Difference between revisions of "Template:Geologic time scale"

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imported>Chris55
m (Reverted edits by 24.218.110.195 (talk) to last version by Tobias1984)
imported>Thomas-1770
m (Very minor edit. Added a space between many words that were displaying jointly. The most common example is "andlink" which was edited to "and link". Every instance involved a word, then a missing space, then a link.)
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|rowspan="101" style="background:#ffffff"| n/a<ref>References to the "Post-Cambrian Supereon" are not universally accepted, and therefore must be considered unofficial.</ref>
 
|rowspan="101" style="background:#ffffff"| n/a<ref>References to the "Post-Cambrian Supereon" are not universally accepted, and therefore must be considered unofficial.</ref>
 
|rowspan="101" style="background:#b3e2d1"| [[Phanerozoic]]
 
|rowspan="101" style="background:#b3e2d1"| [[Phanerozoic]]
|rowspan="23" style="background:#ffff00"| [[Cenozoic]]<ref name="cenozoic-division">Historically, the [[Cenozoic]] has been divided up into the [[Quaternary]] and [[Tertiary]] sub-eras, as well as the [[Neogene]] and [[Paleogene]] periods. The[http://www.stratigraphy.org/upload/ISChart2009.pdf 2009 version of the ICS time chart] recognizes a slightly extended Quaternary as well as the Paleogene and a truncated Neogene, the Tertiary having been demoted to informal status.</ref>
+
|rowspan="23" style="background:#ffff00"| [[Cenozoic]]<ref name="cenozoic-division">Historically, the [[Cenozoic]] has been divided up into the [[Quaternary]] and [[Tertiary]] sub-eras, as well as the [[Neogene]] and [[Paleogene]] periods. The [http://www.stratigraphy.org/upload/ISChart2009.pdf 2009 version of the ICS time chart] recognizes a slightly extended Quaternary as well as the Paleogene and a truncated Neogene, the Tertiary having been demoted to informal status.</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
 
|rowspan="5" style="background:#ffff7f"| [[Quaternary]]
 
|rowspan="5" style="background:#ffff7f"| [[Quaternary]]
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|style="background:#FFF5EF"|  
 
|style="background:#FFF5EF"|  
 
[[Chronozone|chrons]]: [[Subatlantic|Subatlantic]]{{·}}[[Subboreal|Subboreal]]{{·}}[[Atlantic (period)|Atlantic]]{{·}}[[Boreal (period)|Boreal]]{{·}}[[Preboreal]]
 
[[Chronozone|chrons]]: [[Subatlantic|Subatlantic]]{{·}}[[Subboreal|Subboreal]]{{·}}[[Atlantic (period)|Atlantic]]{{·}}[[Boreal (period)|Boreal]]{{·}}[[Preboreal]]
|rowspan="1" | [[Quaternary glaciation|Quaternary Ice Age]] recedes, and the current [[interglacial]] begins; rise of human[[civilization]].  [[Sahara]] forms from savannah, and [[agriculture]] begins.  [[Stone Age]] cultures give way to [[Bronze Age]] (3300 BC) and [[Iron Age]] (1200 BC), giving rise to [[Synoptic table of the principal old world prehistoric cultures|many pre-historic cultures]]throughout the world. [[Little Ice Age]] ([[stadial]]) causes brief cooling in [[Northern Hemisphere]] from 1400 to 1850. Following the[[Industrial Revolution]], [[Earth's atmosphere|Atmospheric]] [[Carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere|CO<sub>2</sub>]] levels rise from around 280 [[parts per million]] volume (ppmv) to the current level of 390 ppmv.<ref name="atmospheric-carbon-dioxide">For more information on this, see the following articles: [[Earth's atmosphere]], [[carbon dioxide]], [[Carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere]], [[global warming]], [[climate change]], [[:Image:Phanerozoic_Carbon_Dioxide.png]], [[:Image:65 Myr Climate Change.png]], [[:Image:Five Myr Climate Change.png]]</ref>
+
|rowspan="1" | [[Quaternary glaciation|Quaternary Ice Age]] recedes, and the current [[interglacial]] begins; rise of human [[civilization]].  [[Sahara]] forms from savannah, and [[agriculture]] begins.  [[Stone Age]] cultures give way to [[Bronze Age]] (3300 BC) and [[Iron Age]] (1200 BC), giving rise to [[Synoptic table of the principal old world prehistoric cultures|many pre-historic cultures]]throughout the world. [[Little Ice Age]] ([[stadial]]) causes brief cooling in [[Northern Hemisphere]] from 1400 to 1850. Following the [[Industrial Revolution]], [[Earth's atmosphere|Atmospheric]] [[Carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere|CO<sub>2</sub>]] levels rise from around 280 [[parts per million]] volume (ppmv) to the current level of 390 ppmv.<ref name="atmospheric-carbon-dioxide">For more information on this, see the following articles: [[Earth's atmosphere]], [[carbon dioxide]], [[Carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere]], [[global warming]], [[climate change]], [[:Image:Phanerozoic_Carbon_Dioxide.png]], [[:Image:65 Myr Climate Change.png]], [[:Image:Five Myr Climate Change.png]]</ref>
 
