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<!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE -->
 
<!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE -->
Three templates &mdash; [[Template:IPAc-mh]], [[Template:IPAc1-mh]] and [[Template:IPAc2-mh]] &mdash; are used to produce a phonetic or phonemic representation (using the [[IPA]] system) of [[Marshallese language|Marshallese]] words or sounds, using natural spelling to avoid the need to search for the correct phonetic symbols. The result is wikilinked to [[Help:IPA for Marshallese]]. Optionally, an audio file can also be specified.
+
The template [[Template:IPAc2-mh]], backed by the Scribunto/Lua module [[Module:IPAc2-mh]], is used to produce phonetic representation (using the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]], or IPA) of [[Marshallese language|Marshallese]] words or sounds. The result is wikilinked to [[Help:IPA/Marshallese]].
  
 
===Usage===
 
===Usage===
Of the three templates:
 
# [[Template:IPAc1-mh]] presents a morphophonemic IPA transcription without accounting for [[allophony]].  By default, this transcription is enclosed using /slashes/.
 
# [[Template:IPAc2-mh]] presents a more articulate IPA transcription where allophones may have different symbols.  It is not as briefly morphophonemic, but may be easier to read.  By default, this transcription is enclosed using [brackets].
 
# [[Template:IPAc-mh]] presents both IPA transcription schemes at once.
 
'''All three templates have exactly the same argument syntax, and are interchangeable.'''  The code format is designed to accommodate the interests of both IPA transcription schemes.  The number of parameters is always limited to 50.
 
 
 
Normal usage:
 
Normal usage:
* <code><nowiki>{{IPAc-mh|mh|hah|ah|J|yeh|lh}}</nowiki></code> produces {{IPAc-mh|mh|hah|ah|J|yeh|lh}}
+
* <code><nowiki>{{IPAc-mh|mhahjelh}}</nowiki></code> produces {{IPAc-mh|mhahjelh}}
* <code><nowiki>{{IPAc-mh|m|yay|J|^yeh|r|how|ow}}</nowiki></code> produces {{IPAc-mh|m|yay|J|^yeh|r|how|ow}}
+
* <code><nowiki>{{IPAc-mh|majr&w}}</nowiki></code> produces {{IPAc-mh|majr&w}}
 
 
With an audio file:
 
* <code><nowiki>{{IPAc-mh|AUD|Mājro.ogg|m|yay|J|^yeh|r|how|ow}}</nowiki></code> produces {{IPAc-mh|//AUD|Mājro.ogg|m|yay|J|^yeh|r|how|ow}}
 
  
To change the delimiters (for example, if several instances of the template need to be strung together because of the limit on the number of parameters):
+
The template uses, as its first parameter, a special notation describing all the Marshallese [[phoneme]]s that make up a particular word or phrase.  The notation is a modified [[ASCII]]-only variation of [[Marshallese language#Bender's orthography|Bender's orthography]].  The notation is case-insensitive, but fairly strict in its formatting, and the template will display an error if the notation is malformed.  The notation may consist of:
* <code><nowiki>{{IPAc2-mh|[-|n|yuh|mh|huw|rw}}</nowiki></code> produces {{IPAc2-mh|[-|n|yuh|mh|huw|rw}}
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* ASCII [[whitespace character]]s and [[hyphen]]s (<code>-</code>), which are also ignored.
The full range of special values for the first parameter (changing the delimiters and/or specifying that the next parameter is an audio file) is as follows:
+
* ASCII [[apostrophe]]s (<code>'</code>), which are ''mostly'' ignored.
* <tt>-- [- -] // /- -/ AUD -]AUD //AUD -/AUD</tt>
+
* Any of the following ASCII character sequences, representing [[consonant]] and [[vowel]] phonemes:
 +
** <code>a b d e & h i 'i j k kw l lh lw m mh n ng ngw nh nw p r rw t w y 'yiy yi'y</code>
 +
* Multiple separate pronunciation samples may be separated by an ASCII [[comma]] (<code>,</code>), but duplicate results will not be displayed.
 +
An ASCII apostrophe may be placed between two sequences disambiguate them, for example <code>l'w</code> to separate <code>l</code> and <code>w</code> so as not to be mistaken for <code>lw</code>.
  
