Difference between revisions of "Template:Actinides vs fission products"
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blackwiki>Best friendall m (Removed NORM classification superscript tag from Pu-244; plutonium is not naturally-occurring.) |
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|- style="text-align:center; background:#d8d8d8;" | |- style="text-align:center; background:#d8d8d8;" | ||
! colspan="4" | [[Actinide]]s<ref>Plus radium (element 88). While actually a sub-actinide, it immediately precedes actinium (89) and follows a three-element gap of instability after [[polonium]] (84) where no nuclides have half-lives of at least four years (the longest-lived nuclide in the gap is [[radon-222]] with a half life of less than four ''days''). Radium's longest lived isotope, at 1,600 years, thus merits the element's inclusion here.</ref> by [[decay chain]] | ! colspan="4" | [[Actinide]]s<ref>Plus radium (element 88). While actually a sub-actinide, it immediately precedes actinium (89) and follows a three-element gap of instability after [[polonium]] (84) where no nuclides have half-lives of at least four years (the longest-lived nuclide in the gap is [[radon-222]] with a half life of less than four ''days''). Radium's longest lived isotope, at 1,600 years, thus merits the element's inclusion here.</ref> by [[decay chain]] | ||
− | ! rowspan="3" | [[Half-life]]<br />range ([[year| | + | ! rowspan="3" | [[Half-life]]<br />range ([[year|a]]) |
! rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="font-size:95%" | [[Fission product]]s of <sup>[[Uranium-235|235]]</sup>U by [[fission product yield|yield]]<ref>Specifically from [[thermal neutron]] fission of U-235, e.g. in a typical [[nuclear reactor]].</ref> | ! rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="font-size:95%" | [[Fission product]]s of <sup>[[Uranium-235|235]]</sup>U by [[fission product yield|yield]]<ref>Specifically from [[thermal neutron]] fission of U-235, e.g. in a typical [[nuclear reactor]].</ref> | ||
|- style="background:#e8e8e8; text-align:center;" | |- style="background:#e8e8e8; text-align:center;" | ||
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! | ! | ||
! | ! | ||
− | ! style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8;" | 4–6 | + | ! style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8;" | 4–6 a |
| rowspan=3 style="vertical-align:top; border-left:1px solid black; padding:1px 0 1px 1px;" | † | | rowspan=3 style="vertical-align:top; border-left:1px solid black; padding:1px 0 1px 1px;" | † | ||
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| {{Iso1|[[Californium-250|250]]|Cf|1}} | | {{Iso1|[[Californium-250|250]]|Cf|1}} | ||
| {{Iso1|[[Actinium-227|227]]|Ac<sup>№</sup>|1}} | | {{Iso1|[[Actinium-227|227]]|Ac<sup>№</sup>|1}} | ||
− | ! style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8;" | 10–29 | + | ! style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8;" | 10–29 a |
| {{Iso1|[[Strontium-90|90]]|Sr|1}} | | {{Iso1|[[Strontium-90|90]]|Sr|1}} | ||
| {{Iso1|[[Krypton-85|85]]|Kr|1}} | | {{Iso1|[[Krypton-85|85]]|Kr|1}} | ||
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| {{Iso1|[[Plutonium-238|238]]|Pu<sup>ƒ</sup>|1}} | | {{Iso1|[[Plutonium-238|238]]|Pu<sup>ƒ</sup>|1}} | ||
| {{Iso1|[[Curium-243|243]]|Cm<sup>ƒ</sup>|1}} | | {{Iso1|[[Curium-243|243]]|Cm<sup>ƒ</sup>|1}} | ||
− | ! style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8;" | 29–97 | + | ! style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8;" | 29–97 a |
| {{Iso1|[[Cs-137|137]]|Cs|1}} | | {{Iso1|[[Cs-137|137]]|Cs|1}} | ||
| {{Iso1|[[Samarium-151|151]]|Sm<sup>þ</sup>|1}} | | {{Iso1|[[Samarium-151|151]]|Sm<sup>þ</sup>|1}} | ||
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| year = 1965 | | year = 1965 | ||
| bibcode = 1965NucPh..71..299M | | bibcode = 1965NucPh..71..299M | ||