|style="background:#ffffb3"| 0.0117<ref name="holocene">The start time for the [[Holocene]] epoch is here given as [[Upper Paleolithic|11,700]] [[before present|years ago]]. For further discussion of the dating of this epoch, see [[Holocene]].</ref>
 
|style="background:#ffffb3"| 0.0117<ref name="holocene">The start time for the [[Holocene]] epoch is here given as [[Upper Paleolithic|11,700]] [[before present|years ago]]. For further discussion of the dating of this epoch, see [[Holocene]].</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
 
|rowspan="4" style="background:#ffff62"| [[Pleistocene]]
 
|rowspan="4" style="background:#ffff62"| [[Pleistocene]]
 
| [[Late Pleistocene|Upper]] (locally [[Tarantian]]{{·}}[[Tyrrhenian Stage|Tyrrhenian]]{{·}}[[Eemian]]{{·}}[[Sangamonian Stage|Sangamonian]])
 
| [[Late Pleistocene|Upper]] (locally [[Tarantian]]{{·}}[[Tyrrhenian Stage|Tyrrhenian]]{{·}}[[Eemian]]{{·}}[[Sangamonian Stage|Sangamonian]])
|rowspan="4"| Flourishing and then extinction of many large [[mammal]]s ([[Pleistocene megafauna]]). Evolution of anatomically modern[[human]]s. [[Last glacial period|Quaternary Ice Age]] continues with [[glaciations]] and [[interstadial]]s (and the accompanying fluctuations from 100 to 300 ppmv in [[Earth's atmosphere|atmospheric]] CO<sub>2</sub> levels<ref name="atmospheric-carbon-dioxide" />), further intensification of [[Greenhouse and Icehouse Earth|Icehouse Earth]] conditions, roughly 1.6 [[Year#SI_prefix_multipliers|Ma]].[[Last glacial maximum]] (30000 [[before present|years ago]]), [[last glacial period]] (18000&ndash;15000 years ago). Dawn of human [[Lower Paleolithic#Cultures|stone-age cultures]], with [[Middle Paleolithic#Cultures|increasing technical complexity]] relative to previous ice age cultures, such as [[Upper Paleolithic#Cultures|engravings and clay statues]] (e.g. [[Venus of Lespugue]]), particularly in the[[Mediterranean]] and Europe. [[Lake Toba]] [[supervolcano]] erupts 75000 years before present, causing a [[volcanic winter]] that [[Toba catastrophe theory|pushes humanity to the brink of extinction]].  Pleistocene ends with [[Oldest Dryas]], [[Older Dryas]]/[[Allerød Oscillation|Allerød]] and [[Younger Dryas]] climate events, with Younger Dryas forming the boundary with the Holocene.
+
|rowspan="4"| Flourishing and then extinction of many large [[mammal]]s ([[Pleistocene megafauna]]). Evolution of anatomically modern [[human]]s. [[Last glacial period|Quaternary Ice Age]] continues with [[glaciations]] and [[interstadial]]s (and the accompanying fluctuations from 100 to 300 ppmv in [[Earth's atmosphere|atmospheric]] CO<sub>2</sub> levels<ref name="atmospheric-carbon-dioxide" />), further intensification of [[Greenhouse and Icehouse Earth|Icehouse Earth]] conditions, roughly 1.6 [[Year#SI_prefix_multipliers|Ma]].[[Last glacial maximum]] (30000 [[before present|years ago]]), [[last glacial period]] (18000&ndash;15000 years ago). Dawn of human [[Lower Paleolithic#Cultures|stone-age cultures]], with [[Middle Paleolithic#Cultures|increasing technical complexity]] relative to previous ice age cultures, such as [[Upper Paleolithic#Cultures|engravings and clay statues]] (e.g. [[Venus of Lespugue]]), particularly in the [[Mediterranean]] and Europe. [[Lake Toba]] [[supervolcano]] erupts 75000 years before present, causing a [[volcanic winter]] that [[Toba catastrophe theory|pushes humanity to the brink of extinction]].  Pleistocene ends with [[Oldest Dryas]], [[Older Dryas]]/[[Allerød Oscillation|Allerød]] and [[Younger Dryas]] climate events, with Younger Dryas forming the boundary with the Holocene.
 
