick_Douglass_National_Historic_Site.jpg&amp;diff=5507039</id>
		<title>File:Cedar Hill, Frederick Douglass National Historic Site.jpg</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=File:Cedar_Hill,_Frederick_Douglass_National_Historic_Site.jpg&amp;diff=5507039"/>
		<updated>2021-01-30T18:55:10Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Shafeo: &lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;div&gt;Frederick Douglass National Historic Site&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Shafeo</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Frederick_Douglass_National_Historic_Site&amp;diff=5506989</id>
		<title>Frederick Douglass National Historic Site</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Frederick_Douglass_National_Historic_Site&amp;diff=5506989"/>
		<updated>2021-01-30T18:42:54Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Shafeo: Created page with &amp;quot;The '''Frederick Douglass National Historic Site''' is located at 1411 W Street, SE, in Anacostia, Southeast Washington, D.C. The site preserves the residence of Frederick Dou...&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;The '''Frederick Douglass National Historic Site''' is located at 1411 W Street, SE, in Anacostia, Southeast Washington, D.C. The site preserves the residence of Frederick Douglass, one of the most prominent African Americans of the 19th century. Douglass lived in this house, which he named '''Cedar Hill''', from 1877 until his death in 1895.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[https://www.nps.gov/frdo/planyourvisit/basicinfo.htm Frederick Douglass: Basic Information.] National Park Service. Retrieved January 31, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; On September 5, 1962, the Frederick Douglass estate became a unit of the National Park Service and after many restoration, this site reopened to the public in February 1972.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[https://www.nps.gov/frdo/learn/historyculture/places.htm Cedar Hill: Frederick Douglass's Home in Anacostia.] National Park Service. Retrieved January 31, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The center of the site is this historic house, which sits on a 50-foot hill and occupies eight acres of the original property. The house has been restored to its 1895 appearance and is furnished with original items by Frederick Douglass and other family members.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Background ==&lt;br /&gt;
Frederick Douglass was born in 1818 in Talbot County, Maryland. He was an escaped slave and later became a famous activist, author and public speaker. He became the leader of the abolitionist movement, which tried to end slavery before and during the Civil War. After that conflict and the publication of the Emancipation Proclamation in 1862, he continued to promote equality and human rights until his death in 1895.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/frederick-douglass#:~:text=Frederick%20Douglass%20was%20an%20escaped,and%20during%20the%20Civil%20War.&amp;amp;text=His%20work%20served%20as%20an,of%20the%201960s%20and%20beyond. Frederick Douglass.] History October 27, 2009(Original) January 21, 2021(Updated). Retrieved January 31, 2021.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The house was built between 1855 and 1859 and consisted of between 6 to 14 rooms. Douglass purchased the house in 1877 moved into the house with his first wife, Anna Murray Douglass, in 1878. Home improvements were carried out between 1877 and 1878. The original kitchen was changed into a dining room, and a new kitchen was added to the south wing. Upstairs, the partition separating the two rooms on the west side of the house was removed and replaced by two walls to create three smaller bedrooms. Eventually, during this period, the loft was completed with five additional rooms.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He and his family lived at Cedar Hill until his death on February 20, 1895. After his death, the house was converted into a 21-room mansion. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1900, at the urging of Helen Pitts Douglass, the United States Congress chartered the ''Frederick Douglass Memorial and Historical Association'' (FDMHA). After Helen died in 1903, FDMHA received the property. In cooperation with the ''National Association of Colored Women'', FDMHA completed the first restoration of Douglas House in 1922. On September 5, 1962, Frederick Douglas Manor became a unit of the ''National Park Service''. This house has been restored many times, in 1962, 1972, 1980 and most recent restoration lasted from 2004 to 2007.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:1&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition to commemorating outstanding historical figures, the ''Frederick Douglass National Historic Site'' also showcases the characteristics of romantic cottages in a natural environment. Although the landscape has changed over time, it still retains most of its historical integrity. The location is one of the most important attractions in the country-when Douglass lived here, he was one of the most well-known and respected African Americans in Washington, DC and the entire country. This site is operated today by the ''National Park Service'' and preserves Douglass's legacy as abolitionist and civil rights leader. &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://historicsites.dcpreservation.org/items/show/156&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== References ==&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Shafeo</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=William_Lloyd_Garrison&amp;diff=5505951</id>
		<title>William Lloyd Garrison</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=William_Lloyd_Garrison&amp;diff=5505951"/>
		<updated>2021-01-30T16:38:44Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Shafeo: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[File:William-Lloyd-Garrison.jpg|thumb|William Lloyd Garrison]]&lt;br /&gt;
'''William Lloyd Garrison''' was born in Massachusetts on December 10, 1805. He was a tireless reformer who works for women's right to vote, civil rights, and prohibition, but he was known for his &amp;quot;fierce opposition to slavery.&amp;quot; Through ''&amp;quot;The Liberator&amp;quot;'', an anti-slavery newspaper, he led the moral movement to abolish slavery in the United States. He also established the ''New England Anti-Slavery Society'' in 1832, and the ''American Anti-Slavery Society'' in 1833.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.nationalabolitionhalloffameandmuseum.org/william-lloyd-garrison.html William Lloyd Garrison.] National Abolition Hall of Fame and Museum. Retrieved January 30, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==History==&lt;br /&gt;
Garrison was born on December 10, 1805, in Newburyport, Massachusetts. When Garrison was only three years old, his father abandoned him and the family. Garrison’s mother, a devout Baptist, Frances Maria, worked hard to raise Garrison and his siblings into poverty. As a child, Garrison lived with a Baptist deacon for a period of time and received basic education there. In 1814, he was reunited with his mother and work as a shoemaker, but it turns out that this job requires a lot of physical strength for the little boy.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1818, when Garrison was 13 years old, he was appointed as the apprentice as writer and editor under Ephraim W. Allen, editor of the ''Newburyport Herald'', for seven years. during this apprenticeship period that Garrison found his true calling. Through various newspaper jobs, he acquired the skills to run his own newspaper. In 1826, when he was 20 years old, Garrison borrowed money from his former employer and purchased ''The Newburyport Essex Courant''. The Garrison renamed the newspaper ''Newburyport Free Press'' and used it as a political instrument to express the sentiments of the old Federal Party. Unfortunately, within six months, the newspaper went bankrupt because subscribers raised objections to its firm federal system.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1828, he moved to Boston and worked at the ''National Philanthropist.'' While working for the ''National Philanthropist,'' he met Benjamin Lundy, who worked as the anti-slavery editor of the ''Genius of Emancipation.'' Lundy's abolition of the cause of death attracted Garrison's attention. When Lundy offered Garrison an editorial position in the ''Genius of Universal Emancipation'', Garrison eagerly accepted it. This work marked the beginning of Garrison's abolitionist movement.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[https://www.biography.com/writer/william-lloyd-garrison William Lloyd Garrison Biography (1805–1879).] Biography November 21 2014 (Original), January 13 2021 (Updated). Retrieved January 30, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At the age of 25, Garrison joined the abolitionist movement. He joined the ''American Colonization Society'', which believed that free blacks should immigrate to the territories on the west coast of Africa. At first glance, society seems to promote the freedom and happiness of blacks. There must be some members who encourage slaves to practice enslavement (giving freedom). However, the facts have proved that the number of members who advocated abstention is very small. Most members do not want to release slaves. Their goal is to reduce the number of free blacks in the country, thereby helping to maintain slavery.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p1561.html William Lloyd Garrison 1805 - 1879.] Public Broadcasting Service. Retrieved January 30, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Contribution==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:The Liberator.jpg|left|thumb|The Liberator Newspaper Heading]]&lt;br /&gt;
