Difference between revisions of "Template:Geologic time scale"

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|rowspan="5" style="background:#ffff7f"| [[Quaternary]]
 
|rowspan="5" style="background:#ffff7f"| [[Quaternary]]
 
|style="background:#ffffb3"| [[Holocene]]
 
|style="background:#ffffb3"| [[Holocene]]
|style="background:#FFF5EF"|  
+
|style="background:#ffffb3"|  
 
[[Chronozone|chrons]]: [[Subatlantic|Subatlantic]]{{·}}[[Subboreal|Subboreal]]{{·}}[[Atlantic (period)|Atlantic]]{{·}}[[Boreal (period)|Boreal]]{{·}}[[Preboreal]]
 
[[Chronozone|chrons]]: [[Subatlantic|Subatlantic]]{{·}}[[Subboreal|Subboreal]]{{·}}[[Atlantic (period)|Atlantic]]{{·}}[[Boreal (period)|Boreal]]{{·}}[[Preboreal]]
 
|rowspan="1" | [[Quaternary glaciation|Quaternary Ice Age]] recedes, and the current [[interglacial]] begins; rise of human [[civilization]].  [[Sahara]] forms from savannah, and [[agriculture]] begins.  [[Stone Age]] cultures give way to [[Bronze Age]] (3300 BC) and [[Iron Age]] (1200 BC), giving rise to [[Synoptic table of the principal old world prehistoric cultures|many pre-historic cultures]] throughout the world. [[Little Ice Age]] ([[stadial]]) causes brief cooling in [[Northern Hemisphere]] from 1400 to 1850. Following the [[Industrial Revolution]], [[Earth's atmosphere|Atmospheric]] [[Carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere|CO<sub>2</sub>]] levels rise from around 280 [[parts per million]] volume (ppmv) to the current level of 390 ppmv.<ref name="atmospheric-carbon-dioxide">For more information on this, see the following articles: [[Earth's atmosphere]], [[carbon dioxide]], [[Carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere]], [[global warming]], [[climate change]], [[:Image:Phanerozoic_Carbon_Dioxide.png]], [[:Image:65 Myr Climate Change.png]], [[:Image:Five Myr Climate Change.png]]</ref>
 
|rowspan="1" | [[Quaternary glaciation|Quaternary Ice Age]] recedes, and the current [[interglacial]] begins; rise of human [[civilization]].  [[Sahara]] forms from savannah, and [[agriculture]] begins.  [[Stone Age]] cultures give way to [[Bronze Age]] (3300 BC) and [[Iron Age]] (1200 BC), giving rise to [[Synoptic table of the principal old world prehistoric cultures|many pre-historic cultures]] throughout the world. [[Little Ice Age]] ([[stadial]]) causes brief cooling in [[Northern Hemisphere]] from 1400 to 1850. Following the [[Industrial Revolution]], [[Earth's atmosphere|Atmospheric]] [[Carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere|CO<sub>2</sub>]] levels rise from around 280 [[parts per million]] volume (ppmv) to the current level of 390 ppmv.<ref name="atmospheric-carbon-dioxide">For more information on this, see the following articles: [[Earth's atmosphere]], [[carbon dioxide]], [[Carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere]], [[global warming]], [[climate change]], [[:Image:Phanerozoic_Carbon_Dioxide.png]], [[:Image:65 Myr Climate Change.png]], [[:Image:Five Myr Climate Change.png]]</ref>
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|-
 
|-
 
|rowspan="4" style="background:#ffff62"| [[Pleistocene]]
 
|rowspan="4" style="background:#ffff62"| [[Pleistocene]]
| [[Late Pleistocene|Upper]] (locally [[Tarantian]]{{·}}[[Tyrrhenian Stage|Tyrrhenian]]{{·}}[[Eemian]]{{·}}[[Sangamonian Stage|Sangamonian]])
+
|style="background:#ffff62"| [[Late Pleistocene|Upper]] (locally [[Tarantian]]{{·}}[[Tyrrhenian Stage|Tyrrhenian]]{{·}}[[Eemian]]{{·}}[[Sangamonian Stage|Sangamonian]])
 
|rowspan="4"| Flourishing and then extinction of many large [[mammal]]s ([[Pleistocene megafauna]]). Evolution of anatomically modern [[human]]s. [[Last glacial period|Quaternary Ice Age]] continues with [[glaciations]] and [[interstadial]]s (and the accompanying fluctuations from 100 to 300 ppmv in [[Earth's atmosphere|atmospheric]] CO<sub>2</sub> levels<ref name="atmospheric-carbon-dioxide" />), further intensification of [[Greenhouse and Icehouse Earth|Icehouse Earth]] conditions, roughly 1.6 [[Year#SI_prefix_multipliers|Ma]]. [[Last glacial maximum]] (30000 [[before present|years ago]]), [[last glacial period]] (18000&ndash;15000 years ago). Dawn of human [[Lower Paleolithic#Cultures|stone-age cultures]], with [[Middle Paleolithic#Cultures|increasing technical complexity]] relative to previous ice age cultures, such as [[Upper Paleolithic#Cultures|engravings and clay statues]] (e.g. [[Venus of Lespugue]]), particularly in the [[Mediterranean]] and Europe. [[Lake Toba]] [[supervolcano]] erupts 75000 years before present, causing a [[volcanic winter]] that [[Toba catastrophe theory|pushes humanity to the brink of extinction]].  Pleistocene ends with [[Oldest Dryas]], [[Older Dryas]]/[[Allerød Oscillation|Allerød]] and [[Younger Dryas]] climate events, with Younger Dryas forming the boundary with the Holocene.
 
|rowspan="4"| Flourishing and then extinction of many large [[mammal]]s ([[Pleistocene megafauna]]). Evolution of anatomically modern [[human]]s. [[Last glacial period|Quaternary Ice Age]] continues with [[glaciations]] and [[interstadial]]s (and the accompanying fluctuations from 100 to 300 ppmv in [[Earth's atmosphere|atmospheric]] CO<sub>2</sub> levels<ref name="atmospheric-carbon-dioxide" />), further intensification of [[Greenhouse and Icehouse Earth|Icehouse Earth]] conditions, roughly 1.6 [[Year#SI_prefix_multipliers|Ma]]. [[Last glacial maximum]] (30000 [[before present|years ago]]), [[last glacial period]] (18000&ndash;15000 years ago). Dawn of human [[Lower Paleolithic#Cultures|stone-age cultures]], with [[Middle Paleolithic#Cultures|increasing technical complexity]] relative to previous ice age cultures, such as [[Upper Paleolithic#Cultures|engravings and clay statues]] (e.g. [[Venus of Lespugue]]), particularly in the [[Mediterranean]] and Europe. [[Lake Toba]] [[supervolcano]] erupts 75000 years before present, causing a [[volcanic winter]] that [[Toba catastrophe theory|pushes humanity to the brink of extinction]].  Pleistocene ends with [[Oldest Dryas]], [[Older Dryas]]/[[Allerød Oscillation|Allerød]] and [[Younger Dryas]] climate events, with Younger Dryas forming the boundary with the Holocene.
 
|style="background:#ffff62"| 0.126
 
|style="background:#ffff62"| 0.126
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Middle Pleistocene|Middle]] (formerly Ionian)
+
|style="background:#ffff62"| [[Middle Pleistocene|Middle]] (formerly Ionian)
 
|style="background:#ffff62"| 0.781
 
|style="background:#ffff62"| 0.781
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Early Pleistocene|Calabrian]]
+
|style="background:#ffff62"| [[Early Pleistocene|Calabrian]]
 
|style="background:#ffff62"| 1.806<sup>*</sup>
 
|style="background:#ffff62"| 1.806<sup>*</sup>
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Gelasian]]
+
|style="background:#ffff62"| [[Gelasian]]
 
|style="background:#ffff62"| 2.588<sup>*</sup>
 
|style="background:#ffff62"| 2.588<sup>*</sup>
 
|-
 
|-
 
|rowspan="8" style="background:#fdcc8a"| [[Neogene]]
 
|rowspan="8" style="background:#fdcc8a"| [[Neogene]]
 
|rowspan="2" style="background:#feebac"| [[Pliocene]]
 
|rowspan="2" style="background:#feebac"| [[Pliocene]]
|rowspan="1"| [[Piacenzian]]/[[Blancan]]
+
|rowspan="1" style="background:#feebac"| [[Piacenzian]]/[[Blancan]]
 
|rowspan="2"| Intensification of present [[Greenhouse and Icehouse Earth|Icehouse conditions]], [[Quaternary glaciation|present (Quaternary) ice age]] begins roughly 2.58 Ma;  cool and dry [[climate]]. [[Australopithecine]]s, many of the existing genera of mammals, and recent [[mollusk]]s appear. ''[[Homo habilis]]'' appears.
 