 
====Consonants====
 
====Consonants====
Spellings similar to Marshallese orthography are used for consonants.  Velarized consonants (with [[cedilla]] below) are joined with ‹h›, and labio-velarized consonants are joined with ‹w› instead of ‹h›.  The [[velar nasal]] '''n̄''' is represented with ‹ng›, or if labialized, ‹ngw›.  The approximants are represented with ‹h w y›.  Marshallese words must have a consonant at the beginning and the end of a word and between two vowels, even if it is an approximant not indicated in writing.
+
The consonant sequences represent the following phonemes:
* <tt>b d j k kw l lh lw m mh n nh nw ng ngw p r rw t</tt>
+
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
 +
|- style="font-size: smaller;"
 +
! Sequence
 +
! Phoneme
 +
! Allophones
 +
! Writing
 +
! Bender
 +
! rowspan="12" | &nbsp;
 +
! Sequence
 +
! Phoneme
 +
! Allophones
 +
! Writing
 +
! Bender
 +
! rowspan="12" | &nbsp;
 +
! Sequence
 +
! Phoneme
 +
! Allophones
 +
! Writing
 +
! Bender
 +
|-
 +
| <code>p</code>
 +
| {{IPA|/pʲ/}}
 +
| {{IPA|[pʲ, bʲ]}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|p}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|p}}
 +
| <code>b</code>
 +
| {{IPA|/pˠ/}}
 +
| {{IPA|[pˠ, bˠ]}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|b, bw}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|b}}
 +
! colspan="5" | &nbsp;
 +
|-
 +
| <code>j</code>
 +
| {{IPA|/tʲ/}}
 +
| {{IPA|[tʲ, dʲ, t͡sʲ, d͡zʲ, sʲ, zʲ]}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|j}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|j}}
 +
| <code>t</code>
 +
| {{IPA|/tˠ/}}
 +
| {{IPA|[tˠ, dˠ]}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|t}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|t}}
 +
! colspan="5" | &nbsp;
 +
|-
 +
! colspan="5" | &nbsp;
 +
| <code>k</code>
 +
| {{IPA|/k/}}
 +
| {{IPA|[k, ɡ]}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|k}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|k}}
 +
| <code>kw</code>
 +
| {{IPA|/kʷ/}}
 +
| {{IPA|[kʷ, ɡʷ]}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|kw, k}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|kʷ, q}}
 +
|-
 +
| <code>m</code>
 +
| {{IPA|/mʲ/}}
 +
| {{IPA|[mʲ]}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|m}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|m}}
 +
| <code>mh</code>
 +
| {{IPA|/mˠ/}}
 +
| {{IPA|[mˠ]}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|m̧, m̧w}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|m̧, , ṁ}}
 +
! colspan="5" | &nbsp;
 +
|-
 +
| <code>n</code>
 +
| {{IPA|/nʲ/}}
 +
| {{IPA|[nʲ]}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|n}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|n}}
 +
| <code>nh</code>
 +
| {{IPA|/nˠ/}}
 +
| {{IPA|[nˠ]}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|ņ}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|ņ, ṇ, ṅ}}
 +
| <code>nw</code>
 +
| {{IPA|/nʷ/}}
 +
| {{IPA|[nʷ]}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|ņw, ņ}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|ņʷ, ņ°, ṇʷ, ņ°, n̈}}
 +
|-
 +
! colspan="5" | &nbsp;
 +
| <code>ng</code>
 +
| {{IPA|/ŋ/}}
 +
| {{IPA|[ŋ]}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|n̄}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|g}}
 +
| <code>ngw</code>
 +
| {{IPA|/ŋʷ/}}
 +
| {{IPA|[ŋʷ]}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|n̄w, n̄}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|gʷ, g°, g̈}}
 +
|-
 +
| <code>d</code>
 +
| {{IPA|/rʲ/}}
 +
| {{IPA|[rʲ]}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|d}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|d}}
 +
| <code>r</code>
 +
| {{IPA|/rˠ/}}
 +
| {{IPA|[rˠ]}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|r}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|r}}
 +
| <code>rw</code>
 +
| {{IPA|/rʷ/}}
 +
| {{IPA|[rʷ]}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|rw, r}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|rʷ, r°, r̈}}
 +
|-
 +
| <code>l</code>
 +
| {{IPA|/lʲ/}}
 +
| {{IPA|[lʲ]}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|l}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|l}}
 +
| <code>lh</code>
 +
| {{IPA|/lˠ/}}
 +
| {{IPA|[lˠ]}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|ļ}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|ļ, ḷ, ł}}
 +
| <code>lw</code>
 +
| {{IPA|/lʷ/}}
 +
| {{IPA|[lʷ]}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|ļw, ļ}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|ļʷ, ļ°, ḷʷ, ḷ°, l̈}}
 +
|-
 +
| <code>y</code>
 +
| {{IPA|/j/}}
 +
| {{IPA|[-, ɛ̯, e̯, i̯]}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|-, e, i}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|y}}
 +
| <code>h</code>
 +
| {{IPA|/ɰ/}}
 +
| {{IPA|[-]}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|-}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|h}}
 +
| <code>w</code>
 +
| {{IPA|/w/}}
 +
| {{IPA|[-, w]}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|-, w}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|w}}
 +
|}
  