===The Liberator (1831–1865)===&lt;br /&gt;
Soon after he broke away from the ''American Colonization Society'' in 1830 he started his own abolitionist newspaper together with his friend Isaac Knapp, calling it ''The Liberator'' with a motto &amp;quot;Our country is the world—our countrymen are mankind.&amp;quot; The Liberator was responsible for initially building Garrison’s reputation as an abolitionist.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Statue of William Lloyd Garrison.jpg|left|thumb|[[Statue of William Lloyd Garrison (Boston)|William Lloyd Garrison Statue]] in Boston]]&lt;br /&gt;
In the first issue of ''The Liberator'', dated January 1, 1831, he stated his views on slavery vehemently: “I do not wish to think, or speak, or write, with moderation.… I am in earnest—I will not equivocate—I will not excuse—I will not retreat a single inch—AND I WILL BE HEARD.” and yes, he was heard. From the very first issue in 1831 to the last issue after the Civil War in 1865, for more than three decades Garrison spoke out eloquently and passionately against slavery and for the rights of America's black inhabitants.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Thomas, John L.[https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-Lloyd-Garrison William Lloyd Garrison.] Encyclopædia Britannica December 23, 2020. Retrieved January 30, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:1&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===New England Anti-Slavery Society (1831–1837)===&lt;br /&gt;
In addition to publishing The Liberator, Garrison spearheaded a new movement organization to demand the complete abolition of slavery in the United States. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1832, Garrison formed ''New England Anti-Slavery Society.'' The first meeting was on January 1, 1832(some sources list the date as January 1, 1831), in Belknap Street church hall (also known as ''[[African Meeting House (Boston)|African Meeting House]]''). The ''New England Anti-Slavery Society'' based in Boston, Massachusetts, supported the immediate abolition of slavery and treats slavery as immoral. It particularly opposed the ''American Colonization Society''. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Society sponsored lecturers or people who traveled throughout New England, lectured in local churches or auditoriums, and sold abolitionists or ''The Liberator''. They also encouraged the establishment of local anti-slavery associations as much as possible. By 1833, there were 47 local associations in the ten northern states, of which 33 were in New England.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In January 1833, Thomas Dalton, chairman of the Massachusetts General Colored Association, successfully petitioned to merge with the New England Anti-Slavery Society and other black anti-slavery societies that had already existed in Massachusetts, New York, Ohio, Connecticut, and New Jersey. This society reorganized in 1835 as the ''Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society'' with the same purpose.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[[wikipedia:Massachusetts_Anti-Slavery_Society|Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society.]] Wikipedia. Retrieved January 30, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===American Anti-Slavery Society (1833–1870)===&lt;br /&gt;
''American Anti-Slavery Society'' founded by William Lloyd Garrison and Arthur Tappan in 1833. Frederick Douglass, an escaped slave, was a key leader of this society who often spoke at its meetings. This society had the same purpose as ''New England Anti-Slavery Society.''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[[wikipedia:American_Anti-Slavery_Society|American Anti-Slavery Society.]] Wikipedia. Retrieved January 30, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1840, the number of supporters of the society was around 2,000, with total memberships ranging from 150,000 to 200,000. The societies sponsored meetings, adopted resolutions, signed antislavery petitions to be sent to Congress, published journals and enlisted subscriptions, printed and distributed propaganda in vast quantities, and sent out lecturers to carry the antislavery message to Northern audiences.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The participants of the society mainly come from religious circles and charitable backgrounds, as well as the free black community, of which six blacks served as members of the first management committee. The society’s public meetings most effectively reflect the eloquent testimony of former slaves such as Frederick Douglass or William Wells Brown. The society’s antislavery activities frequently met with violent public opposition, with mobs invading meetings, attacking speakers, and burning presses. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The American Anti-Slavery Society was formally dissolved in 1870, after the Civil War and Emancipation.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. [https://www.britannica.com/topic/American-Anti-Slavery-Society American Anti-Slavery Society.] Encyclopædia Britannica July 28, 2016. Retrieved January 30, 2021. &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category: Personalities]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Shafeo</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=William_Lloyd_Garrison&amp;diff=5505948</id>
		<title>William Lloyd Garrison</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=William_Lloyd_Garrison&amp;diff=5505948"/>
		<updated>2021-01-30T16:37:59Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Shafeo: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[File:William-Lloyd-Garrison.jpg|thumb|William Lloyd Garrison]]&lt;br /&gt;
'''William Lloyd Garrison''' was born in Massachusetts on December 10, 1805. He was a tireless reformer who works for women's right to vote, civil rights, and prohibition, but he was known for his &amp;quot;fierce opposition to slavery.&amp;quot; Through ''&amp;quot;The Liberator&amp;quot;'', an anti-slavery newspaper, he led the moral movement to abolish slavery in the United States. He also established the ''New England Anti-Slavery Society'' in 1832, and the ''American Anti-Slavery Society'' in 1833.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.nationalabolitionhalloffameandmuseum.org/william-lloyd-garrison.html William Lloyd Garrison.] National Abolition Hall of Fame and Museum. Retrieved January 30, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== History ==&lt;br /&gt;
Garrison was born on December 10, 1805, in Newburyport, Massachusetts. When Garrison was only three years old, his father abandoned him and the family. Garrison’s mother, a devout Baptist, Frances Maria, worked hard to raise Garrison and his siblings into poverty. As a child, Garrison lived with a Baptist deacon for a period of time and received basic education there. In 1814, he was reunited with his mother and work as a shoemaker, but it turns out that this job requires a lot of physical strength for the little boy.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1818, when Garrison was 13 years old, he was appointed as the apprentice as writer and editor under Ephraim W. Allen, editor of the ''Newburyport Herald'', for seven years. during this apprenticeship period that Garrison found his true calling. Through various newspaper jobs, he acquired the skills to run his own newspaper. In 1826, when he was 20 years old, Garrison borrowed money from his former employer and purchased ''The Newburyport Essex Courant''. The Garrison renamed the newspaper ''Newburyport Free Press'' and used it as a political instrument to express the sentiments of the old Federal Party. Unfortunately, within six months, the newspaper went bankrupt because subscribers raised objections to its firm federal system.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1828, he moved to Boston and worked at the ''National Philanthropist.'' While working for the ''National Philanthropist,'' he met Benjamin Lundy, who worked as the anti-slavery editor of the ''Genius of Emancipation.'' Lundy's abolition of the cause of death attracted Garrison's attention. When Lundy offered Garrison an editorial position in the ''Genius of Universal Emancipation'', Garrison eagerly accepted it. This work marked the beginning of Garrison's abolitionist movement.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[https://www.biography.com/writer/william-lloyd-garrison William Lloyd Garrison Biography (1805–1879).] Biography November 21 2014 (Original), January 13 2021 (Updated). Retrieved January 30, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At the age of 25, Garrison joined the abolitionist movement. He joined the ''American Colonization Society'', which believed that free blacks should immigrate to the territories on the west coast of Africa. At first glance, society seems to promote the freedom and happiness of blacks. There must be some members who encourage slaves to practice enslavement (giving freedom). However, the facts have proved that the number of members who advocated abstention is very small. Most members do not want to release slaves. Their goal is to reduce the number of free blacks in the country, thereby helping to maintain slavery.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p1561.html William Lloyd Garrison 1805 - 1879.] Public Broadcasting Service. Retrieved January 30, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Contribution ==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:The Liberator.jpg|left|thumb|The Liberator Newspaper Heading]]&lt;br /&gt;