− | }}<br />"The isotopic analyses disclosed a species of mass 248 in constant abundance in three samples analysed over a period of about 10 months. This was ascribed to an isomer of Bk<sup>248</sup> with a half-life greater than 9 | + | }}<br />"The isotopic analyses disclosed a species of mass 248 in constant abundance in three samples analysed over a period of about 10 months. This was ascribed to an isomer of Bk<sup>248</sup> with a half-life greater than 9 [years]. No growth of Cf<sup>248</sup> was detected, and a lower limit for the β<sup>−</sup> half-life can be set at about 10<sup>4</sup> [years]. No alpha activity attributable to the new isomer has been detected; the alpha half-life is probably greater than 300 [years]."</ref> |
| {{Iso1|[[Californium-249|249]]|Cf<sup>ƒ</sup>|2}} | | {{Iso1|[[Californium-249|249]]|Cf<sup>ƒ</sup>|2}} | ||
| {{Iso1|[[Americium-242m|242m]]|Am<sup>ƒ</sup>|2}} | | {{Iso1|[[Americium-242m|242m]]|Am<sup>ƒ</sup>|2}} | ||
| | | | ||
− | ! style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8;" | 141–351 | + | ! style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8;" | 141–351 a |
| rowspan="7" colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffffdd;border-width:1px; border-style:dashed" | | | rowspan="7" colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffffdd;border-width:1px; border-style:dashed" | | ||
No fission products<br/> | No fission products<br/> | ||
have a half-life<br/> | have a half-life<br/> | ||
in the range of<br/> | in the range of<br/> | ||
− | 100–210 | + | 100–210 ka ... |
|- | |- | ||
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| {{Iso1|[[Californium-251|251]]|Cf<sup>ƒ</sup>|2}}<ref>This is the heaviest nuclide with a half-life of at least four years before the "[[Sea of Instability]]".</ref> | | {{Iso1|[[Californium-251|251]]|Cf<sup>ƒ</sup>|2}}<ref>This is the heaviest nuclide with a half-life of at least four years before the "[[Sea of Instability]]".</ref> | ||
− | ! style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8;" | 430–900 | + | ! style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8;" | 430–900 a |
|- | |- | ||
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| {{Iso1|[[Radium-226|226]]|Ra<sup>№</sup>|3}} | | {{Iso1|[[Radium-226|226]]|Ra<sup>№</sup>|3}} | ||
| {{Iso1|[[Berkelium-247|247]]|Bk|3}} | | {{Iso1|[[Berkelium-247|247]]|Bk|3}} | ||
− | ! style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8;" | 1. | + | ! style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8;" | 1.3–1.6 ka |
|- | |- | ||
| {{Iso1|[[Plutonium-240|240]]|Pu|3}} | | {{Iso1|[[Plutonium-240|240]]|Pu|3}} | ||
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| {{Iso1|[[Curium-246|246]]|Cm<sup>ƒ</sup>|3}} | | {{Iso1|[[Curium-246|246]]|Cm<sup>ƒ</sup>|3}} | ||
| {{Iso1|[[Americium-243|243]]|Am<sup>ƒ</sup>|3}} | | {{Iso1|[[Americium-243|243]]|Am<sup>ƒ</sup>|3}} | ||
− | ! style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8;" | 4. | + | ! style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8;" | 4.7–7.4 ka |
|- | |- | ||
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| {{Iso1|[[Curium-250|250]]|Cm|3}} | | {{Iso1|[[Curium-250|250]]|Cm|3}} | ||
| | | | ||
− | ! style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8;" | 8. | + | ! style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8;" | 8.3–8.5 ka |
|- | |- | ||
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| {{Iso1|[[Plutonium-239|239]]|Pu<sup>ƒ</sup>|4}} | | {{Iso1|[[Plutonium-239|239]]|Pu<sup>ƒ</sup>|4}} | ||
− | ! style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8;" | 24.1 | + | ! style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8;" | 24.1 ka |
|- | |- | ||
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| {{Iso1|[[Thorium-230|230]]|Th<sup>№</sup>|4}} | | {{Iso1|[[Thorium-230|230]]|Th<sup>№</sup>|4}} | ||
| {{Iso1|[[Protactinium-231|231]]|Pa<sup>№</sup>|4}} | | {{Iso1|[[Protactinium-231|231]]|Pa<sup>№</sup>|4}} | ||
