Difference between revisions of "Template:Earth-based meteorological observation"

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imported>Jacarrah
(Automatic Weather Station hardware and mounting configuration)
imported>Andrybak
 
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===Oberservation times===
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{{Navbox with collapsible groups
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|name  = Earth-based meteorological observation
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|title = Earth-based meteorological observation systems and [[weather station]]s
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|listclass = hlist
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|state={{{state<includeonly>|collapsed</includeonly>}}}
  
Historically readings were taken by weather observers who were typically not paid and performed the duty as part of their permanent job (i.e. Postal master). These weather readings were taken from 9am one day to 9am the next as unpaid observers were unwilling to take readings from midnight to midnight. Since the advent of Automatic Weather Stations, these time intervals remained, more as a part of tradition.
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|sect1  = General
[[image:PDS_AWS_Dam.JPG|thumb|right|PDS Automatic Weather Station located at a dam near Brisbane, Australia]]
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|state1 = expanded
  
===Configuration of a AWS===
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|list1  = <!--Alphabetical order:-->
The configuration of an AWS may vary due to the purpose of the system but typically consists of:
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* [[Aircraft report|Aircraft report (AIREP)]]
*A weather-proof enclosure containing the data logger, rechargeable battery and telemetry (optional);
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* [[Automated airport weather station]]
*Meteorological sensors;
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* [[Automatic weather station|Automatic weather station (AWS)]]
*Solar panel or wind generator;
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* [[BUFR|Binary Universal Form for the Representation of meteorological data (BUFR)]]
*Mast;
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* [[Dropsonde]]
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* [[Hurricane Hunters]]
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* [[Mesonet]]
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* [[METAR|Meteorological Aerodrome Report (METAR)]]
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* [[Pilot report|Pilot report (PIREP)]]
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* [[Weather ship]]
  
====Enclosures====
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|sect2  = By region
Enclosures used with '''automatic weather stations''' are typically weather proof fibreglass, ABS or stainless steel.
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|state2 = expanded
#The ABS plastic enclosures are light weight and inexpensive. They are commonly used in mass-produced AWS's but are less secure and rugged then the 2 alternatives.
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|list2  =
#The fibreglass enclosure is used when chemical resistivity including corrosion from water is required. These enclosures are middle of the range and are subject to fibreglass deteriation.
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{{Navbox|subgroup
#The stainless steel enclosures are the optimum choice and typically come in either 316 s/s or 304 s/s. They are rugged, vandal detirant and corrosion/chemically resistant. These enclosures are also expensive and can typically cost more than double the same sized fibreglass enclosure.
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  |group1 = Worldwide
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  |list1  = <!--Alphabetical order:-->
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* [[Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System|Aircraft Communication Addressing and Reporting System (ACARS)]]
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* [[Aircraft Meteorological Data Relay|Aircraft Meteorological Data Relay (AMDAR)]]
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* [[Argo (oceanography)|Argo]]
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* [[Automated Meteorological Data Acquisition System|Automated Meteorological Data Acquisition System (AMeDAS)]]
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* [[Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis|Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis (DART)]]
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* [[FluxNet|FluxNet Project (FluxNet)]]
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* [[Global Atmosphere Watch|Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW)]]
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* [[Global Sea Level Observing System|Global Sea Level Observing System (GLOSS)]]
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* [[Prediction and Research Moored Array in the Atlantic|Prediction and Research Moored Array in the Atlantic (PIRATA)]]
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* [[Research Moored Array for African-Asian-Australian Monsoon Analysis and Prediction|Research Moored Array for African-Asian-Australian Monsoon Analysis and Prediction (RAMA)]]
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* [[Tropical Atmosphere Ocean project|Tropical Atmosphere Ocean project (TAO/TRITON)]]
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* [[Voluntary observing ship program]]
  
====Station solar panel====
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  |group2 = United States
The main power source for an '''automatic weather station''' is a solar panel connected in parallel with a solar regulator and re-chargeable battery. As a rule of thumb, solar ouput is at its optimum for only 5hrs each day. As such, mounting angle and position are vital. In the Northern Hemisphere the solar panel would be mounted facing South vice versa for the Southern Hemisphere. The angle of the panel differs from place to place but it should never be mounted with an angle of 5 deg as dust build up will dramatically decrease the panels output.
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  |list2  = <!--Alphabetical order:-->
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* [[Citizen Weather Observer Program|Citizen Weather Observer Program (CWOP)]]
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* [[Coastal-Marine Automated Network|Coastal-Marine Automated Network (C-MAN)]]
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* [[NEXRAD|NEXRAD radar]]
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* [[SNOTEL|Snow Telemetry (SNOTEL)]]
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* [[Remote Automated Weather Station|Remote Automated Weather Station (RAWS)]]
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* [[Road Weather Information System|Road Weather Information System (RWIS)]]
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* [[TAMDAR|Tropospheric Airborne Meteorological Data Reporting (TAMDAR)]]
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}}
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}}<noinclude>
  
Panel output in full sun @ 12VDC(approx.)
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==See also==
*5W  = 400mA/hr
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*{{tl|Meteorological equipment}}
*10W = 800mA/hr
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*{{tl|Space-based meteorological observation}}
*20W = 1.6A/hr
 
*40W = 3.3A/hr
 
  
====Masts====
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<br/>{{geographical imbalance|date=March 2012}}
A number of sized masts are used with '''automatic weather stations''':2M(6'),3M(10'),10M(33'),30M(100'). Other sizes are avaliable on request but typically these sizes have been used as standards for differing applications.
 
*The 2M(6') mast is used for the measurement of parameters that effect a human subject. The mast height is referenced to head height.
 
*The 3M(10') mast is used for the measurement of parameters that effect crops (such as wheat, sugar cain etc). The mast height is referenced to crop top.
 
*The 10M(33') mast is used for the measurement of parameters without interference from objects such as trees, buildings or other obstructions. Typically the most important weather parameter measured at this height is wind speed and direction.
 
*The 30M(100') mast is used for the measurement of parameters over stratified distances for the purposes of data modelling. A common application is to take measurements of [[Wind]], [[humidity]] and [[temperature]] at 30M(100') at 10M(33') and at 2M(6'). Other sensors are mounted around the 2M or lower height.
 
  
 
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[[Category:Meteorology navigational boxes|Observation]]
<div style="clear: both"></div>
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</noinclude>
{| style="margin:0 auto; padding: 0 auto; border:1px solid #aaaaaa; clear: both" align=center
 
! align=center bgcolor=#bdbdbd | [[Meteorology|Meteorological Observation Systems]] and [[Weather station|Weather Stations]] <small>(Earth based)</small>
 
|-align=center bgcolor=#eeeeee
 
|
 
[[Global Atmosphere Watch]] |
 
[[Automatic weather station]] |
 
[[Remote Automated Weather Station|Remote Automated Weather Stations (RAWS)]] |
 
[[Automated Surface Observing System|Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS)]] |
 
[[METAR|Meteorological Aerodrome Report (METAR)]] |
 
[[NEXRAD|NEXRAD radar]] |
 
[[Global Sea Level Observing System]] |
 
[[Sea surface temperature|SST buoys]] |
 
[[Hurricane Hunters]] |
 
[[Dropsonde]] |
 
[[Weather balloon]]
 
|-
 
|
 
|}
 

Latest revision as of 17:24, 23 October 2020