=== The Liberator (1831–1865) ===&lt;br /&gt;
Soon after he broke away from the ''American Colonization Society'' in 1830 he started his own abolitionist newspaper together with his friend Isaac Knapp, calling it ''The Liberator'' with a motto &amp;quot;Our country is the world—our countrymen are mankind.&amp;quot; The Liberator was responsible for initially building Garrison’s reputation as an abolitionist.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Statue of William Lloyd Garrison.jpg|left|thumb|William Lloyd Garrison Statue in Boston]]&lt;br /&gt;
In the first issue of ''The Liberator'', dated January 1, 1831, he stated his views on slavery vehemently: “I do not wish to think, or speak, or write, with moderation.… I am in earnest—I will not equivocate—I will not excuse—I will not retreat a single inch—AND I WILL BE HEARD.” and yes, he was heard. From the very first issue in 1831 to the last issue after the Civil War in 1865, for more than three decades Garrison spoke out eloquently and passionately against slavery and for the rights of America's black inhabitants.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Thomas, John L.[https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-Lloyd-Garrison William Lloyd Garrison.] Encyclopædia Britannica December 23, 2020. Retrieved January 30, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:1&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== New England Anti-Slavery Society (1831–1837) ===&lt;br /&gt;
In addition to publishing The Liberator, Garrison spearheaded a new movement organization to demand the complete abolition of slavery in the United States. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1832, Garrison formed ''New England Anti-Slavery Society.'' The first meeting was on January 1, 1832(some sources list the date as January 1, 1831), in Belknap Street church hall (also known as ''[[African Meeting House (Boston)|African Meeting House]]''). The ''New England Anti-Slavery Society'' based in Boston, Massachusetts, supported the immediate abolition of slavery and treats slavery as immoral. It particularly opposed the ''American Colonization Society''. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Society sponsored lecturers or people who traveled throughout New England, lectured in local churches or auditoriums, and sold abolitionists or ''The Liberator''. They also encouraged the establishment of local anti-slavery associations as much as possible. By 1833, there were 47 local associations in the ten northern states, of which 33 were in New England.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In January 1833, Thomas Dalton, chairman of the Massachusetts General Colored Association, successfully petitioned to merge with the New England Anti-Slavery Society and other black anti-slavery societies that had already existed in Massachusetts, New York, Ohio, Connecticut, and New Jersey. This society reorganized in 1835 as the ''Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society'' with the same purpose.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[[wikipedia:Massachusetts_Anti-Slavery_Society|Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society.]] Wikipedia. Retrieved January 30, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== American Anti-Slavery Society (1833–1870) ===&lt;br /&gt;
''American Anti-Slavery Society'' founded by William Lloyd Garrison and Arthur Tappan in 1833. Frederick Douglass, an escaped slave, was a key leader of this society who often spoke at its meetings. This society had the same purpose as ''New England Anti-Slavery Society.''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[[wikipedia:American_Anti-Slavery_Society|American Anti-Slavery Society.]] Wikipedia. Retrieved January 30, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1840, the number of supporters of the society was around 2,000, with total memberships ranging from 150,000 to 200,000. The societies sponsored meetings, adopted resolutions, signed antislavery petitions to be sent to Congress, published journals and enlisted subscriptions, printed and distributed propaganda in vast quantities, and sent out lecturers to carry the antislavery message to Northern audiences.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The participants of the society mainly come from religious circles and charitable backgrounds, as well as the free black community, of which six blacks served as members of the first management committee. The society’s public meetings most effectively reflect the eloquent testimony of former slaves such as Frederick Douglass or William Wells Brown. The society’s antislavery activities frequently met with violent public opposition, with mobs invading meetings, attacking speakers, and burning presses. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The American Anti-Slavery Society was formally dissolved in 1870, after the Civil War and Emancipation.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. [https://www.britannica.com/topic/American-Anti-Slavery-Society American Anti-Slavery Society.] Encyclopædia Britannica July 28, 2016. Retrieved January 30, 2021. &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category: Personalities]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Shafeo</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=African_Meeting_House_(Boston)&amp;diff=5505946</id>
		<title>African Meeting House (Boston)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=African_Meeting_House_(Boston)&amp;diff=5505946"/>
		<updated>2021-01-30T16:37:31Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Shafeo: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[File:African-meeting-house.jpg|300px|thumb|The African meeting house in Boston]]&lt;br /&gt;
The '''African Meeting House''' is the oldest remaining black church building in the United States. In the 19th century, the meetinghouse was the center of the local African-American community and housed the giants of the abolitionist movement.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.tpl.org/our-work/african-american-meeting-house African American Meeting House.] The Trust for Public Land. Retrieved January 20 2021. &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The African Meeting House is the First African Baptist Church of Boston and was constructed in 1806 in Boston’s historic [[wikipedia:Beacon_Hill,_Boston|Bacon Hill]]. Nowadays is an exhibition of African American community organization and architecture in the founding years of the new republic and a prominent [[wikipedia:National_Historic_Landmark|National Historic Landmark]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[https://www.maah.org/boston_heritage_trail#site14 African Meeting House.] Museum of African American History. Retrieved January 20 2021. &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Background==&lt;br /&gt;
The African Meeting House is the oldest black church building still standing in the United States. Before 1805, although black Bostonians could attend white churches, they generally faced discrimination. They were given seats only on the balcony and were denied the right to vote. [[wikipedia:Thomas_Paul|Thomas Paul]], an African-American preacher from New Hampshire, leads a worship meeting for black people at [[wikipedia:Faneuil_Hall|Faneuil Hall]]. Mr. Paul, with his twenty members, formally formed the First African Baptist Church on August 8, 1805. That same year, the land was purchased for a building in the West End. The African Meeting House, as it is commonly known, was completed next year. Ironically, at the public inauguration on December 6, 1806, black members sat on the balconies of their new meeting house.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As well as serving as a spiritual center for the community, Africa Meeting House is the head of the cultural, educational, and political relations of Boston's black community. The African School held classes in a room on the first floor of the Meeting House from 1808 to 1835, until the [[wikipedia:Abiel_Smith_School|Abiel Smith School]] was built in 1834, and the school moved there. Classes returned to the chapel in 1849 when most African-Americans chose to withdraw their children from Smith School to protest against segregated education. Adult education is regularly offered in the Meeting House in the form of classes and lectures.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Massachusetts General Colored Association, Boston's first abolitionist organization, met at the African Meeting House. In 1832, [[William Lloyd Garrison]] founded the [[wikipedia:Massachusetts_Anti-Slavery_Society|New England Anti-Slavery Society]] there. Community celebrations often take place at the meeting house, including the annual anniversary of the Independence of Haiti (1803) and the end of the international slave trade (1807).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.nps.gov/boaf/learn/historyculture/amh.htm African Meeting House.] National Park Service December 23 2015. Retrieved January 20 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The African Meeting House was renovated by the congregation in the 1850s. In the late 19th century, when the black community began to migrate from the West End to South End and Roxbury, the building was sold to a Jewish congregation and served as a synagogue in 1904. In 1972 the Meeting House was acquired by the African American History Museum and became a National Historic Landmark in 1974.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External Link==&lt;br /&gt;
