Difference between revisions of "Template:Germanic languages"
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|name = Germanic languages | |name = Germanic languages | ||
|title = [[Germanic languages]] | |title = [[Germanic languages]] | ||
| − | |state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} | + | |state = {{{state<includeonly>|autocollapse</includeonly>}}} |
|bodyclass = hlist | |bodyclass = hlist | ||
|above = According to contemporary [[Germanic philology|philology]] | |above = According to contemporary [[Germanic philology|philology]] | ||
| Line 9: | Line 9: | ||
|group1 = [[West Germanic languages|West Germanic]] | |group1 = [[West Germanic languages|West Germanic]] | ||
|abbr1 = West Germanic | |abbr1 = West Germanic | ||
| + | |state1 = <noinclude>expanded</noinclude> | ||
|list1 = | |list1 = | ||
{{Navbox|child | {{Navbox|child | ||
| Line 18: | Line 19: | ||
|group1 = [[Anglic languages|Anglic]] | |group1 = [[Anglic languages|Anglic]] | ||
|list1 = | |list1 = | ||
| − | * [[English language|English]] | + | * [[English language|English]]* |
| − | ** [[List of dialects of | + | ** [[List of dialects of English|dialects]] |
** ''[[Forth and Bargy dialect|Yola]]'' | ** ''[[Forth and Bargy dialect|Yola]]'' | ||
** ''[[Fingallian]]'' | ** ''[[Fingallian]]'' | ||
| + | ** ''[[Old English]]'' | ||
| + | ** ''[[Middle English]]'' | ||
* [[Scots language|Scots]] | * [[Scots language|Scots]] | ||
| + | ** ''[[Early Scots]]'' | ||
| + | ** ''[[Middle Scots]]'' | ||
|group2 = [[Frisian languages|Frisian]] | |group2 = [[Frisian languages|Frisian]] | ||
|list2 = | |list2 = | ||
| − | * [[ | + | * [[East Frisian language|East Frisian]] |
| − | **[[Saterland Frisian language|Saterland Frisian]] | + | ** Ems |
| − | **''[[Wangerooge Frisian]]'' | + | *** [[Saterland Frisian language|Saterland Frisian]] |
| − | **''[[Wursten Frisian]]'' | + | ** ''Weser'' |
| + | *** ''[[Wangerooge Frisian]]'' | ||
| + | *** ''[[Wursten Frisian]]'' | ||
* [[North Frisian language|North Frisian]] | * [[North Frisian language|North Frisian]] | ||
| − | ** [[ | + | ** Insular |
| − | ** [[ | + | *** ''[[Eiderstedt Frisian|Eiderstedt]]'' |
| − | ** [[ | + | *** Föhr–Amrum |
| − | ** [[ | + | **** [[Föhr North Frisian|Föhr]] |
| − | ** [[ | + | **** [[Amrum North Frisian|Amrum]] |
| − | ** [[ | + | *** [[Heligoland Frisian|Heligolandic]] |
| − | ** ''[[ | + | *** [[Sylt North Frisian|Sylt]] |
| − | ** ''[[ | + | ** Mainland |
| − | * [[West Frisian language|West Frisian]] | + | *** [[Bökingharde North Frisian|Bökingharde]] |
| − | **[[ | + | **** Mooring |
| − | **[[ | + | *** [[Halligen Frisian|Halligen]] |
| + | *** [[Goesharde Frisian|Goesharde]] | ||
| + | **** Northern | ||
| + | **** Central | ||
| + | **** ''Southern'' | ||
| + | *** [[Karrharde Frisian|Karrharde]] | ||
| + | *** ''[[Strand Frisian|Strand]]'' | ||
| + | *** [[Wiedingharde Frisian|Wiedingharde]] | ||
| + | * [[West Frisian languages|West Frisian]] | ||
| + | ** [[Hindeloopen Frisian|Hindeloopen]] | ||
| + | ** [[Schiermonnikoog Frisian|Schiermonnikoog]] | ||