|rowspan="2"| Intensification of present [[Greenhouse and Icehouse Earth|Icehouse conditions]], [[Quaternary glaciation|present (Quaternary) ice age]] begins roughly 2.58 Ma;  cool and dry [[climate]]. [[Australopithecine]]s, many of the existing genera of mammals, and recent [[mollusk]]s appear. ''[[Homo habilis]]'' appears.
 
|style="background:#feebac"| 3.600<sup>*</sup>
 
|style="background:#feebac"| 3.600<sup>*</sup>
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Zanclean]]
+
|style="background:#feebac"| [[Zanclean]]
 
|style="background:#feebac"| 5.333<sup>*</sup>
 
|style="background:#feebac"| 5.333<sup>*</sup>
 
|-
 
|-
 
|rowspan="6" style="background:#ffde00"| [[Miocene]]
 
|rowspan="6" style="background:#ffde00"| [[Miocene]]
| [[Messinian]]
+
|style="background:#ffde00"| [[Messinian]]
 
|rowspan="6"| [[Greenhouse and Icehouse Earth|Moderate Icehouse climate]], puncuated by [[ice age]]s; [[Orogeny]] in [[northern hemisphere]]. Modern [[mammal]] and [[bird]] families become recognizable.  [[Equidae|Horses]] and [[mastodon]]s diverse. [[Grass]]es become ubiquitous. First [[ape]]s appear (for reference see the article: "[[Sahelanthropus tchadensis]]"). [[Kaikoura Orogeny]] forms [[Southern Alps]] in New Zealand, continues today. Orogeny of the Alps in Europe slows, but continues to this day. [[Carpathian orogeny]] forms [[Carpathian Mountains]] in [[Central Europe|Central]] and [[Eastern Europe]]. [[Hellenic orogeny]] in Greece and Aegean Sea slows, but continues to this day. [[Middle Miocene Disruption]] occurs. Widespread forests slowly [[photosynthesis|draw in]] massive amounts of CO<sub>2</sub>, gradually lowering the level of atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> from 650 ppmv down to around 100 ppmv<ref name="atmospheric-carbon-dioxide" />.
 
|rowspan="6"| [[Greenhouse and Icehouse Earth|Moderate Icehouse climate]], puncuated by [[ice age]]s; [[Orogeny]] in [[northern hemisphere]]. Modern [[mammal]] and [[bird]] families become recognizable.  [[Equidae|Horses]] and [[mastodon]]s diverse. [[Grass]]es become ubiquitous. First [[ape]]s appear (for reference see the article: "[[Sahelanthropus tchadensis]]"). [[Kaikoura Orogeny]] forms [[Southern Alps]] in New Zealand, continues today. Orogeny of the Alps in Europe slows, but continues to this day. [[Carpathian orogeny]] forms [[Carpathian Mountains]] in [[Central Europe|Central]] and [[Eastern Europe]]. [[Hellenic orogeny]] in Greece and Aegean Sea slows, but continues to this day. [[Middle Miocene Disruption]] occurs. Widespread forests slowly [[photosynthesis|draw in]] massive amounts of CO<sub>2</sub>, gradually lowering the level of atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> from 650 ppmv down to around 100 ppmv<ref name="atmospheric-carbon-dioxide" />.
 
|style="background:#ffde00"| 7.246<sup>*</sup>
 
|style="background:#ffde00"| 7.246<sup>*</sup>
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Tortonian]]
+
|style="background:#ffde00"| [[Tortonian]]
 
|style="background:#ffde00"| 11.62<sup>*</sup>
 
|style="background:#ffde00"| 11.62<sup>*</sup>
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Serravallian]]
+
|style="background:#ffde00"| [[Serravallian]]
 
|style="background:#ffde00"| 13.82<sup>*</sup>
 
|style="background:#ffde00"| 13.82<sup>*</sup>
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Langhian]]
+
|style="background:#ffde00"| [[Langhian]]
 
|style="background:#ffde00"| 15.97
 
|style="background:#ffde00"| 15.97
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Burdigalian]]
+
|style="background:#ffde00"| [[Burdigalian]]
 
|style="background:#ffde00"| 20.44
 
|style="background:#ffde00"| 20.44
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Aquitanian age|Aquitanian]]
+
|style="background:#ffde00"| [[Aquitanian age|Aquitanian]]
 
|style="background:#ffde00"| 23.03<sup>*</sup>
 
|style="background:#ffde00"| 23.03<sup>*</sup>
 
|-
 
|-
 
|rowspan="9" style="background:#ffb300"| [[Paleogene]]
 
|rowspan="9" style="background:#ffb300"| [[Paleogene]]
 
|rowspan="2" style="background:#eac672"| [[Oligocene]]
 
|rowspan="2" style="background:#eac672"| [[Oligocene]]
| [[Chattian]]
+
|style="background:#eac672"| [[Chattian]]
 
|rowspan="2"| [[Greenhouse and Icehouse Earth|Warm but cooling climate]], moving towards Icehouse; Rapid [[evolution]] and diversification of fauna, especially [[mammal]]s. Major evolution and dispersal of modern types of [[flowering plant]]s
 
|rowspan="2"| [[Greenhouse and Icehouse Earth|Warm but cooling climate]], moving towards Icehouse; Rapid [[evolution]] and diversification of fauna, especially [[mammal]]s. Major evolution and dispersal of modern types of [[flowering plant]]s
 
|style="background:#eac672"| 28.1
 
|style="background:#eac672"| 28.1
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Rupelian]]
+
|style="background:#eac672"| [[Rupelian]]
 
|style="background:#eac672"| 33.9<sup>*</sup>
 
|style="background:#eac672"| 33.9<sup>*</sup>
 
|-
 
|-
 
|rowspan="4" style="background:#eaad43"| [[Eocene]]
 
|rowspan="4" style="background:#eaad43"| [[Eocene]]
| [[Priabonian]]
+
|style="background:#eaad43"| [[Priabonian]]
 
|rowspan="4"| [[Greenhouse and Icehouse Earth|Moderate, cooling climate]].  Archaic [[mammal]]s (e.g. [[Creodont]]s, [[Condylarth]]s, [[Uintatheriidae|Uintatheres]], etc) flourish and continue to develop during the epoch. Appearance of several "modern" mammal families. Primitive [[Cetacea|whales]] diversify.  First [[grass]]es. Reglaciation of Antarctica and formation of its [[ice cap]]; [[Azolla event]] triggers [[ice age]], and the [[Greenhouse and Icehouse Earth|Icehouse Earth]] climate that would follow it to this day, from the settlement and decay of [[seafloor]] [[algae]] drawing in massive amounts of atmospheric [[carbon dioxide]]<ref name="atmospheric-carbon-dioxide" />, lowering it from 3800 [[parts per million|ppmv]] down to 650 ppmv. End of [[Laramide Orogeny|Laramide]] and [[Sevier orogeny|Sevier Orogenies]] of the [[Rocky Mountains]] in North America. [[Orogeny]] of the [[Alps]] in Europe begins. [[Hellenic Orogeny]] begins in Greece and [[Aegean Sea]].
 
|rowspan="4"| [[Greenhouse and Icehouse Earth|Moderate, cooling climate]].  Archaic [[mammal]]s (e.g. [[Creodont]]s, [[Condylarth]]s, [[Uintatheriidae|Uintatheres]], etc) flourish and continue to develop during the epoch. Appearance of several "modern" mammal families. Primitive [[Cetacea|whales]] diversify.  First [[grass]]es. Reglaciation of Antarctica and formation of its [[ice cap]]; [[Azolla event]] triggers [[ice age]], and the [[Greenhouse and Icehouse Earth|Icehouse Earth]] climate that would follow it to this day, from the settlement and decay of [[seafloor]] [[algae]] drawing in massive amounts of atmospheric [[carbon dioxide]]<ref name="atmospheric-carbon-dioxide" />, lowering it from 3800 [[parts per million|ppmv]] down to 650 ppmv. End of [[Laramide Orogeny|Laramide]] and [[Sevier orogeny|Sevier Orogenies]] of the [[Rocky Mountains]] in North America. [[Orogeny]] of the [[Alps]] in Europe begins. [[Hellenic Orogeny]] begins in Greece and [[Aegean Sea]].
 