[https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NHLS/71000087_text African Meeting House], National Register of Historic Places Inventory. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category: Anti-Black Racism in Monuments]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Shafeo</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Statue_of_William_Lloyd_Garrison_(Boston)&amp;diff=5505938</id>
		<title>Statue of William Lloyd Garrison (Boston)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Statue_of_William_Lloyd_Garrison_(Boston)&amp;diff=5505938"/>
		<updated>2021-01-30T16:34:45Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Shafeo: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[File:Statue of William Lloyd Garrison.jpg|thumb|Statue of William Lloyd Garrison in Commonwealth Avenue, Boston]]&lt;br /&gt;
The '''Statue of William Lloyd Garrison''' is installed on [[wikipedia:Commonwealth_Avenue_(Boston)|Commonwealth Avenue]], in Boston, Massachusetts, United States by [[wikipedia:Olin_Levi_Warner|Olin Levi Warner]]. It was designed in 1885 and installed on May 13, 1886. The bronze statue measures approximately 7 ft x 4 ft x 6 ft 4 in, and rests on a Quincy granite designed by John M. Wells that measures about 4 ft 9 in x 4 ft x 6 ft. 4 in.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[[wikipedia:Statue_of_William_Lloyd_Garrison|Statue of William Lloyd Garrison]] Wikipedia. Retrieved January 21 2021. &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[William Lloyd Garrison]], (born December 10, 1805, Newburyport, Massachusetts, USA - died May 24, 1879, New York, New York), an American journalist who published the newspaper, ''[[wikipedia:The_Liberator_(newspaper)|The Liberator]]'' (1831–1865), and helped lead the abolitionist campaign that managed to fight slavery in the United States.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-Lloyd-Garrison William Lloyd Garrison.] Encyclopædia Britannica December 23 2020. Retrieved January 21 2021 &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The bronze memorial that straddles Commonwealth Avenue depicts William Lloyd Garrison in his leather desk chair, a set of crinkled papers in his right hand, and piles of quills, books, and ink stands stored beneath his seat. His memorial sculpture was initially proposed by prominent citizens such as Ralph Waldo Emerson, and was dedicated in 1886.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://bostonlitdistrict.org/venue/william-lloyd-garrison-sculpture/ William Lloyd Garrison Sculpture.] Boston Literary District. Retrieved January 21 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Background==&lt;br /&gt;
Garrison was born in Newburyport, Massachusetts on December 10, 1805. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1828, while working for National Philanthropist, Garrison had a meeting with Benjamin Lundy. Lundy offered Garrison an editor's position at Genius of Emancipation in Vermont, by brought the cause of abolition to Garrison's attention. Garrison has eagerly accepted the job and marked Garrison's initiation into the Abolitionist movement.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Garrison had joined the American Colonization Society when he was 25. Garrison originally believed that The Society's goal was to promote the freedom and well-being of black people. But Garrison became disillusioned when he soon realized that their real aim was to minimize the number of people being enslaved freely in the United States. It is clear to Garrison that this strategy only serves to further support the mechanism of slavery.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1830 Garrison broke away from the American Colonization Society and began his own abolitionist Newspaper, calling it The Liberator. Liberator is responsible for initially building Garrison's reputation as an abolitionist. In 1832 he helped form the New England Anti-Slavery Society. After a brief trip to England in 1833, Garrison founded the American Anti-Slavery Society, a national organization dedicated to achieving abolition.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When the Civil War ended in 1865, Garrison finally saw his dream come to fruition: With the 13th Amendment, slavery was outlawed throughout the United States - both in the North and the South.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.biography.com/writer/william-lloyd-garrison William Lloyd Garrison Biography (1805–1879).] Biography November 21 2014 (Original), January 13 2021 (Updated). Retrieved January 21 2021. &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category: Anti-Black Racism in Statues]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Shafeo</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=William_Lloyd_Garrison&amp;diff=5505933</id>
		<title>William Lloyd Garrison</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=William_Lloyd_Garrison&amp;diff=5505933"/>
		<updated>2021-01-30T16:33:19Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Shafeo: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[File:William-Lloyd-Garrison.jpg|thumb|William Lloyd Garrison]]&lt;br /&gt;
'''William Lloyd Garrison''' was born in Massachusetts on December 10, 1805. He was a tireless reformer who works for women's right to vote, civil rights, and prohibition, but he was known for his &amp;quot;fierce opposition to slavery.&amp;quot; Through ''&amp;quot;The Liberator&amp;quot;'', an anti-slavery newspaper, he led the moral movement to abolish slavery in the United States. He also established the ''New England Anti-Slavery Society'' in 1832, and the ''American Anti-Slavery Society'' in 1833.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.nationalabolitionhalloffameandmuseum.org/william-lloyd-garrison.html William Lloyd Garrison.] National Abolition Hall of Fame and Museum. Retrieved January 30, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== History ==&lt;br /&gt;
Garrison was born on December 10, 1805, in Newburyport, Massachusetts. When Garrison was only three years old, his father abandoned him and the family. Garrison’s mother, a devout Baptist, Frances Maria, worked hard to raise Garrison and his siblings into poverty. As a child, Garrison lived with a Baptist deacon for a period of time and received basic education there. In 1814, he was reunited with his mother and work as a shoemaker, but it turns out that this job requires a lot of physical strength for the little boy.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1818, when Garrison was 13 years old, he was appointed as the apprentice as writer and editor under Ephraim W. Allen, editor of the ''Newburyport Herald'', for seven years. during this apprenticeship period that Garrison found his true calling. Through various newspaper jobs, he acquired the skills to run his own newspaper. In 1826, when he was 20 years old, Garrison borrowed money from his former employer and purchased ''The Newburyport Essex Courant''. The Garrison renamed the newspaper ''Newburyport Free Press'' and used it as a political instrument to express the sentiments of the old Federal Party. Unfortunately, within six months, the newspaper went bankrupt because subscribers raised objections to its firm federal system.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1828, he moved to Boston and worked at the ''National Philanthropist.'' While working for the ''National Philanthropist,'' he met Benjamin Lundy, who worked as the anti-slavery editor of the ''Genius of Emancipation.'' Lundy's abolition of the cause of death attracted Garrison's attention. When Lundy offered Garrison an editorial position in the ''Genius of Universal Emancipation'', Garrison eagerly accepted it. This work marked the beginning of Garrison's abolitionist movement.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[https://www.biography.com/writer/william-lloyd-garrison William Lloyd Garrison Biography (1805–1879).] Biography November 21 2014 (Original), January 13 2021 (Updated). Retrieved January 30, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At the age of 25, Garrison joined the abolitionist movement. He joined the ''American Colonization Society'', which believed that free blacks should immigrate to the territories on the west coast of Africa. At first glance, society seems to promote the freedom and happiness of blacks. There must be some members who encourage slaves to practice enslavement (giving freedom). However, the facts have proved that the number of members who advocated abstention is very small. Most members do not want to release slaves. Their goal is to reduce the number of free blacks in the country, thereby helping to maintain slavery.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p1561.html William Lloyd Garrison 1805 - 1879.] Public Broadcasting Service. Retrieved January 30, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Contribution ==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:The Liberator.jpg|left|thumb|The Liberator Newspaper Heading]]&lt;br /&gt;