| + | ** Westlauwers–Terschellings | ||
| + | *** [[West Frisian language|Mainland West Frisian]] | ||
| + | **** Clay Frisian | ||
| + | **** Wood Frisian | ||
| + | ***** [[Westereendersk]] | ||
| + | *** [[Terschelling Frisian|Terschelling]] | ||
| + | * ''[[Old Frisian]]'' | ||
| + | * ''[[Middle Frisian]]'' | ||
}} | }} | ||
| Line 47: | Line 72: | ||
{{Navbox|child | {{Navbox|child | ||
|groupstyle = text-align: center<!--as above--> | |groupstyle = text-align: center<!--as above--> | ||
| − | |group1 = | + | |group1 = Historical forms |
|list1 = | |list1 = | ||
| + | * ''[[Old Saxon]]'' | ||
| + | * ''[[Middle Low German]]'' | ||
| + | |group2 = [[West Low German]] | ||
| + | |list2 = | ||
* [[Dutch Low Saxon]] | * [[Dutch Low Saxon]] | ||
| − | ** [[Stellingwarfs]] | + | ** [[Stellingwarfs dialect|Stellingwarfs]] |
| − | ** [[Tweants]] | + | ** [[Tweants dialect|Tweants]] |
| − | ** [[Gronings]] | + | ** [[Gronings dialect|Gronings]] |
| − | ** [[Drèents]] | + | ** [[Drèents dialects|Drèents]] |
** Gelders-Overijssels | ** Gelders-Overijssels | ||
*** [[Achterhooks]] | *** [[Achterhooks]] | ||
| − | *** [[Sallaans]] | + | *** [[Sallaans dialect|Sallaans]] |
| − | *** [[Urkers]] | + | *** [[Urkers dialect|Urkers]] |
| − | ** [[Veluws]] | + | ** [[Veluws dialect|Veluws]] |
* [[Northern Low Saxon]] | * [[Northern Low Saxon]] | ||
** [[East Frisian Low Saxon]] | ** [[East Frisian Low Saxon]] | ||
** [[Schleswigsch]] | ** [[Schleswigsch]] | ||
** [[Holsteinisch]] | ** [[Holsteinisch]] | ||
| − | ** [[Hamburgisch]] | + | ** [[Hamburg German|Hamburgisch]] |
** Ollnborger | ** Ollnborger | ||
** North Hanoveranian | ** North Hanoveranian | ||
| Line 69: | Line 98: | ||
** Emsländisch | ** Emsländisch | ||
* [[Westphalian language|Westphalian]] | * [[Westphalian language|Westphalian]] | ||
| − | * [[Eastphalian | + | * [[Eastphalian language|Eastphalian]] |
| − | | | + | |group3 = [[East Low German]] |
| − | | | + | |list3 = |
* [[Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch dialect|Mecklenburg-Western Pomeranian]] | * [[Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch dialect|Mecklenburg-Western Pomeranian]] | ||
** [[Mecklenburgisch dialect|Mecklenburgish]] | ** [[Mecklenburgisch dialect|Mecklenburgish]] | ||
** [[West Pomeranian dialect|West Pomeranian]] | ** [[West Pomeranian dialect|West Pomeranian]] | ||
* [[Brandenburgisch dialect|Brandenburgisch]] | * [[Brandenburgisch dialect|Brandenburgisch]] | ||
| − | * [[East Pomeranian]] | + | * [[East Pomeranian dialect|East Pomeranian]]–West Prussian |
** Western East Pomeranian | ** Western East Pomeranian | ||
** Eastern East Pomeranian | ** Eastern East Pomeranian | ||
| Line 84: | Line 113: | ||
** West Central Pomeranian | ** West Central Pomeranian | ||
* [[Low Prussian dialect|Low Prussian]] | * [[Low Prussian dialect|Low Prussian]] | ||
| − | ** [[Plautdietsch|Mennonite Low German]] | + | ** [[Plautdietsch language|Mennonite Low German]] |
}} | }} | ||
| Line 93: | Line 122: | ||
|group1 = [[Standard language|Standard variant]]s | |group1 = [[Standard language|Standard variant]]s | ||
