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| − | {{ sidebar | + | {{#invoke:sidebar|collapsible |
| − | | | + | |pretitle = Part of [[:Category:Indo-European|a series]] on |
| − | | title | + | |titlestyle = padding-top:0.2em;background:rgb(220,245,220); |
| − | | | + | |title = [[:Category:Indo-European|Indo-European topics]] |
| − | | | + | |image = [[File:Indo-European migrations.gif|140px|link=File:Indo-European migrations.gif]] |
| + | |listtitlestyle = background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left; | ||
| + | |listclass = hlist | ||
| + | |expanded = {{{expanded|{{{1|}}}}}} | ||
| − | | | + | |list1name = Languages |
| − | + | |list1title = [[Indo-European languages|Languages]] | |
| + | |list1 = <hr/> | ||
| + | * [[List of Indo-European languages]] | ||
| + | ---- | ||
| + | ;''Historical'' | ||
* [[Albanian language|Albanian]] | * [[Albanian language|Albanian]] | ||
* [[Armenian language|Armenian]] | * [[Armenian language|Armenian]] | ||
| − | * [[Baltic languages|Baltic]] | + | * [[Balto-Slavic languages|Balto-Slavic]] |
| + | ** {{small|[[Baltic languages|Baltic]]}} | ||
| + | ** {{small|[[Slavic languages|Slavic]]}} | ||
* [[Celtic languages|Celtic]] | * [[Celtic languages|Celtic]] | ||
| − | * [[Germanic languages|Germanic]] | + | * [[Germanic languages|Germanic]] |
| − | * [[Hellenic languages|Hellenic]] | + | * [[Hellenic languages|Hellenic]] |
| − | * [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] | + | ** {{small|[[Greek language|Greek]]}} |
| − | * [[Italic languages|Italic]] | + | * [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] |
| − | * [[ | + | ** {{small|[[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]}} |
| − | ; Extinct | + | ** {{small|[[Iranian languages|Iranian]]}} |
| + | * [[Italic languages|Italic]] | ||
| + | ** {{small|[[Romance languages|Romance]]}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | ;''Extinct'' | ||
* [[Anatolian languages|Anatolian]] | * [[Anatolian languages|Anatolian]] | ||
| − | |||
* [[Tocharian languages|Tocharian]] | * [[Tocharian languages|Tocharian]] | ||
| − | | | + | * [[Paleo-Balkan languages|Paleo-Balkan]] |
| − | | | + | **{{small|[[Dacian language|Dacian]]}} |
| + | **{{small|[[Illyrian languages|Illyrian]]}} | ||
| + | **{{small|[[Liburnian language|Liburnian]]}} | ||
| + | **{{small|[[Messapian language|Messapian]]}} | ||
| + | **{{small|[[Mysian language|Mysian]]}} | ||
| + | **{{small|[[Paeonian language|Paeonian]]}} | ||
| + | **{{small|[[Phrygian language|Phrygian]]}} | ||
| + | **{{small|[[Thracian language|Thracian]]}} | ||
| + | ---- | ||
| + | ;''Reconstructed'' | ||
| + | *[[Proto-Indo-European language]]<br /> | ||
| + | **[[Proto-Indo-European phonology|Phonology]]: [[Indo-European sound laws|Sound laws]], [[Proto-Indo-European accent|Accent]], [[Indo-European ablaut|Ablaut]] | ||
| + | ---- | ||
| + | ;''Hypothetical'' | ||
| + | * [[Daco-Thracian]] | ||