|style="background:#eaad43"| 38.0
 
|style="background:#eaad43"| 38.0
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Bartonian]]
+
|style="background:#eaad43"| [[Bartonian]]
 
|style="background:#eaad43"| 41.3
 
|style="background:#eaad43"| 41.3
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Lutetian]]
+
|style="background:#eaad43"| [[Lutetian]]
 
|style="background:#eaad43"| 47.8<sup>*</sup>
 
|style="background:#eaad43"| 47.8<sup>*</sup>
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Ypresian]]
+
|style="background:#eaad43"| [[Ypresian]]
 
|style="background:#eaad43"| 56.0<sup>*</sup>
 
|style="background:#eaad43"| 56.0<sup>*</sup>
 
|-
 
|-
 
|rowspan="3" style="background:#eb9301"| [[Paleocene]]
 
|rowspan="3" style="background:#eb9301"| [[Paleocene]]
| [[Thanetian]]
+
|style="background:#eb9301"| [[Thanetian]]
 
|rowspan="3"| [[Greenhouse and Icehouse Earth|Climate tropical]].  Modern [[plant]]s appear; [[Mammal]]s diversify into a number of primitive lineages following the extinction of the dinosaurs.  First large mammals (up to [[bear]] or small [[hippopotamus|hippo]] size). [[Alpine orogeny]] in Europe and Asia begins. [[Indian Subcontinent]] collides with Asia 55 [[Year#SI_prefix_multipliers|Ma]], [[Geology of the Himalaya|Himalayan Orogeny]] starts between 52 and 48 [[Year#SI_prefix_multipliers|Ma]].
 
|rowspan="3"| [[Greenhouse and Icehouse Earth|Climate tropical]].  Modern [[plant]]s appear; [[Mammal]]s diversify into a number of primitive lineages following the extinction of the dinosaurs.  First large mammals (up to [[bear]] or small [[hippopotamus|hippo]] size). [[Alpine orogeny]] in Europe and Asia begins. [[Indian Subcontinent]] collides with Asia 55 [[Year#SI_prefix_multipliers|Ma]], [[Geology of the Himalaya|Himalayan Orogeny]] starts between 52 and 48 [[Year#SI_prefix_multipliers|Ma]].
 
|style="background:#eb9301"| 59.2<sup>*</sup>
 
|style="background:#eb9301"| 59.2<sup>*</sup>
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Selandian]]
+
|style="background:#eb9301"| [[Selandian]]
 
|style="background:#eb9301"| 61.6<sup>*</sup>
 
|style="background:#eb9301"| 61.6<sup>*</sup>
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Danian]]
+
|style="background:#eb9301"| [[Danian]]
 
|style="background:#eb9301"| 66.0<sup>*</sup>
 
|style="background:#eb9301"| 66.0<sup>*</sup>
 
|-
 
|-
Line 105: Line 105:
 
|rowspan="12" style="background:#7fc31c"| [[Cretaceous]]
 
|rowspan="12" style="background:#7fc31c"| [[Cretaceous]]
 
|rowspan="6" style="background:#def197"| [[Late Cretaceous|Upper]]
 
|rowspan="6" style="background:#def197"| [[Late Cretaceous|Upper]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
+
|style="background:#def197"| [[Maastrichtian]]
 
|rowspan="12"| [[Flowering plant]]s proliferate, along with new types of [[insect]]s. More modern [[teleost]] fish begin to appear. [[Ammonoidea]], [[Belemnoidea|belemnites]], [[rudist]] [[Bivalvia|bivalve]]s, [[Echinoidea|echinoid]]s and [[Porifera|sponges]] all common. Many new types of [[dinosaur]]s (e.g. [[Tyrannosauridae|Tyrannosaurs]], [[Titanosauridae|Titanosaurs]], [[Hadrosauridae|duck bills]], and [[Ceratopsidae|horned dinosaurs]]) evolve on land, as do [[Eusuchia]] ([[Crocodilia|modern crocodilians]]); and [[mosasaur]]s and modern [[shark]]s appear in the sea. Primitive [[bird]]s gradually replace [[pterosaurs]]. [[Monotremes]], [[marsupial]]s and [[Eutheria|placental]] mammals appear. Break up of [[Gondwana]]. Beginning of [[Laramide Orogeny|Laramide]] and [[Sevier Orogeny|Sevier Orogenies]] of the [[Rocky Mountains]]. [[Earth's atmosphere|Atmospheric]] CO<sub>2</sub> close to present-day levels.
 
|rowspan="12"| [[Flowering plant]]s proliferate, along with new types of [[insect]]s. More modern [[teleost]] fish begin to appear. [[Ammonoidea]], [[Belemnoidea|belemnites]], [[rudist]] [[Bivalvia|bivalve]]s, [[Echinoidea|echinoid]]s and [[Porifera|sponges]] all common. Many new types of [[dinosaur]]s (e.g. [[Tyrannosauridae|Tyrannosaurs]], [[Titanosauridae|Titanosaurs]], [[Hadrosauridae|duck bills]], and [[Ceratopsidae|horned dinosaurs]]) evolve on land, as do [[Eusuchia]] ([[Crocodilia|modern crocodilians]]); and [[mosasaur]]s and modern [[shark]]s appear in the sea. Primitive [[bird]]s gradually replace [[pterosaurs]]. [[Monotremes]], [[marsupial]]s and [[Eutheria|placental]] mammals appear. Break up of [[Gondwana]]. Beginning of [[Laramide Orogeny|Laramide]] and [[Sevier Orogeny|Sevier Orogenies]] of the [[Rocky Mountains]]. [[Earth's atmosphere|Atmospheric]] CO<sub>2</sub> close to present-day levels.
 
|style="background:#def197"| 72.1 ±&nbsp;0.2<sup>*</sup>
 
|style="background:#def197"| 72.1 ±&nbsp;0.2<sup>*</sup>
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Campanian]]
+
|style="background:#def197"| [[Campanian]]
 
|style="background:#def197"| 83.6 ±&nbsp;0.2
 
|style="background:#def197"| 83.6 ±&nbsp;0.2
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Santonian]]
+
|style="background:#def197"| [[Santonian]]
 
|style="background:#def197"| 86.3 ±&nbsp;0.5
 
|style="background:#def197"| 86.3 ±&nbsp;0.5
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Coniacian]]
+
|style="background:#def197"| [[Coniacian]]
 
|style="background:#def197"| 89.8 ±&nbsp;0.3
 
|style="background:#def197"| 89.8 ±&nbsp;0.3
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Turonian]]
+
|style="background:#def197"| [[Turonian]]
 
|style="background:#def197"| 93.9<sup>*</sup>
 
|style="background:#def197"| 93.9<sup>*</sup>
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Cenomanian]]
+
|style="background:#def197"| [[Cenomanian]]
 
|style="background:#def197"| 100.5<sup>*</sup>
 
|style="background:#def197"| 100.5<sup>*</sup>
 
|-
 
|-
 
|rowspan="6" style="background:#b3df7f"| [[Early Cretaceous|Lower]]
 
|rowspan="6" style="background:#b3df7f"| [[Early Cretaceous|Lower]]
| [[Albian]]
+
|style="background:#b3df7f"| [[Albian]]
 
|style="background:#b3df7f"| c. 113.0
 
|style="background:#b3df7f"| c. 113.0
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Aptian]]
+
|style="background:#b3df7f"| [[Aptian]]
 
|style="background:#b3df7f"| c. 125.0
 
|style="background:#b3df7f"| c. 125.0
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Barremian]]
+
|style="background:#b3df7f"| [[Barremian]]
 