|list1 = | |list1 = | ||
| − | * [[Dutch language|Dutch]] | + | * [[Dutch language|Dutch]]* |
| − | * [[Afrikaans]] | + | ** ''[[Frankish language|Frankish]]'' |
| + | ** ''[[Old Dutch]]'' | ||
| + | ** ''[[Middle Dutch]]'' | ||
| + | * [[Afrikaans]]* | ||
|group2 = [[West Low Franconian]] | |group2 = [[West Low Franconian]] | ||
|list2 = | |list2 = | ||
| Line 102: | Line 134: | ||
* [[Zeelandic]] | * [[Zeelandic]] | ||
* [[East Flemish]] | * [[East Flemish]] | ||
| − | * [[Brabantian]] | + | * [[Brabantian dialect|Brabantian]] |
* [[Surinamese Dutch]] | * [[Surinamese Dutch]] | ||
* [[Jersey Dutch]] | * [[Jersey Dutch]] | ||
* [[Mohawk Dutch]] | * [[Mohawk Dutch]] | ||
| − | * [[Stadsfries]] | + | * [[Stadsfries dialects|Stadsfries]] |
* [[Bildts]] | * [[Bildts]] | ||
* Yiddish Dutch | * Yiddish Dutch | ||
| Line 112: | Line 144: | ||
|list3 = | |list3 = | ||
* [[Meuse-Rhenish]] | * [[Meuse-Rhenish]] | ||
| − | ** [[ | + | ** [[Limburgish]] |
*** [[Southeast Limburgish dialect|Southeast Limburgish]] | *** [[Southeast Limburgish dialect|Southeast Limburgish]] | ||
** [[South Guelderish]] | ** [[South Guelderish]] | ||
| Line 126: | Line 158: | ||
|group1 = [[Standard language|Standard variant]]s | |group1 = [[Standard language|Standard variant]]s | ||
|list1 = | |list1 = | ||
| − | * [[German language|German]] | + | * [[German language|German]]* |
** [[Namibian German]] | ** [[Namibian German]] | ||
*** [[Namibian Black German]] | *** [[Namibian Black German]] | ||
| Line 135: | Line 167: | ||
** [[Paraná-Wolga-Deutsch|Parana Volga German]] | ** [[Paraná-Wolga-Deutsch|Parana Volga German]] | ||
** [[Kiautschou Pidgin German]] | ** [[Kiautschou Pidgin German]] | ||
| + | ** ''[[Old High German]]'' | ||
| + | ** ''[[Middle High German]]'' | ||
| + | ** ''[[Early New High German]]'' | ||
* [[Yiddish]] | * [[Yiddish]] | ||
** Eastern | ** Eastern | ||
| Line 152: | Line 187: | ||
* [[Rotwelsch]] | * [[Rotwelsch]] | ||
** [[Lotegorisch]] | ** [[Lotegorisch]] | ||
| − | |group2 = [[ | + | |group2 = [[Standard German]] |
|list2 = | |list2 = | ||
| + | * [[German Standard German]] | ||
| + | * [[Austrian German|Austrian Standard German]] | ||
| + | * [[Swiss Standard German|Swiss Standard German]] | ||
| + | |group3 = [[Central German]] | ||
| + | |list3 = | ||
{{Navbox|child | {{Navbox|child | ||
|groupstyle = text-align: center<!--as above--> | |groupstyle = text-align: center<!--as above--> | ||
|group1 = [[West Central German]] | |group1 = [[West Central German]] | ||
|list1 = | |list1 = | ||
| − | * [[Central Franconian]] | + | * [[Central Franconian languages|Central Franconian]] |
** [[Ripuarian language|Ripuarian]] | ** [[Ripuarian language|Ripuarian]] | ||
| − | *** [[ | + | *** [[Colognian]] |
| − | ** [[Moselle Franconian | + | ** [[Moselle Franconian language|Moselle Franconian]] |
| − | *** [[ | + | *** [[Luxembourgish]] |
*** [[Transylvanian Saxon dialect|Transylvanian Saxon]] | *** [[Transylvanian Saxon dialect|Transylvanian Saxon]] | ||
| − | *** [[ | + | *** [[Hunsrückisch dialect|Hunsrückisch]] |
