Difference between revisions of "Template:Germanic languages"
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| − | {{Navbox | + | {{Navbox with collapsible groups |
| − | |name | + | |name = Germanic languages |
| − | |title = [[ | + | |title = [[Germanic languages]] |
| − | | | + | |state = {{{state<includeonly>|autocollapse</includeonly>}}} |
| − | [[ | + | |bodyclass = hlist |
| − | [[ | + | |above = According to contemporary [[Germanic philology|philology]] |
| − | </ | + | |selected = {{{expanded|}}} |
| − | }} | + | |
| + | |group1 = [[West Germanic languages|West Germanic]] | ||
| + | |abbr1 = West Germanic | ||
| + | |state1 = <noinclude>expanded</noinclude> | ||
| + | |list1 = | ||
| + | {{Navbox|child | ||
| + | |groupstyle = text-align: center | ||
| + | |group1 = [[Anglo-Frisian languages|Anglo-Frisian]] | ||
| + | |list1 = | ||
| + | {{Navbox|child | ||
| + | |groupstyle = text-align: center<!--as above--> | ||
| + | |group1 = [[Anglic languages|Anglic]] | ||
| + | |list1 = | ||
| + | * [[English language|English]]* | ||
| + | ** [[List of dialects of English|dialects]] | ||
| + | ** ''[[Forth and Bargy dialect|Yola]]'' | ||
| + | ** ''[[Fingallian]]'' | ||
| + | ** ''[[Old English]]'' | ||
| + | ** ''[[Middle English]]'' | ||
| + | * [[Scots language|Scots]] | ||
| + | ** ''[[Early Scots]]'' | ||
| + | ** ''[[Middle Scots]]'' | ||
| + | |group2 = [[Frisian languages|Frisian]] | ||
| + | |list2 = | ||
| + | * [[East Frisian language|East Frisian]] | ||
| + | ** Ems | ||
| + | *** [[Saterland Frisian language|Saterland Frisian]] | ||
| + | ** ''Weser'' | ||
| + | *** ''[[Wangerooge Frisian]]'' | ||
| + | *** ''[[Wursten Frisian]]'' | ||
| + | * [[North Frisian language|North Frisian]] | ||
| + | ** Insular | ||
| + | *** ''[[Eiderstedt Frisian|Eiderstedt]]'' | ||
| + | *** Föhr–Amrum | ||
| + | **** [[Föhr North Frisian|Föhr]] | ||
| + | **** [[Amrum North Frisian|Amrum]] | ||
| + | *** [[Heligoland Frisian|Heligolandic]] | ||
| + | *** [[Sylt North Frisian|Sylt]] | ||
| + | ** Mainland | ||
| + | *** [[Bökingharde North Frisian|Bökingharde]] | ||
| + | **** Mooring | ||
| + | *** [[Halligen Frisian|Halligen]] | ||
| + | *** [[Goesharde Frisian|Goesharde]] | ||
| + | **** Northern | ||
| + | **** Central | ||
| + | **** ''Southern'' | ||
| + | *** [[Karrharde Frisian|Karrharde]] | ||
| + | *** ''[[Strand Frisian|Strand]]'' | ||
| + | *** [[Wiedingharde Frisian|Wiedingharde]] | ||
| + | * [[West Frisian languages|West Frisian]] | ||
| + | ** [[Hindeloopen Frisian|Hindeloopen]] | ||
| + | ** [[Schiermonnikoog Frisian|Schiermonnikoog]] | ||
| + | ** Westlauwers–Terschellings | ||
| + | *** [[West Frisian language|Mainland West Frisian]] | ||
| + | **** Clay Frisian | ||
| + | **** Wood Frisian | ||
| + | ***** [[Westereendersk]] | ||
| + | *** [[Terschelling Frisian|Terschelling]] | ||
| + | * ''[[Old Frisian]]'' | ||
| + | * ''[[Middle Frisian]]'' | ||
| + | }} | ||
| + | |||
| + | |group2 = [[Low German]] | ||
| + | |list2 = | ||
| + | {{Navbox|child | ||
| + | |groupstyle = text-align: center<!--as above--> | ||
| + | |group1 = Historical forms | ||
| + | |list1 = | ||
| + | * ''[[Old Saxon]]'' | ||
| + | * ''[[Middle Low German]]'' | ||
| + | |group2 = [[West Low German]] | ||
| + | |list2 = | ||
| + | * [[Dutch Low Saxon]] | ||
| + | ** [[Stellingwarfs dialect|Stellingwarfs]] | ||
| + | ** [[Tweants dialect|Tweants]] | ||