− | ! style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8;" | | + | ! style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8;" | 32–76 ka |
|- | |- | ||
| {{Iso1|[[Neptunium-236|236]]|Np<sup>ƒ</sup>|5}} | | {{Iso1|[[Neptunium-236|236]]|Np<sup>ƒ</sup>|5}} | ||
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| {{Iso1|[[Uranium-234|234]]|U<sup>№</sup>|5}} | | {{Iso1|[[Uranium-234|234]]|U<sup>№</sup>|5}} | ||
| | | | ||
− | ! class="nowrap" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8;" | | + | ! class="nowrap" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8;" | 150–250 ka |
| rowspan="5" style="vertical-align:top; border-left:1px solid black; padding:2ex 0 1px 1px;" | ‡ | | rowspan="5" style="vertical-align:top; border-left:1px solid black; padding:2ex 0 1px 1px;" | ‡ | ||
| {{Iso1|[[Technetium-99|99]]|Tc<sup>₡</sup>|5}} | | {{Iso1|[[Technetium-99|99]]|Tc<sup>₡</sup>|5}} | ||
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| {{Iso1|[[Plutonium-242|242]]|Pu|5}} | | {{Iso1|[[Plutonium-242|242]]|Pu|5}} | ||
| | | | ||
− | ! style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8;" | | + | ! style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8;" | 327–375 ka |
| | | | ||
| {{Iso1|[[Selenium-79|79]]|Se<sup>₡</sup>|5}} | | {{Iso1|[[Selenium-79|79]]|Se<sup>₡</sup>|5}} | ||
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− | ! style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8;" | 1.53 | + | ! style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8;" | 1.53 Ma |
| {{Iso1|[[Zirconium-93|93]]|Zr|6}} | | {{Iso1|[[Zirconium-93|93]]|Zr|6}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
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− | ! style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8;" | 2. | + | ! style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8;" | 2.1–6.5 Ma |
| {{Iso1|[[Cs-135|135]]|Cs<sup>₡</sup>|6}} | | {{Iso1|[[Cs-135|135]]|Cs<sup>₡</sup>|6}} | ||
| {{Iso1|[[Palladium-107|107]]|Pd|6}} | | {{Iso1|[[Palladium-107|107]]|Pd|6}} | ||
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| | | | ||
| {{Iso1|[[Curium-247|247]]|Cm<sup>ƒ</sup>|7}} | | {{Iso1|[[Curium-247|247]]|Cm<sup>ƒ</sup>|7}} | ||
− | ! style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8;" | | + | ! style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8;" | 15–24 Ma |
| | | | ||
| {{Iso1|[[Iodine-129|129]]|I<sup>₡</sup>|7}} | | {{Iso1|[[Iodine-129|129]]|I<sup>₡</sup>|7}} | ||
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− | ! style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8;" | 80 | + | ! style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8;" | 80 Ma |
| colspan="4" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffffdd;border-width:1px; border-style:dashed" | | | colspan="4" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffffdd;border-width:1px; border-style:dashed" | | ||
− | ... nor beyond 15.7 | + | ... nor beyond 15.7 Ma<ref>Excluding those "[[Primordial nuclide|classically stable]]" nuclides with half-lives significantly in excess of <sup>232</sup>Th; e.g., while <sup>113m</sup>Cd has a half-life of only fourteen years, that of <sup>113</sup>Cd is nearly eight [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1015|quadrillion]] years.</ref> |
|- | |- | ||
| {{Iso1|[[Thorium-232|232]]|Th<sup>№</sup>|9}} | | {{Iso1|[[Thorium-232|232]]|Th<sup>№</sup>|9}} | ||
Line 155: | Line 155: | ||
| {{Iso1|[[Uranium-238|238]]|U<sup>№</sup>|9}} | | {{Iso1|[[Uranium-238|238]]|U<sup>№</sup>|9}} | ||
| {{Iso1|[[Uranium-235|235]]|U<sup>ƒ№</sup>|9}} | | {{Iso1|[[Uranium-235|235]]|U<sup>ƒ№</sup>|9}} | ||
− | ! style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8;" | 0. | + | ! style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8;" | 0.7–14.1 Ga |
|- | |- | ||