=====Voiced obstruent allophones=====
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====Vowels====
The obstruents have voiced allophones word-internally when not geminated.
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There are only four primary vowel sequences:
* <tt>B J K KW P T</tt>
+
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
 +
|- style="font-size: smaller;"
 +
! Sequence
 +
! Phoneme
 +
! Allophones
 +
! Writing
 +
! Bender
 +
|-
 +
| <code>a</code>
 +
| {{IPA|/æ/}}
 +
| {{IPA|[æ, ɑ, ɒ]}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|ā, a, o̧}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|a}}
 +
|-
 +
| <code>e</code>
 +
| {{IPA|/ɛ/}}
 +
| {{IPA|[ɛ, ʌ, ɔ]}}
 +
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|mh|e, ō, o}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|e}}
 +
|-
 +
| <code>&</code>
 +
| {{IPA|/e/}}
 +
| {{IPA|[e, ɤ, o]}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|ȩ, ẹ, &}}
 +
|-
 +
| <code>a</code>
 +
| {{IPA|/i/}}
 +
| {{IPA|[i, ɯ, u]}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|i, ū, u}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|i}}
 +
|}
 +
In addition, [[epenthesis|epenthetic]] vowels are automatically generated between two consonants in an unstable consonant cluster.  The vowel automatically chosen depends on the consonants involved and the nearest other neighboring vowels.  These epenthetic vowels are marked short: {{IPA|[æ̆ ɛ̆ ĕ ĭ ɑ̆ ʌ̆ ɤ̆ ɯ̆ ɒ̆ ɔ̆ ŏ ŭ]}}
  
=====Unreleased obstruent allophones=====
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====Special sequences====
When geminating an obstruent, use these codes for the unreleased first half of the cluster.
+
These sequences take effect at the beginning of a word or after a consonant.
* <tt>b' j' k' kw' p' t'</tt>
+
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
 +
|- style="font-size: smaller;"
 +
! Sequence
 +
! Phoneme
 +
! Allophones
 +
! Writing
 +
! Bender
 +
! Notes
 +
|-
 +
| <code>yiw</code>
 +
| {{IPA|/jiw/}}
 +
| {{IPA|[i̯uːw]}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|iuw}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|yiw}}
 +
| Use <code>y'iw</code> to avoid this special sequence.
 +
|-
 +
| <code>yi'y</code>
 +
| {{IPA|/ji̯j/}}
 +
| {{IPA|[i̯]}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|i}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|yi'y}}
 +
|-
 +
| <code>'yiy</code>
 +
| {{IPA|/jijj/}}
 +
| {{IPA|[iː]}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|ii}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|'yiy}}
 +
|}
  
=====Plain approximants=====
+
====Dialect variation====
The articulation of the plain approximants varies depending on neighboring vowels, so there are a variety of symbols for themSee the [[#Vowels|vowels section]] to see the corresponding vowel codes.
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These sequences produce different results depending on Marshallese dialect, and take effect at the beginning of a word or after a consonantIf a IPA pronunciation varies between the western [[Rālik Chain]] dialect and the eastern [[Ratak Chain]] dialect, both pronunciations will be displayed.
* <tt>ha he ho hu wa we wo wu ya ye yo yu</tt>
+
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
These alternative codes are equivalent to those above.
+
|- style="font-size: smaller;"
* <tt>ah eh oh uh aw ew ow uw ay ey oy uy</tt>
+
! Sequence
 +
! Phoneme
 +
! Rālik
 +
! Ratak
 +
! Writing
 +
! Bender
 +
! Notes
 +
|-
 +
| <code>hha</code>
 +
| {{IPA|/ɰɰæ/}}
 +
| {{IPA|[ɑː]}}
 +
| {{IPA|[ɑ]}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|a, aa}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|hha}}
 +
|-
 +
| <code>wiw</code>
 +
| {{IPA|/wiw/}}
 +
| {{IPA|[i̯uːw]}}
 +
| {{IPA|[uːw]}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|uw, iuw}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|wiw}}
 +
| Use <code>w'iw</code> to avoid this special sequence.
 +
|-
 +
| <code>yiy</code>
 +
| {{IPA|/jij/}}
 +
| {{IPA|[iː]}}
 +
| {{IPA|[i̯]}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|i, ii}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|yiy}}
 +
| Use <code>y'iy</code> to avoid this special sequence.
 +
|}
 +
In addition, if the notation begins with two of the same consonant (other than <code>hh</code>), a [[prothesis (linguistics)|prothetic]] vowel will automatically be added in a different fashion depending on the dialect.  For example:
 +
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
 +
|- style="font-size: smaller;"
 +
! Sequence
 +
! Phoneme
 +
! Rālik
 +
! Ratak
 +
! Writing
 +
! Bender
 +
|-
 +
| <code>mhmhan</code>
 +
| {{IPA|/mˠmˠænʲ/}}
 +
| {{IPA|[ɛmˠːɑnʲ]}}
 +
| {{IPA|[mˠʌmˠɑnʲ]}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|m̧m̧an, em̧m̧an, m̧ōm̧an}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|m̧m̧an, ṃṃan, ṁṁan}}
 +
|}
  