| + | ** [[Gronings dialect|Gronings]] | ||
| + | ** [[Drèents dialects|Drèents]] | ||
| + | ** Gelders-Overijssels | ||
| + | *** [[Achterhooks]] | ||
| + | *** [[Sallaans dialect|Sallaans]] | ||
| + | *** [[Urkers dialect|Urkers]] | ||
| + | ** [[Veluws dialect|Veluws]] | ||
| + | * [[Northern Low Saxon]] | ||
| + | ** [[East Frisian Low Saxon]] | ||
| + | ** [[Schleswigsch]] | ||
| + | ** [[Holsteinisch]] | ||
| + | ** [[Hamburg German|Hamburgisch]] | ||
| + | ** Ollnborger | ||
| + | ** North Hanoveranian | ||
| + | ** Dithmarsch | ||
| + | ** Emsländisch | ||
| + | * [[Westphalian language|Westphalian]] | ||
| + | * [[Eastphalian language|Eastphalian]] | ||
| + | |group3 = [[East Low German]] | ||
| + | |list3 = | ||
| + | * [[Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch dialect|Mecklenburg-Western Pomeranian]] | ||
| + | ** [[Mecklenburgisch dialect|Mecklenburgish]] | ||
| + | ** [[West Pomeranian dialect|West Pomeranian]] | ||
| + | * [[Brandenburgisch dialect|Brandenburgisch]] | ||
| + | * [[East Pomeranian dialect|East Pomeranian]]–West Prussian | ||
| + | ** Western East Pomeranian | ||
| + | ** Eastern East Pomeranian | ||
| + | ** Bublitzisch | ||
| + | ** Pommerellisch | ||
| + | * Central Pomeranian | ||
| + | ** West Central Pomeranian | ||
| + | * [[Low Prussian dialect|Low Prussian]] | ||
| + | ** [[Plautdietsch language|Mennonite Low German]] | ||
| + | }} | ||
| + | |||
| + | |group3 = [[Low Franconian languages|Low Franconian]] | ||
| + | |list3 = | ||
| + | {{Navbox|child | ||
| + | |groupstyle = text-align: center<!--as above--> | ||
| + | |group1 = [[Standard language|Standard variant]]s | ||
| + | |list1 = | ||
| + | * [[Dutch language|Dutch]]* | ||
| + | ** ''[[Frankish language|Frankish]]'' | ||
| + | ** ''[[Old Dutch]]'' | ||
| + | ** ''[[Middle Dutch]]'' | ||
| + | * [[Afrikaans]]* | ||
| + | |group2 = [[West Low Franconian]] | ||
| + | |list2 = | ||
| + | * [[Hollandic dialect|Hollandic]] | ||
| + | * [[West Flemish]] | ||
| + | ** [[French Flemish]] | ||
| + | * [[Zeelandic]] | ||
| + | * [[East Flemish]] | ||
| + | * [[Brabantian dialect|Brabantian]] | ||
| + | * [[Surinamese Dutch]] | ||
| + | * [[Jersey Dutch]] | ||
| + | * [[Mohawk Dutch]] | ||
| + | * [[Stadsfries dialects|Stadsfries]] | ||
| + | * [[Bildts]] | ||
| + | * Yiddish Dutch | ||
| + | |group3 = [[East Low Franconian]] | ||
| + | |list3 = | ||
| + | * [[Meuse-Rhenish]] | ||
| + | ** [[Limburgish]] | ||
| + | *** [[Southeast Limburgish dialect|Southeast Limburgish]] | ||
| + | ** [[South Guelderish]] | ||
| + | |group4 = Transitional | ||
| + | |list4 = | ||
| + | * [[Low Dietsch dialects|Low Dietsch]] | ||
| + | }} | ||
| + | |||
| + | |group4 = [[High German languages|High German]] | ||
| + | |list4 = | ||
| + | {{Navbox|child | ||
| + | |groupstyle = text-align: center<!--as above--> | ||
| + | |group1 = [[Standard language|Standard variant]]s | ||
| + | |list1 = | ||
| + | * [[German language|German]]* | ||
| + | ** [[Namibian German]] | ||
| + | *** [[Namibian Black German]] | ||
| + | ** [[Brazilian German]] | ||
| + | ** [[Unserdeutsch]] | ||
| + | ** [[Barossa German]] | ||
| + | ** [[Belgranodeutsch]] | ||
| + | ** [[Paraná-Wolga-Deutsch|Parana Volga German]] | ||
| + | ** [[Kiautschou Pidgin German]] | ||
| + | ** ''[[Old High German]]'' | ||
| + | ** ''[[Middle High German]]'' | ||