|style="background:#b3df7f"| c. 129.4
 
|style="background:#b3df7f"| c. 129.4
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Hauterivian]]
+
|style="background:#b3df7f"| [[Hauterivian]]
 
|style="background:#b3df7f"| c. 132.9
 
|style="background:#b3df7f"| c. 132.9
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Valanginian]]
+
|style="background:#b3df7f"| [[Valanginian]]
 
|style="background:#b3df7f"| c. 139.8
 
|style="background:#b3df7f"| c. 139.8
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Berriasian]]
+
|style="background:#b3df7f"| [[Berriasian]]
 
|style="background:#b3df7f"| c. 145.0
 
|style="background:#b3df7f"| c. 145.0
 
|-
 
|-
 
|rowspan="11" style="background:#4db47e"| [[Jurassic]]
 
|rowspan="11" style="background:#4db47e"| [[Jurassic]]
 
|rowspan="3" style="background:#ccebc5"| [[Late Jurassic|Upper]]
 
|rowspan="3" style="background:#ccebc5"| [[Late Jurassic|Upper]]
| [[Tithonian]]
+
|style="background:#ccebc5"| [[Tithonian]]
 
|rowspan="11"| [[Gymnosperm]]s (especially [[conifer]]s, [[Bennettitales]] and [[cycad]]s) and [[fern]]s common. Many types of [[dinosaur]]s, such as [[sauropod]]s, [[carnosaur]]s, and [[stegosaur]]s. Mammals common but small. First [[bird]]s and [[Squamata|lizards]]. [[Ichthyosaur]]s and [[plesiosaur]]s diverse. [[Bivalvia|Bivalve]]s, [[Ammonite]]s and [[Belemnoidea|belemnites]] abundant. [[Sea urchin]]s very common, along with [[crinoid]]s, starfish, [[Porifera|sponges]], and [[Terebratulida|terebratulid]] and [[Rhynchonellida|rhynchonellid]] [[brachiopod]]s. Breakup of [[Pangaea]] into [[Gondwana]] and [[Laurasia]]. [[Nevadan orogeny]] in North America. [[Rangitata Orogeny|Rantigata]] and [[Cimmerian Orogeny|Cimmerian Orogenies]] taper off. Atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> levels 4&ndash;5 times the present day levels (1200&ndash;1500 ppmv, compared to today's 385 ppmv<ref name="atmospheric-carbon-dioxide" />).
 
|rowspan="11"| [[Gymnosperm]]s (especially [[conifer]]s, [[Bennettitales]] and [[cycad]]s) and [[fern]]s common. Many types of [[dinosaur]]s, such as [[sauropod]]s, [[carnosaur]]s, and [[stegosaur]]s. Mammals common but small. First [[bird]]s and [[Squamata|lizards]]. [[Ichthyosaur]]s and [[plesiosaur]]s diverse. [[Bivalvia|Bivalve]]s, [[Ammonite]]s and [[Belemnoidea|belemnites]] abundant. [[Sea urchin]]s very common, along with [[crinoid]]s, starfish, [[Porifera|sponges]], and [[Terebratulida|terebratulid]] and [[Rhynchonellida|rhynchonellid]] [[brachiopod]]s. Breakup of [[Pangaea]] into [[Gondwana]] and [[Laurasia]]. [[Nevadan orogeny]] in North America. [[Rangitata Orogeny|Rantigata]] and [[Cimmerian Orogeny|Cimmerian Orogenies]] taper off. Atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> levels 4&ndash;5 times the present day levels (1200&ndash;1500 ppmv, compared to today's 385 ppmv<ref name="atmospheric-carbon-dioxide" />).
 
|style="background:#ccebc5"| 152.1 ±&nbsp;0.9
 
|style="background:#ccebc5"| 152.1 ±&nbsp;0.9
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Kimmeridgian]]
+
|style="background:#ccebc5"| [[Kimmeridgian]]
 
|style="background:#ccebc5"| 157.3 ±&nbsp;1.0
 
|style="background:#ccebc5"| 157.3 ±&nbsp;1.0
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Oxfordian stage|Oxfordian]]
+
|style="background:#ccebc5"| [[Oxfordian stage|Oxfordian]]
 
|style="background:#ccebc5"| 163.5 ±&nbsp;1.0
 
|style="background:#ccebc5"| 163.5 ±&nbsp;1.0
 
|-
 
|-
 
|rowspan="4" style="background:#7fca93"| [[Middle Jurassic|Middle]]
 
|rowspan="4" style="background:#7fca93"| [[Middle Jurassic|Middle]]
| [[Callovian]]
+
|style="background:#7fca93"| [[Callovian]]
 
|style="background:#7fca93"| 166.1 ±&nbsp;1.2
 
|style="background:#7fca93"| 166.1 ±&nbsp;1.2
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Bathonian]]
+
|style="background:#7fca93"| [[Bathonian]]
 
|style="background:#7fca93"| 168.3 ±&nbsp;1.3<sup>*</sup>
 
|style="background:#7fca93"| 168.3 ±&nbsp;1.3<sup>*</sup>
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Bajocian]]
+
|style="background:#7fca93"| [[Bajocian]]
 
|style="background:#7fca93"| 170.3 ±&nbsp;1.4<sup>*</sup>
 
|style="background:#7fca93"| 170.3 ±&nbsp;1.4<sup>*</sup>
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Aalenian]]
+
|style="background:#7fca93"| [[Aalenian]]
 
|style="background:#7fca93"| 174.1 ±&nbsp;1.0<sup>*</sup>
 
|style="background:#7fca93"| 174.1 ±&nbsp;1.0<sup>*</sup>
 
|-
 
|-
 
|rowspan="4" style="background:#66c292"| [[Early Jurassic|Lower]]
 
|rowspan="4" style="background:#66c292"| [[Early Jurassic|Lower]]
| [[Toarcian]]
+
|style="background:#66c292"| [[Toarcian]]
 
|style="background:#66c292"| 182.7 ±&nbsp;0.7
 
|style="background:#66c292"| 182.7 ±&nbsp;0.7
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Pliensbachian]]
+
|style="background:#66c292"| [[Pliensbachian]]
 
|style="background:#66c292"| 190.8 ±&nbsp;1.0<sup>*</sup>
 
|style="background:#66c292"| 190.8 ±&nbsp;1.0<sup>*</sup>
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Sinemurian]]
+
|style="background:#66c292"| [[Sinemurian]]
 
|style="background:#66c292"| 199.3 ±&nbsp;0.3<sup>*</sup>
 
|style="background:#66c292"| 199.3 ±&nbsp;0.3<sup>*</sup>
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Hettangian]]
+
|style="background:#66c292"| [[Hettangian]]
 
|style="background:#66c292"| 201.3 ±&nbsp;0.2<sup>*</sup>
 
|style="background:#66c292"| 201.3 ±&nbsp;0.2<sup>*</sup>
 
|-
 
|-
 
|rowspan="7" style="background:#67c3b7"| [[Triassic]]
 
|rowspan="7" style="background:#67c3b7"| [[Triassic]]
 
|rowspan="3" style="background:#ccece1"| [[Late Triassic|Upper]]
 
|rowspan="3" style="background:#ccece1"| [[Late Triassic|Upper]]
| [[Rhaetian]]
+
|style="background:#ccece1"| [[Rhaetian]]
 
|rowspan="7"| [[Archosaur]]s dominant on land as [[dinosaur]]s, in the oceans as [[Ichthyosaur]]s and [[nothosaur]]s, and in the air as [[pterosaur]]s. [[Cynodont]]s become smaller and more mammal-like, while first [[mammal]]s and [[crocodilia]] appear. ''[[Dicroidium]]''flora common on land. Many large aquatic [[temnospondyli|temnospondyl]] amphibians. [[Ammonite|Ceratitic ammonoids]] extremely common. [[Scleractinia|Modern corals]] and [[teleost]] fish appear, as do many modern [[insect]] clades. [[Andes Mountains|Andean Orogeny]] in South America. [[Cimmerian Orogeny]] in Asia. [[Rangitata Orogeny]] begins in New Zealand. [[Hunter-Bowen Orogeny]] in [[Northern Australia]], Queensland and [[New South Wales]] ends, (c. 260&ndash;225 [[Year#SI_prefix_multipliers|Ma]])
 