| colspan=9 style="border-top:1px solid gray; table-layout:fixed; width:100%; background:#ececec; font-size:90%; padding-left:1em;" | | | colspan=9 style="border-top:1px solid gray; table-layout:fixed; width:100%; background:#ececec; font-size:90%; padding-left:1em;" | | ||
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№ primarily a [[naturally occurring radioactive material]] (NORM)<br/> | № primarily a [[naturally occurring radioactive material]] (NORM)<br/> | ||
þ [[Neutron poison|neutron poison]] (thermal neutron capture cross section greater than 3k barns)<br/> | þ [[Neutron poison|neutron poison]] (thermal neutron capture cross section greater than 3k barns)<br/> | ||
− | <nowiki>†</nowiki> range 4–97 | + | <nowiki>†</nowiki> range 4–97 a: [[Medium-lived fission product]]<br/> |
− | <nowiki>‡</nowiki> over 200 | + | <nowiki>‡</nowiki> over 200 ka: [[Long-lived fission product]] |
|}<noinclude> | |}<noinclude> | ||
__NOTOC__ | __NOTOC__ |
Latest revision as of 16:50, 16 October 2020
Actinides and fission products by half-life
| ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Actinides[1] by decay chain | Half-life range (a) |
Fission products of 235U by yield[2] | ||||||
4n | 4n+1 | 4n+2 | 4n+3 | |||||
4.5–7% | 0.04–1.25% | <0.001% | ||||||
228Ra№ | 4–6 a | † | 155Euþ | |||||
244Cmƒ | 241Puƒ | 250Cf | 227Ac№ | 10–29 a | 90Sr | 85Kr | 113mCdþ | |
232Uƒ | 238Puƒ | 243Cmƒ | 29–97 a | 137Cs | 151Smþ | 121mSn | ||
248Bk[3] | 249Cfƒ | 242mAmƒ | 141–351 a |
No fission products | ||||
241Amƒ | 251Cfƒ[4] | 430–900 a | ||||||
226Ra№ | 247Bk | 1.3–1.6 ka | ||||||
240Pu | 229Th | 246Cmƒ | 243Amƒ | 4.7–7.4 ka | ||||
245Cmƒ | 250Cm | 8.3–8.5 ka | ||||||
239Puƒ | 24.1 ka | |||||||
230Th№ | 231Pa№ | 32–76 ka | ||||||
236Npƒ | 233Uƒ | 234U№ | 150–250 ka | ‡ | 99Tc₡ | 126Sn | ||
248Cm | 242Pu | 327–375 ka | 79Se₡ | |||||
1.53 Ma | 93Zr | |||||||
237Npƒ | 2.1–6.5 Ma | 135Cs₡ | 107Pd | |||||
236U | 247Cmƒ | 15–24 Ma | 129I₡ | |||||
244Pu | 80 Ma |
... nor beyond 15.7 Ma[5] | ||||||
232Th№ | 238U№ | 235Uƒ№ | 0.7–14.1 Ga | |||||
Legend for superscript symbols |
References
- ↑ Plus radium (element 88). While actually a sub-actinide, it immediately precedes actinium (89) and follows a three-element gap of instability after polonium (84) where no nuclides have half-lives of at least four years (the longest-lived nuclide in the gap is radon-222 with a half life of less than four days). Radium's longest lived isotope, at 1,600 years, thus merits the element's inclusion here.
- ↑ Specifically from thermal neutron fission of U-235, e.g. in a typical nuclear reactor.
- ↑ Milsted, J.; Friedman, A. M.; Stevens, C. M. (1965). "The alpha half-life of berkelium-247; a new long-lived isomer of berkelium-248". Nuclear Physics. 71 (2): 299. Bibcode:1965NucPh..71..299M. doi:10.1016/0029-5582(65)90719-4.
"The isotopic analyses disclosed a species of mass 248 in constant abundance in three samples analysed over a period of about 10 months. This was ascribed to an isomer of Bk248 with a half-life greater than 9 [years]. No growth of Cf248 was detected, and a lower limit for the β− half-life can be set at about 104 [years]. No alpha activity attributable to the new isomer has been detected; the alpha half-life is probably greater than 300 [years]." - ↑ This is the heaviest nuclide with a half-life of at least four years before the "Sea of Instability".
- ↑ Excluding those "classically stable" nuclides with half-lives significantly in excess of 232Th; e.g., while 113mCd has a half-life of only fourteen years, that of 113Cd is nearly eight quadrillion years.
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See also
The above documentation is transcluded from Template:Actinides vs fission products/doc. (edit | history) Editors can experiment in this template's sandbox (edit | diff) and testcases (create) pages. Please add categories to the /doc subpage. Subpages of this template. |