|style="background:#ffff62"| 0.126
 
|style="background:#ffff62"| 0.126
 
|-
 
|-
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|rowspan="6" style="background:#ffde00"| [[Miocene]]
 
|rowspan="6" style="background:#ffde00"| [[Miocene]]
 
| [[Messinian]]
 
| [[Messinian]]
|rowspan="6"| [[Greenhouse and Icehouse Earth|Moderate Icehouse climate]], puncuated by [[ice age]]s; [[Orogeny]] in [[northern hemisphere]]. Modern [[mammal]] and [[bird]] families become recognizable.  [[Equidae|Horses]] and [[mastodon]]s diverse. [[Grass]]es become ubiquitous. First [[ape]]s appear (for reference see the article: "[[Sahelanthropus tchadensis]]"). [[Kaikoura Orogeny]] forms[[Southern Alps]] in New Zealand, continues today. Orogeny of the Alps in Europe slows, but continues to this day. [[Carpathian orogeny]]forms [[Carpathian Mountains]] in [[Central Europe|Central]] and [[Eastern Europe]]. [[Hellenic orogeny]] in Greece and Aegean Sea slows, but continues to this day. [[Middle Miocene Disruption]] occurs. Widespread forests slowly [[photosynthesis|draw in]] massive amounts of CO<sub>2</sub>, gradually lowering the level of atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> from 650 ppmv down to around 100 ppmv<ref name="atmospheric-carbon-dioxide" />.
+
|rowspan="6"| [[Greenhouse and Icehouse Earth|Moderate Icehouse climate]], puncuated by [[ice age]]s; [[Orogeny]] in [[northern hemisphere]]. Modern [[mammal]] and [[bird]] families become recognizable.  [[Equidae|Horses]] and [[mastodon]]s diverse. [[Grass]]es become ubiquitous. First [[ape]]s appear (for reference see the article: "[[Sahelanthropus tchadensis]]"). [[Kaikoura Orogeny]] forms [[Southern Alps]] in New Zealand, continues today. Orogeny of the Alps in Europe slows, but continues to this day. [[Carpathian orogeny]]forms [[Carpathian Mountains]] in [[Central Europe|Central]] and [[Eastern Europe]]. [[Hellenic orogeny]] in Greece and Aegean Sea slows, but continues to this day. [[Middle Miocene Disruption]] occurs. Widespread forests slowly [[photosynthesis|draw in]] massive amounts of CO<sub>2</sub>, gradually lowering the level of atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> from 650 ppmv down to around 100 ppmv<ref name="atmospheric-carbon-dioxide" />.
 
|style="background:#ffde00"| 7.246<sup>*</sup>
 
|style="background:#ffde00"| 7.246<sup>*</sup>
 
|-
 
|-
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|rowspan="6" style="background:#def197"| [[Late Cretaceous|Upper]]
 
|rowspan="6" style="background:#def197"| [[Late Cretaceous|Upper]]
 
| [[Maastrichtian]]
 
| [[Maastrichtian]]
|rowspan="12"| [[Flowering plant]]s proliferate, along with new types of [[insect]]s. More modern [[teleost]] fish begin to appear.[[Ammonoidea]], [[Belemnoidea|belemnites]], [[rudist]] [[Bivalvia|bivalve]]s, [[Echinoidea|echinoid]]s and [[Porifera|sponges]] all common. Many new types of [[dinosaur]]s (e.g. [[Tyrannosauridae|Tyrannosaurs]], [[Titanosauridae|Titanosaurs]], [[Hadrosauridae|duck bills]], and[[Ceratopsidae|horned dinosaurs]]) evolve on land, as do [[Eusuchia]] ([[Crocodilia|modern crocodilians]]); and [[mosasaur]]s and modern[[shark]]s appear in the sea. Primitive [[bird]]s gradually replace [[pterosaurs]]. [[Monotremes]], [[marsupial]]s and[[Eutheria|placental]] mammals appear. Break up of [[Gondwana]]. Beginning of [[Laramide Orogeny|Laramide]] and [[Sevier Orogeny|Sevier Orogenies]] of the [[Rocky Mountains]]. [[Earth's atmosphere|Atmospheric]] CO<sub>2</sub> close to present-day levels.
+
|rowspan="12"| [[Flowering plant]]s proliferate, along with new types of [[insect]]s. More modern [[teleost]] fish begin to appear.[[Ammonoidea]], [[Belemnoidea|belemnites]], [[rudist]] [[Bivalvia|bivalve]]s, [[Echinoidea|echinoid]]s and [[Porifera|sponges]] all common. Many new types of [[dinosaur]]s (e.g. [[Tyrannosauridae|Tyrannosaurs]], [[Titanosauridae|Titanosaurs]], [[Hadrosauridae|duck bills]], and [[Ceratopsidae|horned dinosaurs]]) evolve on land, as do [[Eusuchia]] ([[Crocodilia|modern crocodilians]]); and [[mosasaur]]s and modern [[shark]]s appear in the sea. Primitive [[bird]]s gradually replace [[pterosaurs]]. [[Monotremes]], [[marsupial]]s and [[Eutheria|placental]] mammals appear. Break up of [[Gondwana]]. Beginning of [[Laramide Orogeny|Laramide]] and [[Sevier Orogeny|Sevier Orogenies]] of the [[Rocky Mountains]]. [[Earth's atmosphere|Atmospheric]] CO<sub>2</sub> close to present-day levels.
 