|rowspan="7"| [[Archosaur]]s dominant on land as [[dinosaur]]s, in the oceans as [[Ichthyosaur]]s and [[nothosaur]]s, and in the air as [[pterosaur]]s. [[Cynodont]]s become smaller and more mammal-like, while first [[mammal]]s and [[crocodilia]] appear. ''[[Dicroidium]]''flora common on land. Many large aquatic [[temnospondyli|temnospondyl]] amphibians. [[Ammonite|Ceratitic ammonoids]] extremely common. [[Scleractinia|Modern corals]] and [[teleost]] fish appear, as do many modern [[insect]] clades. [[Andes Mountains|Andean Orogeny]] in South America. [[Cimmerian Orogeny]] in Asia. [[Rangitata Orogeny]] begins in New Zealand. [[Hunter-Bowen Orogeny]] in [[Northern Australia]], Queensland and [[New South Wales]] ends, (c. 260&ndash;225 [[Year#SI_prefix_multipliers|Ma]])
 
|style="background:#ccece1"| c. 208.5
 
|style="background:#ccece1"| c. 208.5
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Norian]]
+
|style="background:#ccece1"| [[Norian]]
 
|style="background:#ccece1"| c. 228
 
|style="background:#ccece1"| c. 228
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Carnian]]
+
|style="background:#ccece1"| [[Carnian]]
 
|style="background:#ccece1"| c. 235<sup>*</sup>
 
|style="background:#ccece1"| c. 235<sup>*</sup>
 
|-
 
|-
 
|rowspan="2" style="background:#99d7be"| [[Middle Triassic|Middle]]
 
|rowspan="2" style="background:#99d7be"| [[Middle Triassic|Middle]]
| [[Ladinian]]
+
|style="background:#99d7be"| [[Ladinian]]
 
|style="background:#99d7be"| c. 242<sup>*</sup>
 
|style="background:#99d7be"| c. 242<sup>*</sup>
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Anisian]]
+
|style="background:#99d7be"| [[Anisian]]
 
|style="background:#99d7be"| 247.2
 
|style="background:#99d7be"| 247.2
 
|-
 
|-
 
|rowspan="2" style="background:#67b39f"| [[Early Triassic|Lower]]
 
|rowspan="2" style="background:#67b39f"| [[Early Triassic|Lower]]
| [[Olenekian]]
+
|style="background:#99d7be"| [[Olenekian]]
 
|style="background:#67b39f"| 251.2
 
|style="background:#67b39f"| 251.2
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Induan]]
+
|style="background:#99d7be"| [[Induan]]
 
|style="background:#67b39f"| 252.2 ±&nbsp;0.5<sup>*</sup>
 
|style="background:#67b39f"| 252.2 ±&nbsp;0.5<sup>*</sup>
 
|-
 
|-
Line 210: Line 210:
 
|rowspan="9" style="background:#67c6de"| [[Permian]]
 
|rowspan="9" style="background:#67c6de"| [[Permian]]
 
|rowspan="2" style="background:#b3e3ee"| [[Lopingian]]
 
|rowspan="2" style="background:#b3e3ee"| [[Lopingian]]
| [[Changhsingian]]
+
|style="background:#b3e3ee"| [[Changhsingian]]
 
|rowspan="9"| [[Landmass]]es unite into [[supercontinent]] [[Pangaea]], creating the [[Appalachian Mountains|Appalachian]]s. End of Permo-Carboniferous glaciation. [[Synapsida|Synapsid]] [[Reptilia|reptile]]s ([[pelycosaur]]s and [[therapsid]]s) become plentiful, while [[parareptile]]s and [[temnospondyli|temnospondyl]] [[Amphibian|amphibians]] remain common. In the mid-Permian, [[coal]]-age flora are replaced by [[Conifer cone|cone]]-bearing [[gymnosperm]]s (the first true [[seed plants]]) and by the first true [[moss]]es. [[Beetles]] and [[Fly|flies]] evolve. Marine life flourishes in warm shallow reefs; [[Productida|productid]] and [[Spiriferida|spiriferid]] brachiopods, bivalves, [[foraminifera|foram]]s, and [[orthocerid|ammonoid]]s all abundant. [[Permian-Triassic extinction event]] occurs 251[[Year#SI_prefix_multipliers|Ma]]: 95% of life on Earth becomes extinct, including all [[trilobite]]s, [[graptolite]]s, and [[blastoid]]s. [[Ouachita Orogeny|Ouachita]] and [[Innuitian orogeny|Innuitian orogenies]] in North America. [[Uralian orogeny]] in Europe/Asia tapers off. [[Altai Mountains|Altaid]] orogeny in Asia. [[Hunter-Bowen Orogeny]] on [[Australia (Continent)|Australian Continent]] begins (c. 260&ndash;225 [[Year#SI_prefix_multipliers|Ma]]), forming the [[MacDonnell Ranges]].
 
|rowspan="9"| [[Landmass]]es unite into [[supercontinent]] [[Pangaea]], creating the [[Appalachian Mountains|Appalachian]]s. End of Permo-Carboniferous glaciation. [[Synapsida|Synapsid]] [[Reptilia|reptile]]s ([[pelycosaur]]s and [[therapsid]]s) become plentiful, while [[parareptile]]s and [[temnospondyli|temnospondyl]] [[Amphibian|amphibians]] remain common. In the mid-Permian, [[coal]]-age flora are replaced by [[Conifer cone|cone]]-bearing [[gymnosperm]]s (the first true [[seed plants]]) and by the first true [[moss]]es. [[Beetles]] and [[Fly|flies]] evolve. Marine life flourishes in warm shallow reefs; [[Productida|productid]] and [[Spiriferida|spiriferid]] brachiopods, bivalves, [[foraminifera|foram]]s, and [[orthocerid|ammonoid]]s all abundant. [[Permian-Triassic extinction event]] occurs 251[[Year#SI_prefix_multipliers|Ma]]: 95% of life on Earth becomes extinct, including all [[trilobite]]s, [[graptolite]]s, and [[blastoid]]s. [[Ouachita Orogeny|Ouachita]] and [[Innuitian orogeny|Innuitian orogenies]] in North America. [[Uralian orogeny]] in Europe/Asia tapers off. [[Altai Mountains|Altaid]] orogeny in Asia. [[Hunter-Bowen Orogeny]] on [[Australia (Continent)|Australian Continent]] begins (c. 260&ndash;225 [[Year#SI_prefix_multipliers|Ma]]), forming the [[MacDonnell Ranges]].
 
|style="background:#b3e3ee"| 254.2 ±&nbsp;0.1<sup>*</sup>
 
|style="background:#b3e3ee"| 254.2 ±&nbsp;0.1<sup>*</sup>
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Wuchiapingian]]
+
|style="background:#b3e3ee"| [[Wuchiapingian]]
 
|style="background:#b3e3ee"| 259.9 ±&nbsp;0.4<sup>*</sup>
 
|style="background:#b3e3ee"| 259.9 ±&nbsp;0.4<sup>*</sup>
 
|-
 
|-
 
|rowspan="3" style="background:#99d8d8"| [[Guadalupian]]
 
|rowspan="3" style="background:#99d8d8"| [[Guadalupian]]
| [[Capitanian]]
+
|style="background:#99d8d8"| [[Capitanian]]
 
|style="background:#99d8d8"| 265.1 ±&nbsp;0.4<sup>*</sup>
 
|style="background:#99d8d8"| 265.1 ±&nbsp;0.4<sup>*</sup>
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Wordian|Wordian/Kazanian]]
+
|style="background:#99d8d8"| [[Wordian|Wordian/Kazanian]]
 
|style="background:#99d8d8"| 268.8 ±&nbsp;0.5<sup>*</sup>
 
|style="background:#99d8d8"| 268.8 ±&nbsp;0.5<sup>*</sup>
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Roadian|Roadian/Ufimian]]
+
|style="background:#99d8d8"| [[Roadian|Roadian/Ufimian]]
 
|style="background:#99d8d8"| 272.3 ±&nbsp;0.5<sup>*</sup>
 
|style="background:#99d8d8"| 272.3 ±&nbsp;0.5<sup>*</sup>
 
|-
 
|-
 
|rowspan="4" style="background:#80cec9"| [[Cisuralian]]
 