| − | * [[ | + | *** [[Hunsrik]] |
| + | * [[Rhenish Franconian languages|Rhine Franconian]] | ||
** [[Lorraine Franconian]] | ** [[Lorraine Franconian]] | ||
** [[Palatine German language|Palatine]] | ** [[Palatine German language|Palatine]] | ||
| Line 177: | Line 218: | ||
* [[Upper Saxon German|Upper Saxon]] | * [[Upper Saxon German|Upper Saxon]] | ||
* [[Erzgebirgisch|Ore Mountainian]] | * [[Erzgebirgisch|Ore Mountainian]] | ||
| − | * [[ | + | * [[Lusatian – New Marchian dialects|Lusatian-Neumarkish]] |
| − | ** [[ | + | ** [[Berlin German|Berlinerisch]] |
* [[Silesian German]] | * [[Silesian German]] | ||
* [[High Prussian dialect|High Prussian]] | * [[High Prussian dialect|High Prussian]] | ||
* [[Wymysorys language|Wymysorys]] | * [[Wymysorys language|Wymysorys]] | ||
| + | * [[Alzenau dialect|Halcnovian]] | ||
* ''[[Prague German]]'' | * ''[[Prague German]]'' | ||
}} | }} | ||
| − | | | + | |group4 = [[High Franconian German|High Franconian]] |
| − | | | + | |list4 = |
* [[South Franconian German|South Franconian]] | * [[South Franconian German|South Franconian]] | ||
* [[East Franconian German|East Franconian]] | * [[East Franconian German|East Franconian]] | ||
** [[Main-Franconian dialects|Main Franconian]] | ** [[Main-Franconian dialects|Main Franconian]] | ||
| − | ** [[ | + | ** [[Vogtlandian]] |
| − | | | + | |group5 = [[Upper German]] |
| − | | | + | |list5 = |
* [[Alemannic German|Alemannic]] | * [[Alemannic German|Alemannic]] | ||
** [[Low Alemannic German|Low Alemannic]] | ** [[Low Alemannic German|Low Alemannic]] | ||
| Line 211: | Line 253: | ||
*** [[Hutterite German]] | *** [[Hutterite German]] | ||
* ''[[Lombardic language|Langobardic]]'' | * ''[[Lombardic language|Langobardic]]'' | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
}} | }} | ||
}} | }} | ||
| Line 221: | Line 258: | ||
|group2 = [[North Germanic languages|North Germanic]] and [[East Germanic languages|East Germanic]] | |group2 = [[North Germanic languages|North Germanic]] and [[East Germanic languages|East Germanic]] | ||
|abbr2 = North Germanic and East Germanic | |abbr2 = North Germanic and East Germanic | ||
| + | |state2 = <noinclude>expanded</noinclude> | ||
|list2 = | |list2 = | ||
{{Navbox|child | {{Navbox|child | ||
| Line 228: | Line 266: | ||
{{Navbox|child | {{Navbox|child | ||
|groupstyle = text-align: center<!--as above--> | |groupstyle = text-align: center<!--as above--> | ||
| − | |group1 = | + | |group1 = Historical forms |
|list1 = | |list1 = | ||
| − | * [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] | + | * ''[[Proto-Norse]]'' |
| − | ** | + | * ''[[Old Norse]]'' |
| + | ** ''Old West Norse'' | ||
| + | ** ''Old East Norse'' | ||
| + | ** ''[[Old Gutnish]]'' | ||
| + | |group2 = West Scandinavian | ||
| + | |list2 = | ||
| + | * [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]]* | ||
| + | ** Spoken | ||
*** [[Bergensk]] | *** [[Bergensk]] | ||
*** [[Kebabnorsk]] | *** [[Kebabnorsk]] | ||
*** [[Sognamål dialect|Sognamål]] | *** [[Sognamål dialect|Sognamål]] | ||
*** [[Trøndersk]] | *** [[Trøndersk]] | ||
| − | *** [[Valdris]] | + | *** [[Hallingmål-Valdris|Valdris]] |