|style="background:#def197"| 72.1 ±&nbsp;0.2<sup>*</sup>
 
|style="background:#def197"| 72.1 ±&nbsp;0.2<sup>*</sup>
 
|-
 
|-
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|rowspan="3" style="background:#ccebc5"| [[Late Jurassic|Upper]]
 
|rowspan="3" style="background:#ccebc5"| [[Late Jurassic|Upper]]
 
| [[Tithonian]]
 
| [[Tithonian]]
|rowspan="11"| [[Gymnosperm]]s (especially [[conifer]]s, [[Bennettitales]] and [[cycad]]s) and [[fern]]s common. Many types of[[dinosaur]]s, such as [[sauropod]]s, [[carnosaur]]s, and [[stegosaur]]s. Mammals common but small. First [[bird]]s and[[Squamata|lizards]]. [[Ichthyosaur]]s and [[plesiosaur]]s diverse. [[Bivalvia|Bivalve]]s, [[Ammonite]]s and [[Belemnoidea|belemnites]]abundant. [[Sea urchin]]s very common, along with [[crinoid]]s, starfish, [[Porifera|sponges]], and [[Terebratulida|terebratulid]] and[[Rhynchonellida|rhynchonellid]] [[brachiopod]]s. Breakup of [[Pangaea]] into [[Gondwana]] and [[Laurasia]]. [[Nevadan orogeny]] in North America. [[Rangitata Orogeny|Rantigata]] and [[Cimmerian Orogeny|Cimmerian Orogenies]] taper off. Atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> levels 4&ndash;5 times the present day levels (1200&ndash;1500 ppmv, compared to today's 385 ppmv<ref name="atmospheric-carbon-dioxide" />).
+
|rowspan="11"| [[Gymnosperm]]s (especially [[conifer]]s, [[Bennettitales]] and [[cycad]]s) and [[fern]]s common. Many types of [[dinosaur]]s, such as [[sauropod]]s, [[carnosaur]]s, and [[stegosaur]]s. Mammals common but small. First [[bird]]s and [[Squamata|lizards]]. [[Ichthyosaur]]s and [[plesiosaur]]s diverse. [[Bivalvia|Bivalve]]s, [[Ammonite]]s and [[Belemnoidea|belemnites]]abundant. [[Sea urchin]]s very common, along with [[crinoid]]s, starfish, [[Porifera|sponges]], and [[Terebratulida|terebratulid]] and [[Rhynchonellida|rhynchonellid]] [[brachiopod]]s. Breakup of [[Pangaea]] into [[Gondwana]] and [[Laurasia]]. [[Nevadan orogeny]] in North America. [[Rangitata Orogeny|Rantigata]] and [[Cimmerian Orogeny|Cimmerian Orogenies]] taper off. Atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> levels 4&ndash;5 times the present day levels (1200&ndash;1500 ppmv, compared to today's 385 ppmv<ref name="atmospheric-carbon-dioxide" />).
 
|style="background:#ccebc5"| 152.1 ±&nbsp;0.9
 
|style="background:#ccebc5"| 152.1 ±&nbsp;0.9
 
|-
 
|-
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|rowspan="3" style="background:#ccece1"| [[Late Triassic|Upper]]
 
|rowspan="3" style="background:#ccece1"| [[Late Triassic|Upper]]
 
| [[Rhaetian]]
 