|rowspan="4" style="background:#80cec9"| [[Cisuralian]]
| [[Kungurian]]
+
|style="background:#80cec9"| [[Kungurian]]
 
|style="background:#80cec9"| 279.3 ±&nbsp;0.6
 
|style="background:#80cec9"| 279.3 ±&nbsp;0.6
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Artinskian]]
+
|style="background:#80cec9"| [[Artinskian]]
 
|style="background:#80cec9"| 290.1 ±&nbsp;0.1
 
|style="background:#80cec9"| 290.1 ±&nbsp;0.1
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Sakmarian]]
+
|style="background:#80cec9"| [[Sakmarian]]
 
|style="background:#80cec9"| 295.5 ±&nbsp;0.4
 
|style="background:#80cec9"| 295.5 ±&nbsp;0.4
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Asselian]]
+
|style="background:#80cec9"| [[Asselian]]
 
|style="background:#80cec9"| 298.9 ±&nbsp;0.2<sup>*</sup>
 
|style="background:#80cec9"| 298.9 ±&nbsp;0.2<sup>*</sup>
 
|-
 
|-
 
|rowspan="4" style="background:#689fca"| [[Carboniferous|Carbon-<br />iferous]]<ref name="carboniferous">In North America, the Carboniferous is subdivided into [[Mississippian]] and [[Pennsylvanian]] Periods.</ref>'''/'''<br />[[Pennsylvanian|Pennsyl-<br />vanian]]
 
|rowspan="4" style="background:#689fca"| [[Carboniferous|Carbon-<br />iferous]]<ref name="carboniferous">In North America, the Carboniferous is subdivided into [[Mississippian]] and [[Pennsylvanian]] Periods.</ref>'''/'''<br />[[Pennsylvanian|Pennsyl-<br />vanian]]
 
|rowspan="2" style="background:#689fca"| [[Late Pennsylvanian|Upper]]
 
|rowspan="2" style="background:#689fca"| [[Late Pennsylvanian|Upper]]
| [[Gzhelian]]
+
|style="background:#689fca"| [[Gzhelian]]
 
|rowspan="4"| [[Pterygota|Winged insects]] radiate suddenly; some (esp. [[Protodonata]] and [[Palaeodictyoptera]]) are quite large. [[Amphibian]]s common and diverse. First [[reptile]]s and [[coal]] forests ([[Lepidodendron|scale tree]]s, ferns, [[Sigillaria|club tree]]s, [[Calamites|giant horsetail]]s, ''[[Cordaites]]'', etc.). Highest-ever [[Earth's atmosphere|atmospheric]] [[oxygen]] levels. [[Goniatite]]s, brachiopods, bryozoa, bivalves, and corals plentiful in the seas and oceans. Testate [[foram]]s proliferate. [[Uralian orogeny]] in Europe and Asia. [[Variscan orogeny]] occurs towards middle and late Mississippian Periods.
 
|rowspan="4"| [[Pterygota|Winged insects]] radiate suddenly; some (esp. [[Protodonata]] and [[Palaeodictyoptera]]) are quite large. [[Amphibian]]s common and diverse. First [[reptile]]s and [[coal]] forests ([[Lepidodendron|scale tree]]s, ferns, [[Sigillaria|club tree]]s, [[Calamites|giant horsetail]]s, ''[[Cordaites]]'', etc.). Highest-ever [[Earth's atmosphere|atmospheric]] [[oxygen]] levels. [[Goniatite]]s, brachiopods, bryozoa, bivalves, and corals plentiful in the seas and oceans. Testate [[foram]]s proliferate. [[Uralian orogeny]] in Europe and Asia. [[Variscan orogeny]] occurs towards middle and late Mississippian Periods.
 
|style="background:#689fca"| 303.7 ±&nbsp;0.1
 
|style="background:#689fca"| 303.7 ±&nbsp;0.1
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Kasimovian]]
+
|style="background:#689fca"| [[Kasimovian]]
 
|style="background:#689fca"| 307.0 ±&nbsp;0.1
 
|style="background:#689fca"| 307.0 ±&nbsp;0.1
 
|-
 
|-
 
|style="background:#689fca"| [[Middle Pennsylvanian|Middle]]
 
|style="background:#689fca"| [[Middle Pennsylvanian|Middle]]
| [[Moscovian (Carboniferous)|Moscovian]]
+
|style="background:#689fca"| [[Moscovian (Carboniferous)|Moscovian]]
 
|style="background:#689fca"| 315.2 ±&nbsp;0.2
 
|style="background:#689fca"| 315.2 ±&nbsp;0.2
 
|-
 
|-
 
|style="background:#689fca"| [[Early Pennsylvanian|Lower]]
 
|style="background:#689fca"| [[Early Pennsylvanian|Lower]]
| [[Bashkirian]]
+
|style="background:#689fca"| [[Bashkirian]]
 
|style="background:#689fca"| 323.2 ±&nbsp;0.4<sup>*</sup>
 
|style="background:#689fca"| 323.2 ±&nbsp;0.4<sup>*</sup>
 
|-
 
|-
 
|rowspan="3" style="background:#8091ad"| [[Carboniferous|Carbon-<br />iferous]]<ref name="carboniferous" />'''/'''<br />[[Mississippian|Missis-<br />sippian]]
 
|rowspan="3" style="background:#8091ad"| [[Carboniferous|Carbon-<br />iferous]]<ref name="carboniferous" />'''/'''<br />[[Mississippian|Missis-<br />sippian]]
 
|style="background:#8091ad"| [[Late Mississippian|Upper]]
 
|style="background:#8091ad"| [[Late Mississippian|Upper]]
| [[Serpukhovian]]
+
|style="background:#8091ad"| [[Serpukhovian]]
 
|rowspan="3"| Large [[Lycopodiophyta|primitive tree]]s, first [[Tetrapoda|land vertebrate]]s, and amphibious [[eurypterid|sea-scorpion]]s live amid [[coal]]-forming coastal [[brackish water|swamp]]s. Lobe-finned [[rhizodont]]s are dominant big fresh-water predators. In the oceans, early [[Chondrichthyes|shark]]s are common and quite diverse; [[echinoderm]]s (especially [[crinoid]]s and [[blastoid]]s) abundant. [[Coral]]s, [[bryozoa]], [[Goniatitida|goniatite]]s and brachiopods ([[Productida]], [[Spiriferida]], etc.) very common, but [[Trilobita|trilobite]]s and [[nautiloid]]s decline. [[Glaciation]] in East [[Gondwana]]. [[Mayor Island/Tuhua|Tuhua Orogeny]] in New Zealand tapers off.
 
|rowspan="3"| Large [[Lycopodiophyta|primitive tree]]s, first [[Tetrapoda|land vertebrate]]s, and amphibious [[eurypterid|sea-scorpion]]s live amid [[coal]]-forming coastal [[brackish water|swamp]]s. Lobe-finned [[rhizodont]]s are dominant big fresh-water predators. In the oceans, early [[Chondrichthyes|shark]]s are common and quite diverse; [[echinoderm]]s (especially [[crinoid]]s and [[blastoid]]s) abundant. [[Coral]]s, [[bryozoa]], [[Goniatitida|goniatite]]s and brachiopods ([[Productida]], [[Spiriferida]], etc.) very common, but [[Trilobita|trilobite]]s and [[nautiloid]]s decline. [[Glaciation]] in East [[Gondwana]]. [[Mayor Island/Tuhua|Tuhua Orogeny]] in New Zealand tapers off.
 