=== The Liberator (1831–1865) ===&lt;br /&gt;
Soon after he broke away from the ''American Colonization Society'' in 1830 he started his own abolitionist newspaper together with his friend Isaac Knapp, calling it ''The Liberator'' with a motto &amp;quot;Our country is the world—our countrymen are mankind.&amp;quot; The Liberator was responsible for initially building Garrison’s reputation as an abolitionist.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the first issue of ''The Liberator'', dated January 1, 1831, he stated his views on slavery vehemently: “I do not wish to think, or speak, or write, with moderation.… I am in earnest—I will not equivocate—I will not excuse—I will not retreat a single inch—AND I WILL BE HEARD.” and yes, he was heard. From the very first issue in 1831 to the last issue after the Civil War in 1865, for more than three decades Garrison spoke out eloquently and passionately against slavery and for the rights of America's black inhabitants.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Thomas, John L.[https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-Lloyd-Garrison William Lloyd Garrison.] Encyclopædia Britannica December 23, 2020. Retrieved January 30, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:1&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== New England Anti-Slavery Society (1831–1837) ===&lt;br /&gt;
In addition to publishing The Liberator, Garrison spearheaded a new movement organization to demand the complete abolition of slavery in the United States. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1832, Garrison formed ''New England Anti-Slavery Society.'' The first meeting was on January 1, 1832(some sources list the date as January 1, 1831), in Belknap Street church hall (also known as ''[[African Meeting House (Boston)|African Meeting House]]''). The ''New England Anti-Slavery Society'' based in Boston, Massachusetts, supported the immediate abolition of slavery and treats slavery as immoral. It particularly opposed the ''American Colonization Society''. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Society sponsored lecturers or people who traveled throughout New England, lectured in local churches or auditoriums, and sold abolitionists or ''The Liberator''. They also encouraged the establishment of local anti-slavery associations as much as possible. By 1833, there were 47 local associations in the ten northern states, of which 33 were in New England.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In January 1833, Thomas Dalton, chairman of the Massachusetts General Colored Association, successfully petitioned to merge with the New England Anti-Slavery Society and other black anti-slavery societies that had already existed in Massachusetts, New York, Ohio, Connecticut, and New Jersey. This society reorganized in 1835 as the ''Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society'' with the same purpose.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[[wikipedia:Massachusetts_Anti-Slavery_Society|Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society.]] Wikipedia. Retrieved January 30, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== American Anti-Slavery Society (1833–1870) ===&lt;br /&gt;
''American Anti-Slavery Society'' founded by William Lloyd Garrison and Arthur Tappan in 1833. Frederick Douglass, an escaped slave, was a key leader of this society who often spoke at its meetings. This society had the same purpose as ''New England Anti-Slavery Society.''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[[wikipedia:American_Anti-Slavery_Society|American Anti-Slavery Society.]] Wikipedia. Retrieved January 30, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1840, the number of supporters of the society was around 2,000, with total memberships ranging from 150,000 to 200,000. The societies sponsored meetings, adopted resolutions, signed antislavery petitions to be sent to Congress, published journals and enlisted subscriptions, printed and distributed propaganda in vast quantities, and sent out lecturers to carry the antislavery message to Northern audiences.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The participants of the society mainly come from religious circles and charitable backgrounds, as well as the free black community, of which six blacks served as members of the first management committee. The society’s public meetings most effectively reflect the eloquent testimony of former slaves such as Frederick Douglass or William Wells Brown. The society’s antislavery activities frequently met with violent public opposition, with mobs invading meetings, attacking speakers, and burning presses. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The American Anti-Slavery Society was formally dissolved in 1870, after the Civil War and Emancipation.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. [https://www.britannica.com/topic/American-Anti-Slavery-Society American Anti-Slavery Society.] Encyclopædia Britannica July 28, 2016. Retrieved January 30, 2021. &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category: Personalities]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Shafeo</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=File:The_Liberator.jpg&amp;diff=5505925</id>
		<title>File:The Liberator.jpg</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=File:The_Liberator.jpg&amp;diff=5505925"/>
		<updated>2021-01-30T16:31:42Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Shafeo: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;The Liberator&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Shafeo</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=File:William-Lloyd-Garrison.jpg&amp;diff=5505918</id>
		<title>File:William-Lloyd-Garrison.jpg</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=File:William-Lloyd-Garrison.jpg&amp;diff=5505918"/>
		<updated>2021-01-30T16:30:31Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Shafeo: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;William-Lloyd-Garrison&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Shafeo</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=William_Lloyd_Garrison&amp;diff=5505197</id>
		<title>William Lloyd Garrison</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=William_Lloyd_Garrison&amp;diff=5505197"/>
		<updated>2021-01-30T16:13:23Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Shafeo: Created page with &amp;quot;'''William Lloyd Garrison''' was born in Massachusetts on December 10, 1805. He was a tireless reformer who works for women's right to vote, civil rights, and prohibition, but...&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;'''William Lloyd Garrison''' was born in Massachusetts on December 10, 1805. He was a tireless reformer who works for women's right to vote, civil rights, and prohibition, but he was known for his &amp;quot;fierce opposition to slavery.&amp;quot; Through &amp;quot;T''he Liberator''&amp;quot;, an anti-slavery newspaper, he led the moral movement to abolish slavery in the United States. He also established the ''New England Anti-Slavery Society'' in 1832, and the ''American Anti-Slavery Society'' in 1833.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.nationalabolitionhalloffameandmuseum.org/william-lloyd-garrison.html William Lloyd Garrison.] National Abolition Hall of Fame and Museum. Retrieved January 30, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== History ==&lt;br /&gt;