| [[Rhaetian]]
|rowspan="7"| [[Archosaur]]s dominant on land as [[dinosaur]]s, in the oceans as [[Ichthyosaur]]s and [[nothosaur]]s, and in the air as[[pterosaur]]s. [[Cynodont]]s become smaller and more mammal-like, while first [[mammal]]s and [[crocodilia]] appear. ''[[Dicroidium]]''flora common on land. Many large aquatic [[temnospondyli|temnospondyl]] amphibians. [[Ammonite|Ceratitic ammonoids]] extremely common.[[Scleractinia|Modern corals]] and [[teleost]] fish appear, as do many modern [[insect]] clades. [[Andes Mountains|Andean Orogeny]] in South America. [[Cimmerian Orogeny]] in Asia. [[Rangitata Orogeny]] begins in New Zealand. [[Hunter-Bowen Orogeny]] in [[Northern Australia]], Queensland and [[New South Wales]] ends, (c. 260&ndash;225 [[Year#SI_prefix_multipliers|Ma]])
+
|rowspan="7"| [[Archosaur]]s dominant on land as [[dinosaur]]s, in the oceans as [[Ichthyosaur]]s and [[nothosaur]]s, and in the air as [[pterosaur]]s. [[Cynodont]]s become smaller and more mammal-like, while first [[mammal]]s and [[crocodilia]] appear. ''[[Dicroidium]]''flora common on land. Many large aquatic [[temnospondyli|temnospondyl]] amphibians. [[Ammonite|Ceratitic ammonoids]] extremely common.[[Scleractinia|Modern corals]] and [[teleost]] fish appear, as do many modern [[insect]] clades. [[Andes Mountains|Andean Orogeny]] in South America. [[Cimmerian Orogeny]] in Asia. [[Rangitata Orogeny]] begins in New Zealand. [[Hunter-Bowen Orogeny]] in [[Northern Australia]], Queensland and [[New South Wales]] ends, (c. 260&ndash;225 [[Year#SI_prefix_multipliers|Ma]])
 
|style="background:#ccece1"| c. 208.5
 
|style="background:#ccece1"| c. 208.5
 
|-
 
|-
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|rowspan="2" style="background:#b3e3ee"| [[Lopingian]]
 
|rowspan="2" style="background:#b3e3ee"| [[Lopingian]]
 
| [[Changhsingian]]
 
| [[Changhsingian]]
|rowspan="9"| [[Landmass]]es unite into [[supercontinent]] [[Pangaea]], creating the [[Appalachian Mountains|Appalachian]]s. End of Permo-Carboniferous glaciation. [[Synapsida|Synapsid]] [[Reptilia|reptile]]s ([[pelycosaur]]s and [[therapsid]]s) become plentiful, while[[parareptile]]s and [[temnospondyli|temnospondyl]] [[Amphibian|amphibians]] remain common. In the mid-Permian, [[coal]]-age flora are replaced by [[Conifer cone|cone]]-bearing [[gymnosperm]]s (the first true [[seed plants]]) and by the first true [[moss]]es. [[Beetles]]and [[Fly|flies]] evolve. Marine life flourishes in warm shallow reefs; [[Productida|productid]] and [[Spiriferida|spiriferid]]brachiopods, bivalves, [[foraminifera|foram]]s, and [[orthocerid|ammonoid]]s all abundant. [[Permian-Triassic extinction event]] occurs 251[[Year#SI_prefix_multipliers|Ma]]: 95% of life on Earth becomes extinct, including all [[trilobite]]s, [[graptolite]]s, and [[blastoid]]s.[[Ouachita Orogeny|Ouachita]] and [[Innuitian orogeny|Innuitian orogenies]] in North America. [[Uralian orogeny]] in Europe/Asia tapers off. [[Altai Mountains|Altaid]] orogeny in Asia. [[Hunter-Bowen Orogeny]] on [[Australia (Continent)|Australian Continent]] begins (c. 260&ndash;225 [[Year#SI_prefix_multipliers|Ma]]), forming the [[MacDonnell Ranges]].
+
|rowspan="9"| [[Landmass]]es unite into [[supercontinent]] [[Pangaea]], creating the [[Appalachian Mountains|Appalachian]]s. End of Permo-Carboniferous glaciation. [[Synapsida|Synapsid]] [[Reptilia|reptile]]s ([[pelycosaur]]s and [[therapsid]]s) become plentiful, while [[parareptile]]s and [[temnospondyli|temnospondyl]] [[Amphibian|amphibians]] remain common. In the mid-Permian, [[coal]]-age flora are replaced by [[Conifer cone|cone]]-bearing [[gymnosperm]]s (the first true [[seed plants]]) and by the first true [[moss]]es. [[Beetles]]and [[Fly|flies]] evolve. Marine life flourishes in warm shallow reefs; [[Productida|productid]] and [[Spiriferida|spiriferid]]brachiopods, bivalves, [[foraminifera|foram]]s, and [[orthocerid|ammonoid]]s all abundant. [[Permian-Triassic extinction event]] occurs 251[[Year#SI_prefix_multipliers|Ma]]: 95% of life on Earth becomes extinct, including all [[trilobite]]s, [[graptolite]]s, and [[blastoid]]s.[[Ouachita Orogeny|Ouachita]] and [[Innuitian orogeny|Innuitian orogenies]] in North America. [[Uralian orogeny]] in Europe/Asia tapers off. [[Altai Mountains|Altaid]] orogeny in Asia. [[Hunter-Bowen Orogeny]] on [[Australia (Continent)|Australian Continent]] begins (c. 260&ndash;225 [[Year#SI_prefix_multipliers|Ma]]), forming the [[MacDonnell Ranges]].
 