|style="background:#8091ad"| 330.9 ±&nbsp;0.2
 
|style="background:#8091ad"| 330.9 ±&nbsp;0.2
 
|-
 
|-
 
|style="background:#8091ad"| [[Middle Mississippian|Middle]]
 
|style="background:#8091ad"| [[Middle Mississippian|Middle]]
| [[Viséan]]
+
|style="background:#8091ad"| [[Viséan]]
 
|style="background:#8091ad"| 346.7 ±&nbsp;0.4<sup>*</sup>
 
|style="background:#8091ad"| 346.7 ±&nbsp;0.4<sup>*</sup>
 
|-
 
|-
 
|style="background:#8091ad"| [[Early Mississippian|Lower]]
 
|style="background:#8091ad"| [[Early Mississippian|Lower]]
| [[Tournaisian]]
+
|style="background:#8091ad"| [[Tournaisian]]
 
|style="background:#8091ad"| 358.9 ±&nbsp;0.4<sup>*</sup>
 
|style="background:#8091ad"| 358.9 ±&nbsp;0.4<sup>*</sup>
 
|-
 
|-
 
|rowspan="7" style="background:#9999c9"| [[Devonian]]
 
|rowspan="7" style="background:#9999c9"| [[Devonian]]
 
|rowspan="2" style="background:#cbbddc"| [[Late Devonian|Upper]]
 
|rowspan="2" style="background:#cbbddc"| [[Late Devonian|Upper]]
| [[Famennian]]
+
|style="background:#cbbddc"| [[Famennian]]
 
|rowspan="7"| First [[Lycopodiopsida|clubmoss]]es, [[Equisetophyta|horsetail]]s and [[fern]]s appear, as do the first [[seed]]-bearing plants ([[progymnosperm]]s), first [[tree]]s (the progymnosperm ''[[Archaeopteris]]''), and first (wingless) [[Insecta|insect]]s. [[Strophomenida|Strophomenid]] and [[Atrypida|atrypid]] [[brachiopod]]s, [[Rugosa|rugose]] and [[Tabulata|tabulate]] corals, and [[crinoid]]s are all abundant in the oceans. [[Goniatite]] [[Ammonite|ammonoids]] are plentiful, while squid-like [[Coleoidea|coleoids]] arise. Trilobites and armoured agnaths decline, while jawed fishes ([[Placodermi|placoderm]]s, [[Sarcopterygii|lobe-finned]] and [[Osteichthyes|ray-finned]] fish, and early [[Chondrichthyes|sharks]]) rule the seas. First [[amphibian]]s still aquatic. "Old Red Continent" of [[Euramerica]]. Beginning of [[Acadian Orogeny]] for [[Atlas Mountains|Anti-Atlas Mountains]] of [[North Africa]], and [[Appalachian Mountains]] of North America, also the [[Antler Orogeny|Antler]], [[Variscan Orogeny|Variscan]], and [[Mayor Island/Tuhua|Tuhua Orogeny]] in New Zealand.
 
|rowspan="7"| First [[Lycopodiopsida|clubmoss]]es, [[Equisetophyta|horsetail]]s and [[fern]]s appear, as do the first [[seed]]-bearing plants ([[progymnosperm]]s), first [[tree]]s (the progymnosperm ''[[Archaeopteris]]''), and first (wingless) [[Insecta|insect]]s. [[Strophomenida|Strophomenid]] and [[Atrypida|atrypid]] [[brachiopod]]s, [[Rugosa|rugose]] and [[Tabulata|tabulate]] corals, and [[crinoid]]s are all abundant in the oceans. [[Goniatite]] [[Ammonite|ammonoids]] are plentiful, while squid-like [[Coleoidea|coleoids]] arise. Trilobites and armoured agnaths decline, while jawed fishes ([[Placodermi|placoderm]]s, [[Sarcopterygii|lobe-finned]] and [[Osteichthyes|ray-finned]] fish, and early [[Chondrichthyes|sharks]]) rule the seas. First [[amphibian]]s still aquatic. "Old Red Continent" of [[Euramerica]]. Beginning of [[Acadian Orogeny]] for [[Atlas Mountains|Anti-Atlas Mountains]] of [[North Africa]], and [[Appalachian Mountains]] of North America, also the [[Antler Orogeny|Antler]], [[Variscan Orogeny|Variscan]], and [[Mayor Island/Tuhua|Tuhua Orogeny]] in New Zealand.
 
|style="background:#cbbddc"| 372.2 ±&nbsp;1.6<sup>*</sup>
 
|style="background:#cbbddc"| 372.2 ±&nbsp;1.6<sup>*</sup>
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Frasnian]]
+
|style="background:#cbbddc"| [[Frasnian]]
 
|style="background:#cbbddc"| 382.7 ±&nbsp;1.6<sup>*</sup>
 
|style="background:#cbbddc"| 382.7 ±&nbsp;1.6<sup>*</sup>
 
|-
 
|-
 
|rowspan="2" style="background:#9983be"| [[Middle Devonian|Middle]]
 
|rowspan="2" style="background:#9983be"| [[Middle Devonian|Middle]]
| [[Givetian]]
+
|style="background:#9983be"| [[Givetian]]
 
|style="background:#9983be"| 387.7 ±&nbsp;0.8<sup>*</sup>
 
|style="background:#9983be"| 387.7 ±&nbsp;0.8<sup>*</sup>
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Eifelian]]
+
|style="background:#9983be"| [[Eifelian]]
 
|style="background:#9983be"| 393.3 ±&nbsp;1.2<sup>*</sup>
 
|style="background:#9983be"| 393.3 ±&nbsp;1.2<sup>*</sup>
 
|-
 
|-
 
|rowspan="3" style="background:#807dba"| [[Early Devonian|Lower]]
 
|rowspan="3" style="background:#807dba"| [[Early Devonian|Lower]]
| [[Emsian]]
+
|style="background:#807dba"| [[Emsian]]
 
|style="background:#807dba"| 407.6 ±&nbsp;2.6<sup>*</sup>
 
|style="background:#807dba"| 407.6 ±&nbsp;2.6<sup>*</sup>
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Pragian]]
+
|style="background:#807dba"| [[Pragian]]
 
|style="background:#807dba"| 410.8 ±&nbsp;2.8<sup>*</sup>
 
|style="background:#807dba"| 410.8 ±&nbsp;2.8<sup>*</sup>
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Lochkovian]]
+
|style="background:#807dba"| [[Lochkovian]]
 
|style="background:#807dba"| 419.2 ±&nbsp;3.2<sup>*</sup>
 
|style="background:#807dba"| 419.2 ±&nbsp;3.2<sup>*</sup>
 
|-
 
|-
 
|rowspan="8" style="background:#b172b6"| [[Silurian]]
 
|rowspan="8" style="background:#b172b6"| [[Silurian]]
 
|style="background:#e9c7e2"| [[Pridoli epoch|Pridoli]]
 
|style="background:#e9c7e2"| [[Pridoli epoch|Pridoli]]
| ''no faunal stages defined''
+
|style="background:#e9c7e2"| ''no faunal stages defined''
 
|rowspan="8"| First [[Vascular plant]]s (the [[rhyniophytes]] and their relatives), first [[millipede]]s and [[Arthropleurida|arthropleurid]]s on land. First [[jawed fish]]es, as well as many [[ostracoderm|armoured]] [[agnatha|jawless fish]], populate the seas. [[Eurypterid|Sea-scorpions]] reach large size. [[Tabulate coral|Tabulate]] and [[Rugosa|rugose]] corals, [[brachiopod]]s (''Pentamerida'', [[Rhynchonellida]], etc.), and [[crinoid]]s all abundant. [[Trilobite]]s and [[mollusk]]s diverse; [[graptolite]]s not as varied. Beginning of [[Caledonian Orogeny]] for hills in England, Ireland, Wales, Scotland, and the [[Scandinavian Mountains]]. Also continued into Devonian period as the [[Acadian Orogeny]], above. [[Taconic Orogeny]] tapers off. [[Lachlan Orogeny]] on [[Australia (Continent)|Australian Continent]] tapers off.
 
|rowspan="8"| First [[Vascular plant]]s (the [[rhyniophytes]] and their relatives), first [[millipede]]s and [[Arthropleurida|arthropleurid]]s on land. First [[jawed fish]]es, as well as many [[ostracoderm|armoured]] [[agnatha|jawless fish]], populate the seas. [[Eurypterid|Sea-scorpions]] reach large size. [[Tabulate coral|Tabulate]] and [[Rugosa|rugose]] corals, [[brachiopod]]s (''Pentamerida'', [[Rhynchonellida]], etc.), and [[crinoid]]s all abundant. [[Trilobite]]s and [[mollusk]]s diverse; [[graptolite]]s not as varied. Beginning of [[Caledonian Orogeny]] for hills in England, Ireland, Wales, Scotland, and the [[Scandinavian Mountains]]. Also continued into Devonian period as the [[Acadian Orogeny]], above. [[Taconic Orogeny]] tapers off. [[Lachlan Orogeny]] on [[Australia (Continent)|Australian Continent]] tapers off.
 