| + | * [[Graeco-Armenian]] | ||
| + | * [[Graeco-Aryan]] | ||
| + | * [[Graeco-Phrygian]] | ||
| + | * [[Indo-Hittite]] | ||
| + | * [[Italo-Celtic]] | ||
| + | * [[Thraco-Illyrian]] | ||
| + | ---- | ||
| + | ;''Grammar'' | ||
* [[Indo-European vocabulary|Vocabulary]] | * [[Indo-European vocabulary|Vocabulary]] | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
* [[Proto-Indo-European root|Root]] | * [[Proto-Indo-European root|Root]] | ||
| − | * [[Proto-Indo-European | + | * [[Proto-Indo-European verb|Verbs]] |
| − | * [[Proto-Indo-European | + | * [[Proto-Indo-European nominals|Nouns]] |
| − | | | + | * [[Proto-Indo-European pronouns|Pronouns]] |
| − | + | * [[Proto-Indo-European numerals|Numerals]] | |
| − | ; | + | * [[Proto-Indo-European particles|Particles]] |
| − | * [[ | + | ---- |
| − | * [[ | + | ;''Other'' |
| − | * [[ | + | * [[Proto-Albanian language|Proto-Albanian]] |
| − | * [[ | + | * [[Proto-Anatolian language|Proto-Anatolian]] |
| − | * [[ | + | * [[Proto-Armenian language|Proto-Armenian]] |
| − | * [[ | + | * [[Proto-Germanic language|Proto-Germanic]] ([[Proto-Norse language|Proto-Norse]]) |
| − | * [[ | + | * [[Proto-Celtic language|Proto-Celtic]] |
| − | * | + | * [[Proto-Italic language|Proto-Italic]] |
| − | * [[ | + | * [[Proto-Greek language|Proto-Greek]] |
| − | * [[ | + | * [[Proto-Balto-Slavic language|Proto-Balto-Slavic]] ([[Proto-Slavic]]) |
| − | + | * [[Proto-Indo-Iranian language|Proto-Indo-Iranian]] ([[Proto-Iranian language|Proto-Iranian]]) | |
| − | * [[ | + | |
| − | * [[ | + | |list2name = Philology |
| − | * [[ | + | |list2title = Philology |
| − | * [[ | + | |list2= |
| − | * [[ | + | *[[Hittite texts]] |
| − | * [[ | + | *[[Hieroglyphic Luwian]] |
| + | *[[Linear B]] | ||
| + | *[[Rigveda]] | ||
| + | *[[Avesta]] | ||
| + | *[[Homer]] | ||
| + | *[[Behistun Inscription|Behistun]] | ||
| + | *[[Gaulish language#Corpus|Gaulish epigraphy]] | ||
| + | *[[Old Latin#Corpus|Latin epigraphy]] | ||
| + | *[[Runic inscriptions|Runic epigraphy]] | ||
| + | *[[Ogam]] | ||
| + | *[[Gothic Bible]] | ||
| + | *[[Armenian Bible]] | ||
| + | *[[Slanting Brahmi]] | ||
| + | *[[Old Irish#Sources|Old Irish glosses]] | ||
| − | | | + | |list3name = Origins |
| − | | | + | |list3title = Origins |
| + | |list3= | ||
* [[Proto-Indo-European Urheimat hypotheses|Homeland]] | * [[Proto-Indo-European Urheimat hypotheses|Homeland]] | ||
| + | * [[Proto-Indo-Europeans]] | ||
* [[Proto-Indo-European society|Society]] | * [[Proto-Indo-European society|Society]] | ||
| − | * [[Proto-Indo-European | + | * [[Proto-Indo-European mythology|Religion]] |
| + | ------- | ||
| + | ;Mainstream<br> | ||
| + | * [[Kurgan hypothesis]] | ||
| + | * [[Indo-European migrations]] | ||
| + | * [[Eurasian nomads]] | ||
| + | ---------------- | ||
| + | ;Alternative and fringe<br> | ||
| + | * [[Anatolian hypothesis]] | ||
| + | * [[Armenian hypothesis]] | ||
| + | * [[Indigenous Aryans]] | ||