|style="background:#b3e3ee"| 254.2 ±&nbsp;0.1<sup>*</sup>
 
|style="background:#b3e3ee"| 254.2 ±&nbsp;0.1<sup>*</sup>
 
|-
 
|-
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|style="background:#8091ad"| [[Late Mississippian|Upper]]
 
|style="background:#8091ad"| [[Late Mississippian|Upper]]
 
| [[Serpukhovian]]
 
| [[Serpukhovian]]
|rowspan="3"| Large [[Lycopodiophyta|primitive tree]]s, first [[Tetrapoda|land vertebrate]]s, and amphibious [[eurypterid|sea-scorpion]]s live amid [[coal]]-forming coastal [[brackish water|swamp]]s. Lobe-finned [[rhizodont]]s are dominant big fresh-water predators. In the oceans, early [[Chondrichthyes|shark]]s are common and quite diverse; [[echinoderm]]s (especially [[crinoid]]s and [[blastoid]]s) abundant.[[Coral]]s, [[bryozoa]], [[Goniatitida|goniatite]]s and brachiopods ([[Productida]], [[Spiriferida]], etc.) very common, but[[Trilobita|trilobite]]s and [[nautiloid]]s decline. [[Glaciation]] in East [[Gondwana]]. [[Mayor Island/Tuhua|Tuhua Orogeny]] in New Zealand tapers off.
+
|rowspan="3"| Large [[Lycopodiophyta|primitive tree]]s, first [[Tetrapoda|land vertebrate]]s, and amphibious [[eurypterid|sea-scorpion]]s live amid [[coal]]-forming coastal [[brackish water|swamp]]s. Lobe-finned [[rhizodont]]s are dominant big fresh-water predators. In the oceans, early [[Chondrichthyes|shark]]s are common and quite diverse; [[echinoderm]]s (especially [[crinoid]]s and [[blastoid]]s) abundant.[[Coral]]s, [[bryozoa]], [[Goniatitida|goniatite]]s and brachiopods ([[Productida]], [[Spiriferida]], etc.) very common, but [[Trilobita|trilobite]]s and [[nautiloid]]s decline. [[Glaciation]] in East [[Gondwana]]. [[Mayor Island/Tuhua|Tuhua Orogeny]] in New Zealand tapers off.
 
|style="background:#8091ad"| 330.9 ±&nbsp;0.2
 
|style="background:#8091ad"| 330.9 ±&nbsp;0.2
 
|-
 
|-
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|rowspan="2" style="background:#cbbddc"| [[Late Devonian|Upper]]
 
|rowspan="2" style="background:#cbbddc"| [[Late Devonian|Upper]]
 
| [[Famennian]]
 