| + | ** ''[[Early New High German]]'' | ||
| + | * [[Yiddish]] | ||
| + | ** Eastern | ||
| + | ** Western | ||
| + | ** Litvish | ||
| + | ** Poylish | ||
| + | ** Ukrainish | ||
| + | ** Galitzish | ||
| + | ** [[History of the Jews in Scotland#"Scots-Yiddish"|Scots Yiddish]] | ||
| + | ** Alsatian Yiddish | ||
| + | ** ''[[Klezmer-loshn]]'' | ||
| + | ** Ganovim | ||
| + | ** Balagole | ||
| + | ** Katsoves | ||
| + | ** [[Lachoudisch]] | ||
| + | * [[Yenish language|Yenish]] | ||
| + | * [[Rotwelsch]] | ||
| + | ** [[Lotegorisch]] | ||
| + | |group2 = [[Standard German]] | ||
| + | |list2 = | ||
| + | * [[German Standard German]] | ||
| + | * [[Austrian German|Austrian Standard German]] | ||
| + | * [[Swiss Standard German|Swiss Standard German]] | ||
| + | |group3 = [[Central German]] | ||
| + | |list3 = | ||
| + | {{Navbox|child | ||
| + | |groupstyle = text-align: center<!--as above--> | ||
| + | |group1 = [[West Central German]] | ||
| + | |list1 = | ||
| + | * [[Central Franconian languages|Central Franconian]] | ||
| + | ** [[Ripuarian language|Ripuarian]] | ||
| + | *** [[Colognian]] | ||
| + | ** [[Moselle Franconian language|Moselle Franconian]] | ||
| + | *** [[Luxembourgish]] | ||
| + | *** [[Transylvanian Saxon dialect|Transylvanian Saxon]] | ||
| + | *** [[Hunsrückisch dialect|Hunsrückisch]] | ||
| + | *** [[Hunsrik]] | ||
| + | * [[Rhenish Franconian languages|Rhine Franconian]] | ||
| + | ** [[Lorraine Franconian]] | ||
| + | ** [[Palatine German language|Palatine]] | ||
| + | *** [[Volga Germans#Language|Volga German]] | ||
| + | *** [[Pennsylvania German language|Pennsylvania German]] | ||
| + | ** [[Hessian dialects|Hessian]] | ||
| + | *** [[Amana German|Amana]] | ||
| + | |group2 = [[East Central German]] | ||
| + | |list2 = | ||
| + | * [[Thuringian dialect|Thuringian]] | ||
| + | * [[Upper Saxon German|Upper Saxon]] | ||
| + | * [[Erzgebirgisch|Ore Mountainian]] | ||
| + | * [[Lusatian – New Marchian dialects|Lusatian-Neumarkish]] | ||
| + | ** [[Berlin German|Berlinerisch]] | ||
| + | * [[Silesian German]] | ||
| + | * [[High Prussian dialect|High Prussian]] | ||
| + | * [[Wymysorys language|Wymysorys]] | ||
| + | * [[Alzenau dialect|Halcnovian]] | ||
| + | * ''[[Prague German]]'' | ||
| + | }} | ||
| + | |group4 = [[High Franconian German|High Franconian]] | ||
| + | |list4 = | ||
| + | * [[South Franconian German|South Franconian]] | ||
| + | * [[East Franconian German|East Franconian]] | ||
| + | ** [[Main-Franconian dialects|Main Franconian]] | ||
| + | ** [[Vogtlandian]] | ||
| + | |group5 = [[Upper German]] | ||
| + | |list5 = | ||
| + | * [[Alemannic German|Alemannic]] | ||
| + | ** [[Low Alemannic German|Low Alemannic]] | ||
| + | *** [[Alsatian dialect|Alsatian]] | ||
| + | *** [[Colonia Tovar dialect|Coloniero]] | ||
| + | ** [[High Alemannic German|High Alemannic]] | ||
| + | *** [[Swiss German]] | ||
| + | ** [[Highest Alemannic German|Highest Alemannic]] | ||
| + | *** [[Walser German|Walser German]] | ||
| + | ** [[Swabian German|Swabian]] | ||
| + | * [[Bavarian language|Bavarian]] | ||
| + | ** [[Northern Bavarian]] | ||
| + | ** [[Central Bavarian]] | ||
| + | *** [[Viennese German]] | ||
| + | ** [[Southern Bavarian]] | ||
| + | *** [[South Tyrolean dialect|South Tyrolean]] | ||
| + | *** [[Cimbrian language|Cimbrian]] | ||
| + | *** [[Mòcheno language|Mòcheno]] | ||
| + | *** [[Hutterite German]] | ||