=====Morphophonemic but not articulated=====
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====Initial and final vowels====
When a consonant exists in the morphophonemic transcription but is not articulated in speech, use parentheses around the symbol in question.
+
Spoken Marshallese words must always begin or end with a consonant.  But because some Marshallese [[affix]]es begin or end with a bare vowel that fuses to the consonant of an attached [[morpheme]], the template does not prohibit notations beginning or ending with vowels.  In such circumstances, it will display three separate possible pronunciations for each bare vowel, depending on the variable [[secondary articulation]]s of the consonants which may be attached.
* <tt>(b) (d) (j) (k) (kw) (l) (lh) (lw) (m) (mh) (n) (nh) (nw) (ng) (ngw) (p) (r) (rw) (t)</tt>
+
* <code><nowiki>{{IPAc-mh|ri-}}</nowiki></code> produces {{IPAc-mh|ri-}}
For unarticulated plain approximants, use these:
+
* <code><nowiki>{{IPAc-mh|-in}}</nowiki></code> produces {{IPAc-mh|-in}}
* <tt>(h) (w) (y)</tt>
+
Unlike other vowels the template may display, bare vowels are shown as tied diphthongs, with the implication that the vowel may be pronounced as a diphthong or as one of the two possible surface vowels, in [[free variation]].  This is also true of all other vowels in Marshallese, but the most likely pronunciations are simpler for the module to predict when the neighboring consonants and nearest vowels are already known.
  
=====Articulated but not morphophonemic=====
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To display only one specific reflex instead of all three, any of the special "pseudo-glide" sequences <code>y_ h_ w_ _y _h _w</code> may come at the beginning or end of the notation.
When a morphophonemic consonant ends up being pronounced a different way.  This can be used in combination with the above symbols.
+
* <code><nowiki>{{IPAc-mh|ri_y}}</nowiki></code> produces {{IPAc-mh|ri_y}}
* <tt>^b ^d ^j ^k ^kw ^KW ^l ^lh ^lw ^m ^mh ^n ^nh ^nw ^ng ^ngw ^p ^r ^rw ^t</tt>
+
* <code><nowiki>{{IPAc-mh|w_in}}</nowiki></code> produces {{IPAc-mh|w_in}}
  
====Vowels====
+
====Additional parameters====
These are the main vowel codes.
+
Additional named parameters may be supplied to alter some of the display aspects of the IPA pronunciation.
* <tt>hah haw hay wah waw way yah yaw yay</tt>
 
* <tt>heh hew hey weh wew wey yeh yew yey</tt>
 
* <tt>hoh how hoy woh wow woy yoh yow yoy</tt>
 
* <tt>huh huw huy wuh wuw wuy yuh yuw yuy</tt>
 
Each of these codes is structured with any combination of ‹h w y› on both sides, and any combination of ‹a e o u› as the middle letter.
 
  
The ‹h w y› components represent the secondary articulation of the consonant on each side of the vowel.
+
=====<code>diphthongs</code>=====
* For the consonants ‹d j l m n p y›, use ‹y›.
+
If <code>|nobrackets=true</code> is supplied, the IPA pronunciation will display [[diphthong]] vowel allophones wherever they may occur:
* For the consonants ‹b h k lh mh nh ng r t›, use ‹h›.
+
* <code><nowiki>{{IPAc-mh|niwiyawak}}</nowiki></code> produces {{IPAc-mh|niwiyawak}}
* For the consonants ‹kw lw nw ngw rw w›, use ‹w›.
+
* <code><nowiki>{{IPAc-mh|niwiyawak|diphthongs=true}}</nowiki></code> produces {{IPAc-mh|niwiyawak|diphthongs=true}}
 +
This mode is not recommended for most pronunciations, as the diphthongs can make the IPA unnecessarily complex to the reader's eyes.
  