| [[Famennian]]
|rowspan="7"| First [[Lycopodiopsida|clubmoss]]es, [[Equisetophyta|horsetail]]s and [[fern]]s appear, as do the first [[seed]]-bearing plants ([[progymnosperm]]s), first [[tree]]s (the progymnosperm ''[[Archaeopteris]]''), and first (wingless) [[Insecta|insect]]s.[[Strophomenida|Strophomenid]] and [[Atrypida|atrypid]] [[brachiopod]]s, [[Rugosa|rugose]] and [[Tabulata|tabulate]] corals, and[[crinoid]]s are all abundant in the oceans. [[Goniatite]] [[Ammonite|ammonoids]] are plentiful, while squid-like [[Coleoidea|coleoids]]arise. Trilobites and armoured agnaths decline, while jawed fishes ([[Placodermi|placoderm]]s, [[Sarcopterygii|lobe-finned]] and[[Osteichthyes|ray-finned]] fish, and early [[Chondrichthyes|sharks]]) rule the seas. First [[amphibian]]s still aquatic. "Old Red Continent" of [[Euramerica]]. Beginning of [[Acadian Orogeny]] for [[Atlas Mountains|Anti-Atlas Mountains]] of [[North Africa]], and[[Appalachian Mountains]] of North America, also the [[Antler Orogeny|Antler]], [[Variscan Orogeny|Variscan]], and [[Mayor Island/Tuhua|Tuhua Orogeny]] in New Zealand.
+
|rowspan="7"| First [[Lycopodiopsida|clubmoss]]es, [[Equisetophyta|horsetail]]s and [[fern]]s appear, as do the first [[seed]]-bearing plants ([[progymnosperm]]s), first [[tree]]s (the progymnosperm ''[[Archaeopteris]]''), and first (wingless) [[Insecta|insect]]s.[[Strophomenida|Strophomenid]] and [[Atrypida|atrypid]] [[brachiopod]]s, [[Rugosa|rugose]] and [[Tabulata|tabulate]] corals, and [[crinoid]]s are all abundant in the oceans. [[Goniatite]] [[Ammonite|ammonoids]] are plentiful, while squid-like [[Coleoidea|coleoids]]arise. Trilobites and armoured agnaths decline, while jawed fishes ([[Placodermi|placoderm]]s, [[Sarcopterygii|lobe-finned]] and [[Osteichthyes|ray-finned]] fish, and early [[Chondrichthyes|sharks]]) rule the seas. First [[amphibian]]s still aquatic. "Old Red Continent" of [[Euramerica]]. Beginning of [[Acadian Orogeny]] for [[Atlas Mountains|Anti-Atlas Mountains]] of [[North Africa]], and [[Appalachian Mountains]] of North America, also the [[Antler Orogeny|Antler]], [[Variscan Orogeny|Variscan]], and [[Mayor Island/Tuhua|Tuhua Orogeny]] in New Zealand.
 
|style="background:#cbbddc"| 372.2 ±&nbsp;1.6<sup>*</sup>
 
|style="background:#cbbddc"| 372.2 ±&nbsp;1.6<sup>*</sup>
 
|-
 
|-
Line 300: Line 300:
 
|style="background:#e9c7e2"| [[Pridoli epoch|Pridoli]]
 
|style="background:#e9c7e2"| [[Pridoli epoch|Pridoli]]
 
| ''no faunal stages defined''
 
| ''no faunal stages defined''
|rowspan="8"| First [[Vascular plant]]s (the [[rhyniophytes]] and their relatives), first [[millipede]]s and[[Arthropleurida|arthropleurid]]s on land. First [[jawed fish]]es, as well as many [[ostracoderm|armoured]] [[agnatha|jawless fish]], populate the seas. [[Eurypterid|Sea-scorpions]] reach large size. [[Tabulate coral|Tabulate]] and [[Rugosa|rugose]] corals, [[brachiopod]]s (''Pentamerida'', [[Rhynchonellida]], etc.), and [[crinoid]]s all abundant. [[Trilobite]]s and [[mollusk]]s diverse; [[graptolite]]s not as varied. Beginning of [[Caledonian Orogeny]] for hills in England, Ireland, Wales, Scotland, and the [[Scandinavian Mountains]]. Also continued into Devonian period as the [[Acadian Orogeny]], above. [[Taconic Orogeny]] tapers off. [[Lachlan Orogeny]] on [[Australia (Continent)|Australian Continent]] tapers off.
+
|rowspan="8"| First [[Vascular plant]]s (the [[rhyniophytes]] and their relatives), first [[millipede]]s and [[Arthropleurida|arthropleurid]]s on land. First [[jawed fish]]es, as well as many [[ostracoderm|armoured]] [[agnatha|jawless fish]], populate the seas. [[Eurypterid|Sea-scorpions]] reach large size. [[Tabulate coral|Tabulate]] and [[Rugosa|rugose]] corals, [[brachiopod]]s (''Pentamerida'', [[Rhynchonellida]], etc.), and [[crinoid]]s all abundant. [[Trilobite]]s and [[mollusk]]s diverse; [[graptolite]]s not as varied. Beginning of [[Caledonian Orogeny]] for hills in England, Ireland, Wales, Scotland, and the [[Scandinavian Mountains]]. Also continued into Devonian period as the [[Acadian Orogeny]], above. [[Taconic Orogeny]] tapers off. [[Lachlan Orogeny]] on [[Australia (Continent)|Australian Continent]] tapers off.
 