| + | * [[Proto-Indo-European homeland#Baltic homeland|Baltic homeland]] | ||
| + | * [[Paleolithic Continuity Theory]] | ||
| − | | | + | |list4name = Archaeology |
| − | | | + | |list4title = Archaeology |
| + | |list4 = | ||
| + | ;[[Chalcolithic|Chalcolithic (Copper Age)]]<br> | ||
| + | ''Pontic Steppe''<br> | ||
| + | * [[Domestication of the horse]] | ||
| + | * [[Kurgan]] | ||
| + | * [[Kurgan culture]] | ||
| + | * [[The Horse, the Wheel and Language|Steppe cultures]] | ||
| + | ** {{small|[[Bug–Dniester culture|Bug–Dniester]]}} | ||
| + | ** {{small|[[Sredny Stog culture|Sredny Stog]]}} | ||
| + | ** {{small|[[Dnieper–Donets culture|Dnieper–Donets]]}} | ||
| + | ** {{small|[[Samara culture|Samara]]}} | ||
| + | ** {{small|[[Khvalynsk culture|Khvalynsk]]}} | ||
| + | ** {{small|[[Yamnaya culture|Yamnaya]]}} | ||
| + | *** {{small|[[Mikhaylovka culture]]}} | ||
| + | *** {{small|[[Novotitorovka culture]]}} | ||
| + | ''Caucasus''<br> | ||
| + | * [[Maykop culture|Maykop]] | ||
| + | ''East Asia''<br> | ||
| + | * [[Afanasievo culture|Afanasievo]] | ||
| + | ''Eastern Europe''<br> | ||
| + | * {{small|[[Usatovo culture|Usatovo]]}} | ||
| + | * [[Cernavodă culture|Cernavodă]] | ||
| + | * [[Cucuteni–Trypillia culture|Cucuteni]] | ||
| + | ''Northern Europe''<br> | ||
| + | * [[Corded Ware culture|Corded ware]] | ||
| + | ** {{small|[[Baden culture|Baden]]}} | ||
| + | ** {{small|[[Middle Dnieper culture|Middle Dnieper]]}} | ||
| + | ---- | ||
| + | ;[[Bronze Age]]<br> | ||
| + | ''Pontic Steppe''<br> | ||
| + | * [[Chariot]] | ||
| + | * [[Yamnaya culture|Yamnaya]] | ||
| + | * [[Catacomb culture|Catacomb]] | ||
| + | * [[Multi-cordoned ware culture|Multi-cordoned ware]] | ||
| + | * [[Poltavka culture|Poltavka]] | ||
| + | * [[Srubna culture|Srubna]] | ||
| + | ''Northern/Eastern Steppe''<br> | ||
* [[Abashevo culture]] | * [[Abashevo culture]] | ||
| − | * [[ | + | * [[Andronovo culture|Andronovo]] |
| − | * [[ | + | * [[Sintashta culture|Sintashta]] |
| − | * [[ | + | ''Europe''<br> |
| − | * [[ | + | * [[Globular Amphora culture|Globular Amphora]] |
| − | * [[ | + | * [[Corded Ware culture|Corded ware]] |
| − | * [[ | + | * [[Beaker culture|Beaker]] |
| − | * [[ | + | * [[Unetice culture|Unetice]] |
| − | * [[ | + | * [[Trzciniec culture|Trzciniec]] |
| − | * [[ | + | * [[Nordic Bronze Age]] |
| − | * [[ | + | * [[Terramare culture|Terramare]] |
| − | * [[ | + | * [[Tumulus culture|Tumulus]] |
| − | * [[ | + | * [[Urnfield culture|Urnfield]] |
| − | * [[ | + | * [[Lusatian culture|Lusatian]] |
| − | * [[ | + | ''South Asia''<br> |
| − | * [[ | + | * [[Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex|BMAC]] |
| − | + | * [[Yaz culture|Yaz]] | |
| − | * [[ | + | * [[Gandhara grave culture|Gandhara grave]] |
| − | * [[ | + | ---- |
| − | * [[ | + | ;[[Iron Age]] |
| − | * [[ | + | ''Steppe''<br> |
| − | + | * [[Chernoles culture|Chernoles]] | |
| + | ''Europe''<br> | ||