Garrison was born on December 10, 1805, in Newburyport, Massachusetts. When Garrison was only three years old, his father abandoned him and the family. Garrison’s mother, a devout Baptist, Frances Maria, worked hard to raise Garrison and his siblings into poverty. As a child, Garrison lived with a Baptist deacon for a period of time and received basic education there. In 1814, he was reunited with his mother and work as a shoemaker, but it turns out that this job requires a lot of physical strength for the little boy.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1818, when Garrison was 13 years old, he was appointed as the apprentice as writer and editor under Ephraim W. Allen, editor of the ''Newburyport Herald'', for seven years. during this apprenticeship period that Garrison found his true calling. Through various newspaper jobs, he acquired the skills to run his own newspaper. In 1826, when he was 20 years old, Garrison borrowed money from his former employer and purchased ''The Newburyport Essex Courant''. The Garrison renamed the newspaper ''Newburyport Free Press'' and used it as a political instrument to express the sentiments of the old Federal Party. Unfortunately, within six months, the newspaper went bankrupt because subscribers raised objections to its firm federal system.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1828, he moved to Boston and worked at the ''National Philanthropist.'' While working for the ''National Philanthropist,'' he met Benjamin Lundy, who worked as the anti-slavery editor of the ''Genius of Emancipation.'' Lundy's abolition of the cause of death attracted Garrison's attention. When Lundy offered Garrison an editorial position in the ''Genius of Universal Emancipation'', Garrison eagerly accepted it. This work marked the beginning of Garrison's abolitionist movement.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[https://www.biography.com/writer/william-lloyd-garrison William Lloyd Garrison Biography (1805–1879).] Biography November 21 2014 (Original), January 13 2021 (Updated). Retrieved January 30, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At the age of 25, Garrison joined the abolitionist movement. He joined the ''American Colonization Society'', which believed that free blacks should immigrate to the territories on the west coast of Africa. At first glance, society seems to promote the freedom and happiness of blacks. There must be some members who encourage slaves to practice enslavement (giving freedom). However, the facts have proved that the number of members who advocated abstention is very small. Most members do not want to release slaves. Their goal is to reduce the number of free blacks in the country, thereby helping to maintain slavery.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p1561.html William Lloyd Garrison 1805 - 1879.] Public Broadcasting Service. Retrieved January 30, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Contribution ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== The Liberator (1831–1865) ===&lt;br /&gt;
Soon after he broke away from the ''American Colonization Society'' in 1830 he started his own abolitionist newspaper together with his friend Isaac Knapp, calling it ''The Liberator'' with a motto &amp;quot;Our country is the world—our countrymen are mankind.&amp;quot; The Liberator was responsible for initially building Garrison’s reputation as an abolitionist.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the first issue of ''The Liberator'', dated January 1, 1831, he stated his views on slavery vehemently: “I do not wish to think, or speak, or write, with moderation.… I am in earnest—I will not equivocate—I will not excuse—I will not retreat a single inch—AND I WILL BE HEARD.” and yes, he was heard. From the very first issue in 1831 to the last issue after the Civil War in 1865, more than three decades Garrison spoke out eloquently and passionately against slavery and for the rights of America's black inhabitants.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Thomas, John L.[https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-Lloyd-Garrison William Lloyd Garrison.] Encyclopædia Britannica December 23 2020. Retrieved January 30, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:1&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== New England Anti-Slavery Society (1831–1837) ===&lt;br /&gt;
In addition to publishing The Liberator, Garrison spearheaded a new movement organization to demand the complete abolition of slavery in the United States. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1832, Garrison formed ''New England Anti-Slavery Society.'' The first meeting was on January 1, 1832(some sources list the date as January 1, 1831), in Belknap Street church hall (also known as ''[[African Meeting House (Boston)|African Meeting House]]''). The ''New England Anti-Slavery Society'' based in Boston, Massachusetts, supported the immediate abolition of slavery and treats slavery as immoral. It particularly opposed the ''American Colonization Society''. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Society sponsored lecturers or people who traveled throughout New England, lectured in local churches or auditoriums, and sold abolitionists or ''The Liberator''. They also encouraged the establishment of local anti-slavery associations as much as possible. By 1833, there were 47 local associations in the ten northern states, of which 33 were in New England.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In January 1833, Thomas Dalton, chairman of the Massachusetts General Colored Association, successfully petitioned to merge with the New England Anti-Slavery Society and other black anti-slavery societies that had already existed in Massachusetts, New York, Ohio, Connecticut, and New Jersey. This society reorganized in 1835 as the ''Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society'' with the same purpose.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[[wikipedia:Massachusetts_Anti-Slavery_Society|Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society.]] Wikipedia. Retrieved January 30, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== American Anti-Slavery Society (1833–1870) ===&lt;br /&gt;
''American Anti-Slavery Society'' founded by William Lloyd Garrison and Arthur Tappan in 1833. Frederick Douglass, an escaped slave, was a key leader of this society who often spoke at its meetings. This society had a same purpose as ''New England Anti-Slavery Society.''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[[wikipedia:American_Anti-Slavery_Society|American Anti-Slavery Society.]] Wikipedia. Retrieved January 30, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1840, the number of supporters of the society was around 2,000, with total memberships ranging from 150,000 to 200,000. The societies sponsored meetings, adopted resolutions, signed antislavery petitions to be sent to Congress, published journals and enlisted subscriptions, printed and distributed propaganda in vast quantities, and sent out lecturers to carry the antislavery message to Northern audiences.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The participants of the society mainly come from religious circles and charitable backgrounds, as well as the free black community, of which six blacks served as members of the first management committee. The society’s public meetings most effectively reflect the eloquent testimony of former slaves such as Frederick Douglass or William Wells Brown. The society’s antislavery activities frequently met with violent public opposition, with mobs invading meetings, attacking speakers, and burning presses. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The American Anti-Slavery Society was formally dissolved in 1870, after the Civil War and Emancipation.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. [https://www.britannica.com/topic/American-Anti-Slavery-Society American Anti-Slavery Society.] Encyclopædia Britannica July 28 2016. Retrieved January 30, 2021. &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== References ==&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Shafeo</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Breonna_Taylor_Statue&amp;diff=5414063</id>
		<title>Breonna Taylor Statue</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Breonna_Taylor_Statue&amp;diff=5414063"/>
		<updated>2021-01-28T19:40:45Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Shafeo: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[File:Breonna Taylor.jpg|thumb|Breonna Taylor Statue in Oakland]]&lt;br /&gt;
'''Breonna Taylor Statue''' was erected in December 2020 by Leo Carson honoring Breonna Taylor in downtown Oakland, California. Breonna Taylor, a black woman, was fatally shot by police in Louisville, Kentucky on March 13, 2020, sparking national protests against racial justice and chanted &amp;quot;say her name&amp;quot;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This sculpture was vandalized just two weeks after installation and was stolen two days after.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Background ==&lt;br /&gt;
Breonna Taylor was a 26-year-old black emergency medical technician, who was shot in her apartment in March as police executed a search warrant. Taylor was killed when an officer who enforced a so-called “no-knock warrant” rushed into her apartment door as part of a drug investigation against her ex-boyfriend who was arrested about 10 miles away at the same time. When the police broke into Taylor's door, her boyfriend Kenneth Walker fired a pistol, thinking he had witnessed the invasion of the house. Taylor was unarmed and was killed when the police responded with gunfire, some of which was shot through the windows at the corner where the police tried to enter the apartment. No drugs or drug money were found in the residence.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Wood, Josh. [https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/sep/23/breonna-taylor-decision-protesters-justice ‘This city is hostile’: protesters despair for justice in Breonna Taylor killing.] The Guardian September 24, 2021. Retrieved January 29, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Breonna-Taylor-statue vandalism and stolen.png|left|thumb| Breonna Taylor Statue vandalized and stolen]]&lt;br /&gt;