|style="background:#e9c7e2"| 423.0 ±&nbsp;2.3<sup>*</sup>
 
|style="background:#e9c7e2"| 423.0 ±&nbsp;2.3<sup>*</sup>
 
|-
 
|-
Line 330: Line 330:
 
|rowspan="3" style="background:#fbb4bd"| [[Late Ordovician|Upper]]
 
|rowspan="3" style="background:#fbb4bd"| [[Late Ordovician|Upper]]
 
| [[Hirnantian]]
 
| [[Hirnantian]]
|rowspan="7"| [[Invertebrate]]s diversify into many new types (e.g., long [[orthoconic|straight-shelled]] [[orthocerida|cephalopods]]). Early [[coral]]s, articulate [[brachiopod]]s (''Orthida'', ''Strophomenida'', etc.), [[Bivalvia|bivalves]], [[nautiloid]]s, [[trilobite]]s,[[ostracod]]s, [[bryozoa]], many types of [[echinoderms]] ([[crinoid]]s, [[Cystoidea|cystoids]], [[Asteroidea|starfish]], etc.), branched[[graptolite]]s, and other taxa all common. [[Conodont]]s (early [[plankton]]ic [[vertebrate]]s) appear. First [[Embryophyte|green plant]]s and [[fungus|fungi]] on land. Ice age at end of period.
+
|rowspan="7"| [[Invertebrate]]s diversify into many new types (e.g., long [[orthoconic|straight-shelled]] [[orthocerida|cephalopods]]). Early [[coral]]s, articulate [[brachiopod]]s (''Orthida'', ''Strophomenida'', etc.), [[Bivalvia|bivalves]], [[nautiloid]]s, [[trilobite]]s,[[ostracod]]s, [[bryozoa]], many types of [[echinoderms]] ([[crinoid]]s, [[Cystoidea|cystoids]], [[Asteroidea|starfish]], etc.), branched [[graptolite]]s, and other taxa all common. [[Conodont]]s (early [[plankton]]ic [[vertebrate]]s) appear. First [[Embryophyte|green plant]]s and [[fungus|fungi]] on land. Ice age at end of period.
 
|style="background:#fbb4bd"| 445.2&nbsp;±&nbsp;1.4<sup>*</sup>
 
|style="background:#fbb4bd"| 445.2&nbsp;±&nbsp;1.4<sup>*</sup>
 
|-
 
|-
Line 393: Line 393:
 
|rowspan="3" style="background:#caa595"| [[Neoproterozoic|Neo-<br />proterozoic]]<ref name="Precambrian-Time" />
 
|rowspan="3" style="background:#caa595"| [[Neoproterozoic|Neo-<br />proterozoic]]<ref name="Precambrian-Time" />
 
|style="background:#ead8bc"| [[Ediacaran]]
 
|style="background:#ead8bc"| [[Ediacaran]]
|colspan="3"| Good [[fossil]]s of the first [[Metazoa|multi-celled animal]]s. [[Ediacaran biota]] flourish worldwide in seas. Simple[[trace fossil]]s of possible worm-like ''[[Trichophycus pedum|Trichophycus]]'', etc. First [[Porifera|sponge]]s and[[Trilobita|trilobitomorph]]s. Enigmatic forms include many soft-jellied creatures shaped like bags, disks, or quilts (like''[[Dickinsonia]]''). [[Taconic Orogeny]] in North America. [[Aravalli Range]] [[orogeny]] in [[Indian Subcontinent]]. Beginning of[[Petermann Orogeny]] on [[Australia (Continent)|Australian Continent]]. Beardmore Orogeny in Antarctica, 633&ndash;620[[Year#SI_prefix_multipliers|Ma]].
+
|colspan="3"| Good [[fossil]]s of the first [[Metazoa|multi-celled animal]]s. [[Ediacaran biota]] flourish worldwide in seas. Simple [[trace fossil]]s of possible worm-like ''[[Trichophycus pedum|Trichophycus]]'', etc. First [[Porifera|sponge]]s and [[Trilobita|trilobitomorph]]s. Enigmatic forms include many soft-jellied creatures shaped like bags, disks, or quilts (like''[[Dickinsonia]]''). [[Taconic Orogeny]] in North America. [[Aravalli Range]] [[orogeny]] in [[Indian Subcontinent]]. Beginning of [[Petermann Orogeny]] on [[Australia (Continent)|Australian Continent]]. Beardmore Orogeny in Antarctica, 633&ndash;620[[Year#SI_prefix_multipliers|Ma]].
 
|style="background:#ead8bc"| c. 635<sup>*</sup>
 
|style="background:#ead8bc"| c. 635<sup>*</sup>
 
|-
 
|-

Revision as of 15:33, 13 March 2013

ar:قالب:المقياس الزمني الجيولوجي es:Plantilla:Escala temporal geológica hi:भूवैज्ञानिक समय-मान pt:Predefinição:Tempo geológico zh:Template:Geologic time scale