| + | * [[Thraco-Cimmerian]] | ||
| + | * [[Hallstatt culture|Hallstatt]] | ||
| + | * [[Jastorf culture|Jastorf]] | ||
| + | ''Caucasus''<br> | ||
* [[Colchian culture|Colchian]] | * [[Colchian culture|Colchian]] | ||
| − | + | ''India'' | |
| − | * [[ | + | * [[Painted Grey Ware culture|Painted Grey Ware]] |
| − | + | * [[Northern Black Polished Ware]] | |
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | * [[ | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | | | + | |list7name = Peoples and societies |
| + | |list7title = Peoples and societies | ||
| + | |list7= | ||
| + | ;[[Bronze Age]] | ||
| + | * [[Anatolian peoples]] ({{small|[[Hittites]]}}) <br> | ||
| + | * [[Armenians]] | ||
| + | * [[Mycenaeans|Mycenaean Greeks]] | ||
| + | * [[Indo-Iranians]] | ||
| + | ;[[Iron Age]] | ||
| + | ''Indo-Aryans''<br> | ||
| + | * [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryans]] | ||
| + | ''Iranians''<br> | ||
| + | * [[Iranian peoples|Iranians]] | ||
| + | ** {{small|[[Persian people|Persians]]}} | ||
| + | ** {{small|[[Medes]]}} | ||
| + | ** {{small|[[Parthia|Parthians]]}} | ||
| + | ** {{small|[[Scythians]]}} | ||
| + | ** {{small|[[Saka]]}} | ||
| + | ** {{small|[[Sarmatians]]}} | ||
| + | ** {{small|[[Massagetae]]}} | ||
| + | ** {{small|[[Alans]]}} | ||
| + | ''East Asia''<br> | ||
| + | * [[Wusun]] | ||
| + | * [[Yuezhi]] | ||
| + | ''Europe''<br> | ||
| + | * [[Celts]] | ||
| + | ** {{small|[[Gauls]]}} | ||
| + | ** {{small|[[Celtiberians]]}} | ||
| + | ** {{small|[[Insular Celts]]}} | ||
| + | * [[Cimmerians]] | ||
| + | * [[Greeks|Hellenic peoples]] | ||
| + | * [[Italic peoples]] | ||
| + | * [[Germanic peoples]] | ||
| + | * [[Paleo-Balkan languages|Paleo-Balkan]]/[[Iron Age Anatolia|Anatolia]] | ||
| + | ** {{small|[[Thracians]]}} | ||
| + | ** {{small|[[Dacians]]}} | ||
| + | ** {{small|[[Illyrians]]}} | ||
| + | ** {{small|[[Paeonians]]}} | ||
| + | ** {{small|[[Phrygians]]}} | ||
| + | ;[[Middle Ages]] | ||
| + | ''East Asia''<br> | ||
| + | * [[Tocharians]] | ||
| + | ''Europe''<br> | ||
| + | * [[Origin of the Albanians|Albanians]] | ||
| + | * [[Balts]] | ||
| + | * [[early Slavs|Slavs]] | ||
| + | * [[Norsemen]]/[[North Germanic peoples|Medieval Scandinavians]] | ||
| + | * [[Medieval Europe]] | ||
| + | ''Indo-Aryan'' | ||
| + | * [[Medieval India]] | ||
| + | ''Iranian'' | ||
| + | * [[Greater Persia]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | |list8name = Religion and mythology | ||
| + | |list8title = Religion and mythology | ||
| + | |list8 = | ||
| + | ;''Reconstructed'' | ||
| + | *[[Proto-Indo-European mythology]] | ||
| + | *[[Proto-Indo-Iranian religion]] | ||
| + | *[[Ancient Iranian religion]] | ||
| + | ---- | ||
| + | ;''Historical'' | ||
| + | * [[Hittite mythology|Hittite]] | ||
| + | ''Indo-Aryan''<br> | ||
| + | * [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic]] | ||
| + | ** {{small|[[Hinduism]]}} | ||