| + | * ''[[Lombardic language|Langobardic]]'' | ||
| + | }} | ||
| + | }} | ||
| + | |||
| + | |group2 = [[North Germanic languages|North Germanic]] and [[East Germanic languages|East Germanic]] | ||
| + | |abbr2 = North Germanic and East Germanic | ||
| + | |state2 = <noinclude>expanded</noinclude> | ||
| + | |list2 = | ||
| + | {{Navbox|child | ||
| + | |groupstyle = text-align: center<!--as above--> | ||
| + | |group1 = [[North Germanic languages|North Germanic]] | ||
| + | |list1 = | ||
| + | {{Navbox|child | ||
| + | |groupstyle = text-align: center<!--as above--> | ||
| + | |group1 = Historical forms | ||
| + | |list1 = | ||
| + | * ''[[Proto-Norse]]'' | ||
| + | * ''[[Old Norse]]'' | ||
| + | ** ''Old West Norse'' | ||
| + | ** ''Old East Norse'' | ||
| + | ** ''[[Old Gutnish]]'' | ||
| + | |group2 = West Scandinavian | ||
| + | |list2 = | ||
| + | * [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]]* | ||
| + | ** Spoken | ||
| + | *** [[Bergensk]] | ||
| + | *** [[Kebabnorsk]] | ||
| + | *** [[Sognamål dialect|Sognamål]] | ||
| + | *** [[Trøndersk]] | ||
| + | *** [[Hallingmål-Valdris|Valdris]] | ||
| + | *** [[Vestlandsk]] | ||
| + | *** [[Vikværsk]] | ||
| + | ** Written | ||
| + | *** [[Bokmål]] | ||
| + | *** [[Nynorsk]] | ||
| + | ** ''[[Old Norwegian]]'' | ||
| + | ** ''[[Middle Norwegian]]'' | ||
| + | * Insular Scandinavian | ||
| + | ** [[Faroese language|Faroese]] | ||
| + | ** [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]] | ||
| + | *** ''[[Old Norse#Old Icelandic|Old Icelandic]]'' | ||
| + | *** ''[[History of Icelandic#Middle Icelandic (1350–1550)|Middle Icelandic]]'' | ||
| + | ** ''[[Greenlandic Norse|Gronlandsk]]'' | ||
| + | ** ''[[Norn language|Norn]]'' | ||
| + | |group3 = East Scandinavian | ||
| + | |list3 = | ||
| + | * [[Swedish language|Swedish]]* | ||
| + | ** [[Åland dialects|Åland]] | ||
| + | ** [[Estonian Swedish|Estonian]] | ||
| + | ** [[Finland Swedish|Finlandic]] | ||
| + | ** [[Gutnish|Gotlandic/Gutnish]] | ||
| + | ** [[Jämtland dialects|Jämtlandic]] | ||
| + | ** [[Kalix dialect|Kalix]] | ||
| + | ** [[Kiruna dialect|Kiruna]] | ||
| + | ** [[Luleå dialects|Luleå]] | ||
| + | ** [[Norrland dialects|Norrland]] | ||
| + | ** [[Swedish dialects in Ostrobothnia|Ostrobothnian]] | ||
| + | ** [[Småländska]] | ||
| + | ** [[South Swedish dialects|South Swedish]] | ||
| + | *** [[Scanian dialect|Scanian]] | ||
| + | ** [[Stockholm dialects|Stockholm]] | ||
| + | ** [[Rinkeby Swedish|Rinkeby]] | ||
| + | ** [[Uppländska dialect|Uppländska]] | ||
| + | ** [[Västgötska]] | ||
| + | ** [[Westrobothnian]] | ||
| + | ** ''[[Old Swedish]]'' | ||
| + | * [[Danish language|Danish]]* | ||
| + | ** [[Bornholm dialect|Bornholmsk]] | ||
| + | ** [[Gøtudanskt accent|Gøtudanskt]] | ||
| + | ** [[Insular Danish]] | ||
| + | ** [[Jutlandic dialect|Jutlandic]] | ||
| + | ** [[South Jutlandic]] | ||
| + | ** [[Perkerdansk]] | ||
| + | ** ''[[History of Danish|Old Danish]]'' | ||
| + | ** ''[[History of Danish|Middle Danish]]'' | ||
| + | * [[Dalecarlian language|Dalecarlian]] | ||
| + | ** [[Elfdalian]] | ||
| + | }} | ||
| + | |||
| + | |group2 = ''[[East Germanic languages|East Germanic]]'' | ||
| + | |list2 = | ||
| + | * ''[[Gothic language|Gothic]]'' | ||
| + | ** ''[[Crimean Gothic]]'' | ||
| + | * ''[[Burgundians#Language|Burgundian]]'' | ||
| + | * ''[[Vandalic language|Vandalic]]'' | ||