The ‹a e o u› components only represent vowel height, regardless of backness or roundedness.
+
=====<code>J</code>=====
* ‹u› is the close vowel.
+
This affects only the IPA pronunciation of the phoneme {{IPA|/tʲ/}}, written {{lang|mh|{{angbr|j}}}} in the standard language.  Normally, this template displays this phoneme as {{IPA|[tʲ]}} if it occurs at the beginning or end of a phrase or when [[gemination|geminated]], and otherwise displays it as {{IPA|[zʲ]}}. Since there is a wide variety of allophones for this consonant which may occur in [[free variation]], the parameter <code>J</code> can be used to change which allophones are displayed. The parameter consists of a case-insensitive sequence of four letters, each letter being either <code>t</code>, <code>c</code> or <code>s</code>.  For example, <code>cstc</code>.  Of the sequence of four letters:
* ‹o› is the close-mid vowel.
+
# The first letter describes which kind of allophone to use when {{IPA|/tʲ/}} occurs at the beginning of a phrase (initial position).
* ‹e› is the open-mid vowel.
+
# The second letter describes which kind of allophone to use when {{IPA|/tʲ/}} occurs either between two vowels or as part of a consonant cluster after {{IPA|/nʲ/}}.
* ‹a› is the open vowel.
+
# The third letter describes which kind of allophone to use when {{IPA|/tʲ/}} occurs at the end of a phrase (final position).
The letter ‹i› is not used in this system.
+
# The fourth letter describes which kind of allophone to use when {{IPA|/tʲ/}} is geminated as a double {{IPA|/tʲtʲ/}}.
 +
Of the three possible different letters:
 +
* <code>t</code> indicates that particular allophone should be a [[plosive consonant]], either {{IPA|[tʲ]}} or {{IPA|[dʲ]}}.
 +
* <code>c</code> indicates that particular allophone should be an [[affricate consonant]], either {{IPA|[t͡sʲ]}} or {{IPA|[d͡zʲ]}}.
 +
* <code>s</code> indicates that particular allophone should be a [[fricative consonant]], either {{IPA|[sʲ]}} or {{IPA|[zʲ]}}.
 +
Example:
 +
* <code><nowiki>{{IPAc-mh|jiyjaj}}</nowiki></code> produces {{IPAc-mh|jiyjaj}}
 +
* <code><nowiki>{{IPAc-mh|jiyjaj|J=tstt}}</nowiki></code> produces {{IPAc-mh|jiyjaj|J=tstt}} (same as the default)
 +
* <code><nowiki>{{IPAc-mh|jiyjaj|J=tttt}}</nowiki></code> produces {{IPAc-mh|jiyjaj|J=tttt}} (all plosives)
 +
* <code><nowiki>{{IPAc-mh|jiyjaj|J=cccc}}</nowiki></code> produces {{IPAc-mh|jiyjaj|J=cccc}} (all affricates)
 +
* <code><nowiki>{{IPAc-mh|jiyjaj|J=ssss}}</nowiki></code> produces {{IPAc-mh|jiyjaj|J=ssss}} (all fricatives)
 +
* <code><nowiki>{{IPAc-mh|jiyjaj|J=cstc}}</nowiki></code> produces {{IPAc-mh|jiyjaj|J=cstc}} (initial affricate, medial fricative, final plosive)
 +
Whether the allophones are displayed voiced or voiceless depends on the separate <code>voice</code> parameter.
  
=====Asyllabic vowels=====
+
=====<code>nobrackets</code>=====
When a vowel phoneme must be pronounced asyllabically, add an apostrophe after the code.
+
If <code>|nobrackets=true</code> is supplied, the IPA pronunciation will be displayed without brackets.
* <tt>hah' haw' hay' wah' waw' way' yah' yaw' yay'</tt>
+
* <code><nowiki>{{IPAc-mh|yi'yakwey|nobrackets=true}}</nowiki></code> produces {{IPAc-mh|yi'yakwey|nobrackets=true}}
* <tt>heh' hew' hey' weh' wew' wey' yeh' yew' yey'</tt>
 
* <tt>hoh' how' hoy' woh' wow' woy' yoh' yow' yoy'</tt>
 
* <tt>huh' huw' huy' wuh' wuw' wuy' yuh' yuw' yuy'</tt>
 
If the consonant neighboring either side of the asyllabic vowel is a plain approximant, replace each neighboring approximant with parenthetical versions.
 
* ‹ha ah he eh ho oh hu uh› should become ‹(h)›.
 
* ‹wa aw we ew wo ow wu uw› should become ‹(w)›.
 
* ‹ya ay ye ey yo oy yu uy› should become ‹(y)›.
 
  
=====Epenthetic vowels=====
+
=====<code>nohints</code>=====
For non-morphophonemic vowels that appear in articulation, prefix a vowel code with a carat.
+
If <code>|nohints=true</code> is supplied, there will be no "pseudo-glides" accompanying a word or phrase that begins or ends with a bare vowel.
* <tt>^hah ^haw ^hay ^wah ^waw ^way ^yah ^yaw ^yay</tt>
+
* <code><nowiki>{{IPAc-mh|ri-}}</nowiki></code> produces {{IPAc-mh|ri-}}
* <tt>^heh ^hew ^hey ^weh ^wew ^wey ^yeh ^yew ^yey</tt>
+
* <code><nowiki>{{IPAc-mh|ri-|nohints=true}}</nowiki></code> produces {{IPAc-mh|ri-|nohints=true}}
* <tt>^hoh ^how ^hoy ^woh ^wow ^woy ^yoh ^yow ^yoy</tt>
+
This is also useful for showing vowel or diphthong allophones in isolation:
* <tt>^huh ^huw ^huy ^wuh ^wuw ^wuy ^yuh ^yuw ^yuy</tt>
+
* <code><nowiki>{{IPAc-mh|h_e_y}}</nowiki></code> produces {{IPAc-mh|h_e_y}}
 +
* <code><nowiki>{{IPAc-mh|h_e_y|nohints=true}}</nowiki></code> produces {{IPAc-mh|h_e_y|nohints=true}}
  