The grand jury refused to directly prosecute the three police officers involved in her death. One of the three police officers was dismissed and charged with three counts of first-degree wanton endangerment related to firing into several apartments during the raid.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ortiz, Erik. [https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/breonna-taylor-sculpture-was-vandalized-its-artist-says-it-s-n1252440 A Breonna Taylor sculpture was vandalized. Its artist says it's an 'act of racist aggression.'] NBC News December 29, 2020. Retrieved January 29, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Oakland’s ceramic sculpture depicts Taylor's smiling face, with a message on its base that reads: &amp;quot;Say her name: Breonna Taylor.&amp;quot; The sculpture artist, Carson made the statue to honor the legacy of the Black Lives Matter movement.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Breonna [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-55474228#:~:text=Breonna%20Taylor%20statue%20smashed%20in%20California%20weeks%20after%20installation,-29%20December%202020&amp;amp;text=A%20statue%20of%20Breonna%20Taylor,in%20the%20city%20of%20Oakland. Taylor statue smashed in California weeks after installation Published.] BBC News December 29, 2020. Retrieved January 29, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Vandalism ==&lt;br /&gt;
Just two weeks after installation, the sculpture to honor Taylor was smashed. Carson believed it was an act of racism and an act of aggression. Oakland police spokesman confirmed that the incident is considered vandalism and still in investigation.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Toledo, Aldo. [https://www.timesheraldonline.com/2020/12/28/oakland-sculpture-honoring-breonna-taylor-smashed-to-pieces-downtown-2/ Oakland: Sculpture honoring Breonna Taylor smashed to pieces downtown.] Times-Herald December 28, 2020. Retrieved January 29, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Miller, Hayley. [https://www.huffpost.com/entry/oakland-police-breonna-taylor-bust_n_5fe9d0b5c5b66809cb32d0d6?guccounter=1&amp;amp;guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLw&amp;amp;guce_referrer_sig=AQAAABqqzXZnN_TcfpA4W79bdvygCSlUpkf8e5Lk-ZbMwE_rTnrf0_yqA1rboDZxcuFX_t9yrxZ7gcWeDeqnHy9E-KPaI2-gQ7qIkZYLc_x8OZNmhOYfoQj28zJmPgxNOgShyQvB0flBar8y1_7U40c2uRUNbMmtTl-TmJGcjcTEeOUE Sculpture Honoring Breonna Taylor Smashed In Oakland.] HuffPost December 28, 2020. Retrieved January 29, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; And just two days after the incident, the sculpture has been stolen.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Fitz-Gibbon, Jorge. [https://nypost.com/2020/12/31/vandalized-breonna-taylor-sculpture-now-missing/?utm_source=url_sitebuttons&amp;amp;utm_medium=site%20buttons&amp;amp;utm_campaign=site%20buttons Vandalized Breonna Taylor sculpture now missing.] New York Post December 31, 2020. Retrieved January 29, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The destruction and disappearance of Taylor’s sculpture was a statement of resentment against the Black Lives Matter movement. It was an act of racism and narcissism. Breonna Taylor's Sculpture will be restored and rebuilt with the fundraising that Carson launched.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Padmanabhan, Jaya. [https://www.sfexaminer.com/news-columnists/after-its-hateful-destruction-breonna-taylors-statue-will-be-restored/ After its hateful destruction, Breonna Taylor’s statue will be restored.] Examiner January 10, 2021. Retrieved January 29, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category: Anti-Black Racism in Statues]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category: Black Racism in Statues]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Shafeo</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=File:Breonna-Taylor-statue_vandalism_and_stolen.png&amp;diff=5414061</id>
		<title>File:Breonna-Taylor-statue vandalism and stolen.png</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=File:Breonna-Taylor-statue_vandalism_and_stolen.png&amp;diff=5414061"/>
		<updated>2021-01-28T19:37:53Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Shafeo: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Breonna-Taylor-statue vandalism and stolen&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Shafeo</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=File:Breonna_Taylor.jpg&amp;diff=5414039</id>
		<title>File:Breonna Taylor.jpg</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=File:Breonna_Taylor.jpg&amp;diff=5414039"/>
		<updated>2021-01-28T19:33:48Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Shafeo: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Breonna Taylor statue&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Shafeo</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Breonna_Taylor_Statue&amp;diff=5413885</id>
		<title>Breonna Taylor Statue</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Breonna_Taylor_Statue&amp;diff=5413885"/>
		<updated>2021-01-28T19:22:46Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Shafeo: Created page with &amp;quot;'''Breonna Taylor Statue''' was erected in December 2020 by Leo Carson honoring Breonna Taylor in downtown Oakland, California. Breonna Taylor, a black woman, was fatally shot...&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;'''Breonna Taylor Statue''' was erected in December 2020 by Leo Carson honoring Breonna Taylor in downtown Oakland, California. Breonna Taylor, a black woman, was fatally shot by police in Louisville, Kentucky in March 13, 2020 sparking national protests against racial justice and chanted &amp;quot;say her name&amp;quot;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This sculpture was vandalized just two weeks after installation and was stolen two days after.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Background ==&lt;br /&gt;
Breonna Taylor was a 26-year-old black emergency medical technician, who was shot in her apartment in March as police executed a search warrant. Taylor was killed when an officer who enforced a so-called “no knock warrant” rushed into her apartment door as part of a drug investigation against her ex-boyfriend who was arrested about 10 miles away at the same time. When the police broke into Taylor's door, her boyfriend Kenneth Walker fired a pistol, thinking he had witnessed the invasion of the house. Taylor was unarmed and was killed when the police responded with gunfire, some of which were shot through the windows at the corner where the police tried to enter the apartment. No drugs or drug money were found in the residence.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Wood, Josh. [https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/sep/23/breonna-taylor-decision-protesters-justice ‘This city is hostile’: protesters despair for justice in Breonna Taylor killing.] The Guardian September 24, 2021. Retrieved January 29, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The grand jury refused to directly prosecute the three police officers involved in her death. One of the three police officers was dismissed and charged with three counts of first-degree wanton endangerment related to firing into several apartments during the raid.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ortiz, Erik. [https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/breonna-taylor-sculpture-was-vandalized-its-artist-says-it-s-n1252440 A Breonna Taylor sculpture was vandalized. Its artist says it's an 'act of racist aggression.'] NBC News December 29, 2020. Retrieved January 29, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Oakland’s ceramic sculpture depicts Taylor's smiling face, with a message on its base that reads: &amp;quot;Say her name: Breonna Taylor.&amp;quot; The sculpture artist, Carson made the statue to honor the legacy of the Black Lives Matter movement.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Breonna [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-55474228#:~:text=Breonna%20Taylor%20statue%20smashed%20in%20California%20weeks%20after%20installation,-29%20December%202020&amp;amp;text=A%20statue%20of%20Breonna%20Taylor,in%20the%20city%20of%20Oakland. Taylor statue smashed in California weeks after installation Published.] BBC News December 29, 2020. Retrieved January 29, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Vandalism ==&lt;br /&gt;