| + | * {{small|[[Buddhism]]}} | ||
| + | * {{small|[[Jainism]]}} | ||
| + | * {{small|[[Sikhism]]}} | ||
| + | ''Iranian''<br> | ||
| + | * [[Persian mythology|Persian]] | ||
| + | ** {{small|[[Zoroastrianism]]}} | ||
| + | * [[Kurdish mythology|Kurdish]] | ||
| + | ** {{small|[[Yazidis|Yazidism]]}} | ||
| + | ** {{small|[[Yarsanism]]}} | ||
| + | * [[Scythian religion|Scythian]] | ||
| + | ** {{small|[[Ossetian mythology|Ossetian]]}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | ''Others''<br> | ||
| + | * [[Armenian mythology|Armenian]] | ||
| + | ''Europe''<br> | ||
| + | * [[Paleo-Balkan mythology|Paleo-Balkan]] ([[Albanian folk beliefs|Albanian]] '''·''' [[Illyrian mythology|Illyrian]] '''·''' [[Thracian religion|Thracian]] '''·''' [[Dacian religion|Dacian]]) | ||
| + | * [[Ancient Greek religion|Greek]] | ||
| + | * [[Religion in ancient Rome|Roman]] | ||
| + | * [[Celtic polytheism|Celtic]] | ||
| + | ** {{small|[[Irish mythology|Irish]]}} | ||
| + | ** {{small|[[Scottish mythology|Scottish]]}} | ||
| + | ** {{small|[[Breton mythology|Breton]]}} | ||
| + | ** {{small|[[Welsh mythology|Welsh]]}} | ||
| + | ** {{small|[[Cornish mythology|Cornish]]}} | ||
| + | * [[Germanic paganism|Germanic]] | ||
| + | ** {{small|[[Anglo-Saxon paganism|Anglo-Saxon]]}} | ||
| + | ** {{small|[[Continental Germanic mythology|Continental]]}} | ||
| + | ** {{small|[[Norse religion|Norse]]}} | ||
| + | * [[Baltic mythology|Baltic]] | ||
| + | ** {{small|[[Latvian mythology|Latvian]]}} | ||
| + | ** {{small|[[Lithuanian mythology|Lithuanian]]}} | ||
| + | * [[Slavic mythology|Slavic]] | ||
| + | ;''Practices'' | ||
| + | * [[Fire worship#Indo-European religions|Fire sacrifice]] | ||
| + | * [[Horse sacrifice]] | ||
| + | * [[Sati (practice)|Sati]] | ||
| + | * [[Winter solstice]]/[[Yule]] | ||
| − | + | |list9name = Academic research | |
| + | |list9title = [[Indo-European studies]] | ||
| + | |list9 = | ||
| + | ;''Scholars'' | ||
| + | * [[Marija Gimbutas]] | ||
| + | * [[J. P. Mallory]] | ||
| + | ;''Institutes'' | ||
| + | * [[Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European]] | ||
| + | ;''Publications'' | ||
| + | * ''[[Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture]]'' | ||
| + | * ''[[The Horse, the Wheel and Language]]'' | ||
| + | * ''[[Journal of Indo-European Studies]]'' | ||
| + | * ''[[Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch]]'' | ||
| + | * ''[[Indo-European Etymological Dictionary]]'' | ||
| + | <!-- | ||
| + | | belowclass = plainlist | ||
| + | | below = | ||
| + | * {{main other|[[Category:Indo-European]]}} | ||
| + | --> | ||
| + | }}<noinclude>{{Documentation | ||
| + | |content = | ||
== See also == | == See also == | ||
| − | *{{ | + | * {{Tl|Hypothetical Indo-European subfamilies}} |
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Latest revision as of 14:47, 8 January 2021
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