====Other====
+
=====<code>voice</code>=====
The following parameters have special meanings:
+
Normally, this template displays [[obstruent consonant]]s with [[voiceless consonant|voiceless]] allophones at the beginning or end of a phrase or when geminated, and [[voiced consonant|voiced]] allophones in the middle of phrases.  If <code>|voice=false</code> or <code>|voice=true</code> are supplied, all obstruent allophones will be displayed either voiceless or voiced.
* <tt>_</tt> (underscore) for a space between words
+
* <code><nowiki>{{IPAc-mh|bajjiypiyik}}</nowiki></code> produces {{IPAc-mh|bajjiypiyik}}
* <tt>-</tt> (dash) is just a dash.
+
* <code><nowiki>{{IPAc-mh|bajjiypiyik|voice=false}}</nowiki></code> produces {{IPAc-mh|bajjiypiyik|voice=false}}
* <tt>.</tt> (period) is just a syllable break.
+
* <code><nowiki>{{IPAc-mh|bajjiypiyik|voice=true}}</nowiki></code> produces {{IPAc-mh|bajjiypiyik|voice=true}}
  
The conversion system for the morphophonic transcription system is coded in [[Template:c1-mh]]. The conversion system for the articulate transcription system is coded in [[Template:c2-mh]]. Most codes are supported by both templates, but some codes will be ignored by one template or the other.
+
====Limitations====
 +
The template will display an error message under certain circumstances:
 +
* Words may not begin with more than one consonant sequence, unless they are two of the same consonant.
 +
* Words may not contain sequences of three or more consonants.
 +
* The special sequences <code>yi'y</code> and <code>'yiy</code> must always occur directly before a vowel.
 +
* Pseudo-glides must come either at the beginning or end of a phrase, may not neighbor another consonant, and may not neighbor two vowels.
 +
* Two vowels may not directly neighbor each other, and must be separated by at least one consonant.
  
 
==See also==
 
==See also==
 
*[[Template:Usage of IPA templates|Information on other IPA templates]]
 
*[[Template:Usage of IPA templates|Information on other IPA templates]]
*[[Wikipedia:IPA for Marshallese]]
+
*[[Help:IPA/Marshallese]]
*[[Marshallese language#Sounds]]
+
*[[Marshallese phonology]]
  
 
<includeonly>
 
<includeonly>
 
<!-- CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS HERE, THANKS -->
 
<!-- CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS HERE, THANKS -->
 
</includeonly>
 
</includeonly>

Latest revision as of 20:16, 30 December 2019

The template Template:IPAc2-mh, backed by the Scribunto/Lua module Module:IPAc2-mh, is used to produce phonetic representation (using the International Phonetic Alphabet, or IPA) of Marshallese words or sounds. The result is wikilinked to Help:IPA/Marshallese.

Usage

Normal usage:

  • {{IPAc-mh|mhahjelh}} produces
  1. REDIRECT Template:IPAc2-mh
  • {{IPAc-mh|majr&w}} produces
  1. REDIRECT Template:IPAc2-mh

The template uses, as its first parameter, a special notation describing all the Marshallese phonemes that make up a particular word or phrase. The notation is a modified ASCII-only variation of Bender's orthography. The notation is case-insensitive, but fairly strict in its formatting, and the template will display an error if the notation is malformed. The notation may consist of:

  • ASCII whitespace characters and hyphens (-), which are also ignored.
  • ASCII apostrophes ('), which are mostly ignored.
  • Any of the following ASCII character sequences, representing consonant and vowel phonemes:
    • a b d e & h i 'i j k kw l lh lw m mh n ng ngw nh nw p r rw t w y 'yiy yi'y
  • Multiple separate pronunciation samples may be separated by an ASCII comma (,), but duplicate results will not be displayed.

An ASCII apostrophe may be placed between two sequences disambiguate them, for example l'w to separate l and w so as not to be mistaken for lw.