Just two weeks after installation, the sculpture to honor Taylor was smashed. Carson believed it was an act of racism and an act of aggression. Oakland police spokesman, confirmed that the incident is considered vandalism and still in investigating.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Toledo, Aldo. [https://www.timesheraldonline.com/2020/12/28/oakland-sculpture-honoring-breonna-taylor-smashed-to-pieces-downtown-2/ Oakland: Sculpture honoring Breonna Taylor smashed to pieces downtown.] Times-Herald December 28, 2020. Retrieved January 29, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Miller, Hayley. [https://www.huffpost.com/entry/oakland-police-breonna-taylor-bust_n_5fe9d0b5c5b66809cb32d0d6?guccounter=1&amp;amp;guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLw&amp;amp;guce_referrer_sig=AQAAABqqzXZnN_TcfpA4W79bdvygCSlUpkf8e5Lk-ZbMwE_rTnrf0_yqA1rboDZxcuFX_t9yrxZ7gcWeDeqnHy9E-KPaI2-gQ7qIkZYLc_x8OZNmhOYfoQj28zJmPgxNOgShyQvB0flBar8y1_7U40c2uRUNbMmtTl-TmJGcjcTEeOUE Sculpture Honoring Breonna Taylor Smashed In Oakland.] Huffpost December 28, 2020. Retrieved January 29, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; And just two days after the incident, the sculpture has been stolen.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Fitz-Gibbon, Jorge. [https://nypost.com/2020/12/31/vandalized-breonna-taylor-sculpture-now-missing/?utm_source=url_sitebuttons&amp;amp;utm_medium=site%20buttons&amp;amp;utm_campaign=site%20buttons Vandalized Breonna Taylor sculpture now missing.] New York Post December 31, 2020. Retrieved January 29, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The destruction and disappearance of Taylor’s sculpture was a statement of resentment against the Black Lives Matter movement. It was an act of racism and narcissism. Breonna Taylor's Sculpture will be restored and rebuilt with the fundraising that Carson launched.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Padmanabhan, Jaya. [https://www.sfexaminer.com/news-columnists/after-its-hateful-destruction-breonna-taylors-statue-will-be-restored/ After its hateful destruction, Breonna Taylor’s statue will be restored.] Examiner January 10, 2021. Retrieved January 29, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Shafeo</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Statue_of_Stephen_Foster_(Pittsburgh)&amp;diff=5406268</id>
		<title>Statue of Stephen Foster (Pittsburgh)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=Statue_of_Stephen_Foster_(Pittsburgh)&amp;diff=5406268"/>
		<updated>2021-01-28T14:15:06Z</updated>

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&lt;div&gt;[[File:Statue of Stephen Foster.jpg|thumb| Statue of Stephen Foster in Pittsburgh ]]&lt;br /&gt;
The '''Statue of Stephen Foster''' was erected in 1900 by sculptor [[wikipedia:Giuseppe_Moretti|Giuseppe Moretti]] and was originally located in Highland Park, but was relocated in 1940 to Oakland, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. This statue depicted the Pittsburgh composer [[wikipedia:Stephen_Foster|Stephen Collins Foster]] and the enslaved black man without shoes sitting on his feet while playing the banjo. He is believed to represent the character of &amp;quot;Uncle Ned&amp;quot; in Foster's song. Now the statue was removed on April 26, 2018.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot;&amp;gt;O'driscoll, Bill. [https://www.wesa.fm/post/controversial-stephen-foster-statue-removed-schenley-plaza#stream/0 Controversial Stephen Foster Statue Removed From Schenley Plaza.] Wesa FM April 26, 2018. Retrieved January 28, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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== Background ==&lt;br /&gt;
Stephen Collins Foster was born in Lawrenceville, Pennsylvania on July 4, 1826, and died of loneliness and debt in New York City on January 13, 1864.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.songhall.org/profile/Stephen_Foster Stephen Foster.] Songwriters hall of fame. Retrieved January 28, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
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Stephen Foster, known as the &amp;quot;father of American music,&amp;quot; made a living by selling his scores a few days before the advent of records and radio. During his career, Foster has composed more than 200 pieces of music, including lyrics for ''&amp;quot;Oh! Susanna&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Jenny Light Brown Hair&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;[[Camptown Races|Camptown Race]]&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;My Kentucky House&amp;quot;''. But many of Foster's musical lyrics often contained hateful racial ideas. Some of Foster's songs, like the ones written in black dialect to be performed in black face. &lt;br /&gt;
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Although some of Foster's blackface lyrics are racist, like &amp;quot;''[[Oh! Susanna]]''&amp;quot; but no songwriter had called a black woman a lady before like in his song &amp;quot;Nelly Was a Lady.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=126035325 The Lyrics And Legacy Of Stephen Foster.] NPR April 16, 2010. Retrieved January 28. 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Fewer than 20 of Foster's nearly 200 songs belong to the &amp;quot;black face&amp;quot; category, and most of them are very popular. Foster eventually removed dialects from his songs and never allowed cartoons of slaves on authorized sheet music,&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.pitt.edu/~amerimus/FosterFAQ.html Frequently Asked Questions About Stephen Foster.] The Center for American Music. Retrieved January 28, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; like his song called “''My Old Kentucky Home,''” seen by many as an anti-slavery song.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Bever, Lindsey. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/04/26/pittsburgh-removes-statue-of-stephen-foster-and-black-banjo-player/ Pittsburgh removes statue of ‘My Old Kentucky Home’ writer who catapulted to fame with minstrel songs.] The Washington Post April 26, 2018. Retrieved January 28, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The history of this statue dates back to 1900. The Pittsburgh Press used money from public fundraising activities to commission the sculptor Giuseppe Moretti to commemorate the famous composer who was born in Pittsburgh. According to the book ''&amp;quot;Discovering Pittsburgh's Sculpture&amp;quot;'', the design was created by news editor TJ Keenan who imagined Foster &amp;quot;catching the inspiration for his melodies from the fingers of an old darkey reclining at his feet strumming negro airs upon an old banjo.&amp;quot; but ironically, the musician in the statue is meant to represent the subject of Foster's song &amp;quot;Uncle Ned&amp;quot;. This bronze statue depicts an elderly black man, dressed up raggedly and barefoot, sitting at Foster's feet, happy to play the banjo.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;O'Driscoll, Bill. [https://www.pghcitypaper.com/pittsburgh/the-citys-most-prominent-memorial-to-stephen-foster-continues-to-offend-many/Content?oid=1343565 The city's most prominent memorial to Stephen Foster continues to offend many.] Pittsburgh City Paper April 15, 2010. Retrieved January 28, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The statue is like symbolizing black slavery over white supremacy.&lt;br /&gt;
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== Controversy ==&lt;br /&gt;
The statue has always been a controversial monument. Critics call it racist and according to the Post-Gazette, “glorifies white appropriation of black culture, and depicts the vacantly smiling musician in a way that is at best condescending and at worst racist,” However, others believe that this is just a sign that Foster is listening to songs by black musicians.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:1&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Another source said, &amp;quot;The shoeless banjo player is based on “Uncle Ned,” a fictional slave and subject of a song by the same name. Critics have long decried the statue as racist.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Hinderaker, John. [https://www.americanexperiment.org/2018/04/latest-battle-statue-wars-stephen-foster/ The Latest Battle In the Statue Wars: Stephen Foster.] Center of The American Experiment April 26, 2018. Retrieved January 28, 2021.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Pittsburgh's commission decided to remove the statue in 2018. Some citizen commented, “I’m really glad that it’s being taken down. We need to take a stand on racism in America,” said Bevilacqua. “This isn’t a statue that provides any happiness for anybody but white people. So it’s time to get rid of it and replace it with something that we really care for.” The statue was prominently placed on Forbes Avenue right by the Carnegie Museums and the Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh’s main branch.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;br /&gt;
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[[Category: Black Racism in Statues]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Shafeo</name></author>
		
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	<entry>
		<id>https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=File:Statue_of_Stephen_Foster.jpg&amp;diff=5406209</id>
		<title>File:Statue of Stephen Foster.jpg</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://blackwiki.org/index.php?title=File:Statue_of_Stephen_Foster.jpg&amp;diff=5406209"/>
		<updated>2021-01-28T14:14:28Z</updated>

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&lt;div&gt;Statue of Stephen Foster and Uncle Ned&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
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