*** [[Vestlandsk]] | *** [[Vestlandsk]] | ||
*** [[Vikværsk]] | *** [[Vikværsk]] | ||
| − | ** [[Nynorsk]] | + | ** Written |
| + | *** [[Bokmål]] | ||
| + | *** [[Nynorsk]] | ||
| + | ** ''[[Old Norwegian]]'' | ||
| + | ** ''[[Middle Norwegian]]'' | ||
* Insular Scandinavian | * Insular Scandinavian | ||
** [[Faroese language|Faroese]] | ** [[Faroese language|Faroese]] | ||
** [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]] | ** [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]] | ||
| + | *** ''[[Old Norse#Old Icelandic|Old Icelandic]]'' | ||
| + | *** ''[[History of Icelandic#Middle Icelandic (1350–1550)|Middle Icelandic]]'' | ||
** ''[[Greenlandic Norse|Gronlandsk]]'' | ** ''[[Greenlandic Norse|Gronlandsk]]'' | ||
** ''[[Norn language|Norn]]'' | ** ''[[Norn language|Norn]]'' | ||
| − | | | + | |group3 = East Scandinavian |
| − | | | + | |list3 = |
| − | * [[Swedish language|Swedish]] | + | * [[Swedish language|Swedish]]* |
| − | ** [[Åland | + | ** [[Åland dialects|Åland]] |
** [[Estonian Swedish|Estonian]] | ** [[Estonian Swedish|Estonian]] | ||
** [[Finland Swedish|Finlandic]] | ** [[Finland Swedish|Finlandic]] | ||
** [[Gutnish|Gotlandic/Gutnish]] | ** [[Gutnish|Gotlandic/Gutnish]] | ||
| − | ** [[ | + | ** [[Jämtland dialects|Jämtlandic]] |
** [[Kalix dialect|Kalix]] | ** [[Kalix dialect|Kalix]] | ||
** [[Kiruna dialect|Kiruna]] | ** [[Kiruna dialect|Kiruna]] | ||
| Line 263: | Line 314: | ||
** [[Stockholm dialects|Stockholm]] | ** [[Stockholm dialects|Stockholm]] | ||
** [[Rinkeby Swedish|Rinkeby]] | ** [[Rinkeby Swedish|Rinkeby]] | ||
| − | **[[Uppländska dialect|Uppländska]] | + | ** [[Uppländska dialect|Uppländska]] |
** [[Västgötska]] | ** [[Västgötska]] | ||
** [[Westrobothnian]] | ** [[Westrobothnian]] | ||
| − | * [[Danish language|Danish]] | + | ** ''[[Old Swedish]]'' |
| − | ** [[ | + | * [[Danish language|Danish]]* |
| + | ** [[Bornholm dialect|Bornholmsk]] | ||
** [[Gøtudanskt accent|Gøtudanskt]] | ** [[Gøtudanskt accent|Gøtudanskt]] | ||
** [[Insular Danish]] | ** [[Insular Danish]] | ||
| Line 273: | Line 325: | ||
** [[South Jutlandic]] | ** [[South Jutlandic]] | ||
** [[Perkerdansk]] | ** [[Perkerdansk]] | ||
| − | * [[Dalecarlian | + | ** ''[[History of Danish|Old Danish]]'' |
| + | ** ''[[History of Danish|Middle Danish]]'' | ||
| + | * [[Dalecarlian language|Dalecarlian]] | ||
** [[Elfdalian]] | ** [[Elfdalian]] | ||
}} | }} | ||
| − | + | |group2 = ''[[East Germanic languages|East Germanic]]'' | |
| − | + | |list2 = | |
* ''[[Gothic language|Gothic]]'' | * ''[[Gothic language|Gothic]]'' | ||
** ''[[Crimean Gothic]]'' | ** ''[[Crimean Gothic]]'' | ||
| − | * ''[[Burgundians|Burgundian]]'' | + | * ''[[Burgundians#Language|Burgundian]]'' |
| − | * ''[[Vandalic]]'' | + | * ''[[Vandalic language|Vandalic]]'' |
}} | }} | ||
| − | | | + | |group3 = [[Germanic philology|Philology]] |
| − | + | |abbr3 = Philology | |
| − | + | |state3 = <noinclude>expanded</noinclude> | |