Consonants

The consonant sequences represent the following phonemes:

Sequence Phoneme Allophones Writing Bender   Sequence Phoneme Allophones Writing Bender   Sequence Phoneme Allophones Writing Bender
p /pʲ/ [pʲ, bʲ] p p b /pˠ/ [pˠ, bˠ] b, bw b  
j /tʲ/ [tʲ, dʲ, t͡sʲ, d͡zʲ, sʲ, zʲ] j j t /tˠ/ [tˠ, dˠ] t t  
  k /k/ [k, ɡ] k k kw /kʷ/ [kʷ, ɡʷ] kw, k kʷ, q
m /mʲ/ [mʲ] m m mh /mˠ/ [mˠ] m̧, m̧w m̧, ṃ, ṁ  
n /nʲ/ [nʲ] n n nh /nˠ/ [nˠ] ņ ņ, ṇ, ṅ nw /nʷ/ [nʷ] ņw, ņ ņʷ, ņ°, ṇʷ, ņ°, n̈
  ng /ŋ/ [ŋ] g ngw /ŋʷ/ [ŋʷ] n̄w, n̄ gʷ, g°, g̈
d /rʲ/ [rʲ] d d r /rˠ/ [rˠ] r r rw /rʷ/ [rʷ] rw, r rʷ, r°, r̈
l /lʲ/ [lʲ] l l lh /lˠ/ [lˠ] ļ ļ, ḷ, ł lw /lʷ/ [lʷ] ļw, ļ ļʷ, ļ°, ḷʷ, ḷ°, l̈
y /j/ [-, ɛ̯, e̯, i̯] -, e, i y h /ɰ/ [-] - h w /w/ [-, w] -, w w

Vowels

There are only four primary vowel sequences:

Sequence Phoneme Allophones Writing Bender
a /æ/ [æ, ɑ, ɒ] ā, a, o̧ a
e /ɛ/ [ɛ, ʌ, ɔ] e, ō, o e
& /e/ [e, ɤ, o] ȩ, ẹ, &
a /i/ [i, ɯ, u] i, ū, u i

In addition, epenthetic vowels are automatically generated between two consonants in an unstable consonant cluster. The vowel automatically chosen depends on the consonants involved and the nearest other neighboring vowels. These epenthetic vowels are marked short: [æ̆ ɛ̆ ĕ ĭ ɑ̆ ʌ̆ ɤ̆ ɯ̆ ɒ̆ ɔ̆ ŏ ŭ]

Special sequences

These sequences take effect at the beginning of a word or after a consonant.

Sequence Phoneme Allophones Writing Bender Notes
yiw /jiw/ [i̯uːw] iuw yiw Use y'iw to avoid this special sequence.
yi'y /ji̯j/ [i̯] i yi'y
'yiy /jijj/ [iː] ii 'yiy

Dialect variation

These sequences produce different results depending on Marshallese dialect, and take effect at the beginning of a word or after a consonant. If a IPA pronunciation varies between the western Rālik Chain dialect and the eastern Ratak Chain dialect, both pronunciations will be displayed.

Sequence Phoneme Rālik Ratak Writing Bender Notes
hha /ɰɰæ/ [ɑː] [ɑ] a, aa hha
wiw /wiw/ [i̯uːw] [uːw] uw, iuw wiw Use w'iw to avoid this special sequence.
yiy /jij/ [iː] [i̯] i, ii yiy Use y'iy to avoid this special sequence.

In addition, if the notation begins with two of the same consonant (other than hh), a prothetic vowel will automatically be added in a different fashion depending on the dialect. For example:

Sequence Phoneme Rālik Ratak Writing Bender
mhmhan /mˠmˠænʲ/ [ɛmˠːɑnʲ] [mˠʌmˠɑnʲ] m̧m̧an, em̧m̧an, m̧ōm̧an m̧m̧an, ṃṃan, ṁṁan

Initial and final vowels

Spoken Marshallese words must always begin or end with a consonant. But because some Marshallese affixes begin or end with a bare vowel that fuses to the consonant of an attached morpheme, the template does not prohibit notations beginning or ending with vowels. In such circumstances, it will display three separate possible pronunciations for each bare vowel, depending on the variable secondary articulations of the consonants which may be attached.

  • {{IPAc-mh|ri-}} produces
  1. REDIRECT Template:IPAc2-mh
  • {{IPAc-mh|-in}} produces
  1. REDIRECT Template:IPAc2-mh

Unlike other vowels the template may display, bare vowels are shown as tied diphthongs, with the implication that the vowel may be pronounced as a diphthong or as one of the two possible surface vowels, in free variation. This is also true of all other vowels in Marshallese, but the most likely pronunciations are simpler for the module to predict when the neighboring consonants and nearest vowels are already known.

To display only one specific reflex instead of all three, any of the special "pseudo-glide" sequences y_ h_ w_ _y _h _w may come at the beginning or end of the notation.