| + | }} | ||
| + | |||
| + | |group3 = [[Germanic philology|Philology]] | ||
| + | |abbr3 = Philology | ||
| + | |state3 = <noinclude>expanded</noinclude> | ||
| + | |list3 = | ||
| + | {{Navbox|child | ||
| + | |groupstyle = text-align: center<!--as above--> | ||
| + | |group1 = [[Friedrich Maurer (linguist)|Language subgroups]] | ||
| + | |list1 = | ||
| + | * [[North Germanic languages|North]] | ||
| + | * [[East Germanic languages|East]] | ||
| + | * [[West Germanic languages|West]] | ||
| + | **[[Elbe Germanic|Elbe (Irminonic)]] | ||
| + | **[[Weser-Rhine Germanic|Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic)]] | ||
| + | **[[North Sea Germanic|North Sea (Ingvaeonic)]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | *''[[Northwest Germanic|Northwest]]'' | ||
| + | *''[[Gotho-Nordic]]'' | ||
| + | *''[[South Germanic|South]]'' | ||
| + | |||
| + | |group2 = Reconstructed | ||
| + | |list2 = | ||
| + | * [[Proto-Germanic language|Proto-Germanic]] | ||
| + | * [[Proto-Germanic grammar]] | ||
| + | * [[Germanic parent language]] | ||
| + | * [[Ancient Belgian language]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | |group3 = Diachronic features | ||
| + | |list3 = | ||
| + | * [[Grimm's law]] | ||
| + | * [[Verner's law]] | ||
| + | * [[Holtzmann's law]] | ||
| + | * [[Sievers's law]] | ||
| + | * [[Kluge's law]] | ||
| + | * [[Germanic substrate hypothesis]] | ||
| + | * [[West Germanic gemination]] | ||
| + | * [[High German consonant shift]] | ||
| + | * [[Germanic a-mutation]] | ||
| + | * [[Germanic umlaut]] | ||
| + | * [[Germanic spirant law]] | ||
| + | * [[Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law]] | ||
| + | * [[Great Vowel Shift]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | |group4 = Synchronic features | ||
| + | |list4 = | ||
| + | * [[Germanic verb]] | ||
| + | * [[Germanic strong verb]] | ||
| + | * [[Germanic weak verb]] | ||
| + | * [[Germanic verb#Preterite-presents|Preterite-present verb]] | ||
| + | * [[Grammatischer Wechsel]] | ||
| + | * [[Indo-European ablaut]] | ||
| + | }} | ||
| − | [[ | + | |below = {{hlist |''Italics'' indicate [[language death|extinct language]]s |* (asterisks) indicates [[list of languages by number of native speakers|languages with more than 3 million speakers]] |Languages between parentheses are [[variety (linguistics)|varieties]] of the language on their left.}} |
| − | [[ | ||
| − | + | }}<noinclude> | |
| − | + | {{Documentation}} | |
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| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
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| − | |||
</noinclude> | </noinclude> | ||
Latest revision as of 23:23, 21 September 2020
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See also
- {{Germanic peoples}}
- {{History of English}}
- {{English dialects by continent}}
- {{Frisian languages}}
- {{Dutch and Low Saxon dialects}}
- {{Dutch grammar}}
- {{German grammar}}
- {{German language varieties outside Europe}}
- {{Danish language}}
- {{Icelandic language}}
- {{Norwegian language}}
- {{Swedish language}}
| The above documentation is transcluded from Template:Germanic languages/doc. (edit | history) Editors can experiment in this template's sandbox (edit | diff) and testcases (create) pages. Please add categories to the /doc subpage. Subpages of this template. |