| + | |list3 = | ||
| + | {{Navbox|child | ||
| + | |groupstyle = text-align: center<!--as above--> | ||
| + | |group1 = [[Friedrich Maurer (linguist)|Language subgroups]] | ||
| + | |list1 = | ||
| + | * [[North Germanic languages|North]] | ||
| + | * [[East Germanic languages|East]] | ||
| + | * [[West Germanic languages|West]] | ||
| + | **[[Elbe Germanic|Elbe (Irminonic)]] | ||
| + | **[[Weser-Rhine Germanic|Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic)]] | ||
| + | **[[North Sea Germanic|North Sea (Ingvaeonic)]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | *''[[Northwest Germanic|Northwest]]'' | ||
| + | *''[[Gotho-Nordic]]'' | ||
| + | *''[[South Germanic|South]]'' | ||
| + | |||
| + | |group2 = Reconstructed | ||
| + | |list2 = | ||
| + | * [[Proto-Germanic language|Proto-Germanic]] | ||
| + | * [[Proto-Germanic grammar]] | ||
| + | * [[Germanic parent language]] | ||
| + | * [[Ancient Belgian language]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | |group3 = Diachronic features | ||
| + | |list3 = | ||
| + | * [[Grimm's law]] | ||
| + | * [[Verner's law]] | ||
| + | * [[Holtzmann's law]] | ||
| + | * [[Sievers's law]] | ||
| + | * [[Kluge's law]] | ||
| + | * [[Germanic substrate hypothesis]] | ||
| + | * [[West Germanic gemination]] | ||
| + | * [[High German consonant shift]] | ||
| + | * [[Germanic a-mutation]] | ||
| + | * [[Germanic umlaut]] | ||
| + | * [[Germanic spirant law]] | ||
| + | * [[Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law]] | ||
| + | * [[Great Vowel Shift]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | |group4 = Synchronic features | ||
| + | |list4 = | ||
| + | * [[Germanic verb]] | ||
| + | * [[Germanic strong verb]] | ||
| + | * [[Germanic weak verb]] | ||
| + | * [[Germanic verb#Preterite-presents|Preterite-present verb]] | ||
| + | * [[Grammatischer Wechsel]] | ||
| + | * [[Indo-European ablaut]] | ||
| + | }} | ||
| − | = | + | |below = {{hlist |''Italics'' indicate [[language death|extinct language]]s |* (asterisks) indicates [[list of languages by number of native speakers|languages with more than 3 million speakers]] |Languages between parentheses are [[variety (linguistics)|varieties]] of the language on their left.}} |
| − | |||
| − | + | }}<noinclude> | |
| − | + | {{Documentation}} | |
| − | + | </noinclude> | |
| − | }}</noinclude> | ||
Latest revision as of 23:23, 21 September 2020
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See also
- {{Germanic peoples}}
- {{History of English}}
- {{English dialects by continent}}
- {{Frisian languages}}
- {{Dutch and Low Saxon dialects}}
- {{Dutch grammar}}
- {{German grammar}}
- {{German language varieties outside Europe}}
- {{Danish language}}
- {{Icelandic language}}
- {{Norwegian language}}
- {{Swedish language}}
| The above documentation is transcluded from Template:Germanic languages/doc. (edit | history) Editors can experiment in this template's sandbox (edit | diff) and testcases (create) pages. Please add categories to the /doc subpage. Subpages of this template. |