  • {{IPAc-mh|ri_y}} produces
  1. REDIRECT Template:IPAc2-mh
  • {{IPAc-mh|w_in}} produces
  1. REDIRECT Template:IPAc2-mh

Additional parameters

Additional named parameters may be supplied to alter some of the display aspects of the IPA pronunciation.

diphthongs

If |nobrackets=true is supplied, the IPA pronunciation will display diphthong vowel allophones wherever they may occur:

  • {{IPAc-mh|niwiyawak}} produces
  1. REDIRECT Template:IPAc2-mh
  • {{IPAc-mh|niwiyawak|diphthongs=true}} produces
  1. REDIRECT Template:IPAc2-mh

This mode is not recommended for most pronunciations, as the diphthongs can make the IPA unnecessarily complex to the reader's eyes.

J

This affects only the IPA pronunciation of the phoneme /tʲ/, written ⟨j⟩ in the standard language. Normally, this template displays this phoneme as [tʲ] if it occurs at the beginning or end of a phrase or when geminated, and otherwise displays it as [zʲ]. Since there is a wide variety of allophones for this consonant which may occur in free variation, the parameter J can be used to change which allophones are displayed. The parameter consists of a case-insensitive sequence of four letters, each letter being either t, c or s. For example, cstc. Of the sequence of four letters:

  1. The first letter describes which kind of allophone to use when /tʲ/ occurs at the beginning of a phrase (initial position).
  2. The second letter describes which kind of allophone to use when /tʲ/ occurs either between two vowels or as part of a consonant cluster after /nʲ/.
  3. The third letter describes which kind of allophone to use when /tʲ/ occurs at the end of a phrase (final position).
  4. The fourth letter describes which kind of allophone to use when /tʲ/ is geminated as a double /tʲtʲ/.

Of the three possible different letters:

  • t indicates that particular allophone should be a plosive consonant, either [tʲ] or [dʲ].
  • c indicates that particular allophone should be an affricate consonant, either [t͡sʲ] or [d͡zʲ].
  • s indicates that particular allophone should be a fricative consonant, either [sʲ] or [zʲ].

Example:

  • {{IPAc-mh|jiyjaj}} produces
  1. REDIRECT Template:IPAc2-mh
  • {{IPAc-mh|jiyjaj|J=tstt}} produces
  1. REDIRECT Template:IPAc2-mh (same as the default)
  • {{IPAc-mh|jiyjaj|J=tttt}} produces
  1. REDIRECT Template:IPAc2-mh (all plosives)
  • {{IPAc-mh|jiyjaj|J=cccc}} produces
  1. REDIRECT Template:IPAc2-mh (all affricates)
  • {{IPAc-mh|jiyjaj|J=ssss}} produces
  1. REDIRECT Template:IPAc2-mh (all fricatives)
  • {{IPAc-mh|jiyjaj|J=cstc}} produces
  1. REDIRECT Template:IPAc2-mh (initial affricate, medial fricative, final plosive)

Whether the allophones are displayed voiced or voiceless depends on the separate voice parameter.

nobrackets

If |nobrackets=true is supplied, the IPA pronunciation will be displayed without brackets.

  • {{IPAc-mh|yi'yakwey|nobrackets=true}} produces
  1. REDIRECT Template:IPAc2-mh
nohints

If |nohints=true is supplied, there will be no "pseudo-glides" accompanying a word or phrase that begins or ends with a bare vowel.

  • {{IPAc-mh|ri-}} produces
  1. REDIRECT Template:IPAc2-mh
  • {{IPAc-mh|ri-|nohints=true}} produces
  1. REDIRECT Template:IPAc2-mh

This is also useful for showing vowel or diphthong allophones in isolation:

  • {{IPAc-mh|h_e_y}} produces
  1. REDIRECT Template:IPAc2-mh
  • {{IPAc-mh|h_e_y|nohints=true}} produces
  1. REDIRECT Template:IPAc2-mh
voice

Normally, this template displays obstruent consonants with voiceless allophones at the beginning or end of a phrase or when geminated, and voiced allophones in the middle of phrases. If |voice=false or |voice=true are supplied, all obstruent allophones will be displayed either voiceless or voiced.

  • {{IPAc-mh|bajjiypiyik}} produces
  1. REDIRECT Template:IPAc2-mh
  • {{IPAc-mh|bajjiypiyik|voice=false}} produces
  1. REDIRECT Template:IPAc2-mh
  • {{IPAc-mh|bajjiypiyik|voice=true}} produces
  1. REDIRECT Template:IPAc2-mh

Limitations

The template will display an error message under certain circumstances:

  • Words may not begin with more than one consonant sequence, unless they are two of the same consonant.
  • Words may not contain sequences of three or more consonants.
  • The special sequences yi'y and 'yiy must always occur directly before a vowel.
  • Pseudo-glides must come either at the beginning or end of a phrase, may not neighbor another consonant, and may not neighbor two vowels.
  • Two vowels may not directly neighbor each other, and must be separated by at least one consonant.

See also