|style="background:#e9c7e2"| 423.0 ±&nbsp;2.3<sup>*</sup>
 
|style="background:#e9c7e2"| 423.0 ±&nbsp;2.3<sup>*</sup>
 
|-
 
|-
 
|rowspan="2" style="background:#caa7d1"| [[Ludlow epoch|Ludlow]]/[[Cayugan]]
 
|rowspan="2" style="background:#caa7d1"| [[Ludlow epoch|Ludlow]]/[[Cayugan]]
| [[Ludfordian]]
+
|style="background:#caa7d1"| [[Ludfordian]]
 
|style="background:#caa7d1"| 425.6 ±&nbsp;0.9<sup>*</sup>
 
|style="background:#caa7d1"| 425.6 ±&nbsp;0.9<sup>*</sup>
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Gorstian]]
+
|style="background:#caa7d1"| [[Gorstian]]
 
|style="background:#caa7d1"| 427.4 ±&nbsp;0.5<sup>*</sup>
 
|style="background:#caa7d1"| 427.4 ±&nbsp;0.5<sup>*</sup>
 
|-
 
|-
 
|rowspan="2" style="background:#b189b3"| [[Wenlock epoch|Wenlock]]
 
|rowspan="2" style="background:#b189b3"| [[Wenlock epoch|Wenlock]]
|[[Homerian]]/[[Lockportian]]
+
|style="background:#b189b3"| [[Homerian]]/[[Lockportian]]
 
|style="background:#b189b3"| 430.5 ±&nbsp;0.7<sup>*</sup>
 
|style="background:#b189b3"| 430.5 ±&nbsp;0.7<sup>*</sup>
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Sheinwoodian]]/[[Tonawandan]]
+
|style="background:#b189b3"| [[Sheinwoodian]]/[[Tonawandan]]
 
|style="background:#b189b3"| 433.4 ±&nbsp;0.8<sup>*</sup>
 
|style="background:#b189b3"| 433.4 ±&nbsp;0.8<sup>*</sup>
 
|-
 
|-
 
|rowspan="3" style="background:#9858a8"| [[Llandovery epoch|Llandovery]]/<br/>[[Silurian|Alexandrian]]
 
|rowspan="3" style="background:#9858a8"| [[Llandovery epoch|Llandovery]]/<br/>[[Silurian|Alexandrian]]
| [[Telychian]]/[[Ontarian]]
+
|style="background:#9858a8"| [[Telychian]]/[[Ontarian]]
 
|style="background:#9858a8"| 438.5 ±&nbsp;1.1<sup>*</sup>
 
|style="background:#9858a8"| 438.5 ±&nbsp;1.1<sup>*</sup>
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Aeronian]]
+
|style="background:#9858a8"| [[Aeronian]]
 
|style="background:#9858a8"| 440.8 ±&nbsp;1.2<sup>*</sup>
 
|style="background:#9858a8"| 440.8 ±&nbsp;1.2<sup>*</sup>
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Rhuddanian]]
+
|style="background:#9858a8"| [[Rhuddanian]]
 
|style="background:#9858a8"| 443.4 ±&nbsp;1.5<sup>*</sup>
 
|style="background:#9858a8"| 443.4 ±&nbsp;1.5<sup>*</sup>
 
|-
 
|-
 
|rowspan="7" style="background:#f981a6"| [[Ordovician]]
 
|rowspan="7" style="background:#f981a6"| [[Ordovician]]
 
|rowspan="3" style="background:#fbb4bd"| [[Late Ordovician|Upper]]
 
|rowspan="3" style="background:#fbb4bd"| [[Late Ordovician|Upper]]
| [[Hirnantian]]
+
|style="background:#fbb4bd"| [[Hirnantian]]
 
|rowspan="7"| [[Invertebrate]]s diversify into many new types (e.g., long [[orthoconic|straight-shelled]] [[orthocerida|cephalopods]]). Early [[coral]]s, articulate [[brachiopod]]s (''Orthida'', ''Strophomenida'', etc.), [[Bivalvia|bivalves]], [[nautiloid]]s, [[trilobite]]s, [[ostracod]]s, [[bryozoa]], many types of [[echinoderms]] ([[crinoid]]s, [[Cystoidea|cystoids]], [[Asteroidea|starfish]], etc.), branched [[graptolite]]s, and other taxa all common. [[Conodont]]s (early [[plankton]]ic [[vertebrate]]s) appear. First [[Embryophyte|green plant]]s and [[fungus|fungi]] on land. Ice age at end of period.
 
|rowspan="7"| [[Invertebrate]]s diversify into many new types (e.g., long [[orthoconic|straight-shelled]] [[orthocerida|cephalopods]]). Early [[coral]]s, articulate [[brachiopod]]s (''Orthida'', ''Strophomenida'', etc.), [[Bivalvia|bivalves]], [[nautiloid]]s, [[trilobite]]s, [[ostracod]]s, [[bryozoa]], many types of [[echinoderms]] ([[crinoid]]s, [[Cystoidea|cystoids]], [[Asteroidea|starfish]], etc.), branched [[graptolite]]s, and other taxa all common. [[Conodont]]s (early [[plankton]]ic [[vertebrate]]s) appear. First [[Embryophyte|green plant]]s and [[fungus|fungi]] on land. Ice age at end of period.
 
|style="background:#fbb4bd"| 445.2&nbsp;±&nbsp;1.4<sup>*</sup>
 
|style="background:#fbb4bd"| 445.2&nbsp;±&nbsp;1.4<sup>*</sup>
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Katian]]
+
|style="background:#fbb4bd"| [[Katian]]
 
|style="background:#fbb4bd"| 453.0&nbsp;±&nbsp;0.7<sup>*</sup>
 
|style="background:#fbb4bd"| 453.0&nbsp;±&nbsp;0.7<sup>*</sup>
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Sandbian]]
+
|style="background:#fbb4bd"| [[Sandbian]]
 
|style="background:#fbb4bd"| 458.4&nbsp;±&nbsp;0.9<sup>*</sup>
 
|style="background:#fbb4bd"| 458.4&nbsp;±&nbsp;0.9<sup>*</sup>
 
|-
 
|-
 
|rowspan="2" style="background:#fa9ab1"| [[Middle Ordovician|Middle]]
 
|rowspan="2" style="background:#fa9ab1"| [[Middle Ordovician|Middle]]
| [[Darriwilian]]
+
|style="background:#fa9ab1"| [[Darriwilian]]
 
|style="background:#fa9ab1"| 467.3&nbsp;±&nbsp;1.1<sup>*</sup>
 
|style="background:#fa9ab1"| 467.3&nbsp;±&nbsp;1.1<sup>*</sup>
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Dapingian]]
+
|style="background:#fa9ab1"| [[Dapingian]]
 
|style="background:#fa9ab1"| 470.0&nbsp;±&nbsp;1.4<sup>*</sup>
 
|style="background:#fa9ab1"| 470.0&nbsp;±&nbsp;1.4<sup>*</sup>
 
|-
 
|-
 
|rowspan="2" style="background:#e67da4"| [[Early Ordovician|Lower]]
 
|rowspan="2" style="background:#e67da4"| [[Early Ordovician|Lower]]
| [[Floian]]<br />(formerly [[Arenig]])
+
|style="background:#e67da4"| [[Floian]]<br />(formerly [[Arenig]])
 
|style="background:#e67da4"| 477.7&nbsp;±&nbsp;1.4<sup>*</sup>
 
|style="background:#e67da4"| 477.7&nbsp;±&nbsp;1.4<sup>*</sup>
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Tremadocian]]
+
|style="background:#e67da4"| [[Tremadocian]]
 
|style="background:#e67da4"| 485.4&nbsp;±&nbsp;1.9<sup>*</sup>
 
|style="background:#e67da4"| 485.4&nbsp;±&nbsp;1.9<sup>*</sup>
 
|-
 
|-
 
|rowspan="10" style="background:#fb805f"| [[Cambrian]]
 
|rowspan="10" style="background:#fb805f"| [[Cambrian]]
 
|rowspan="3" style="background:#fdcdb8"| [[Furongian]]
 
|rowspan="3" style="background:#fdcdb8"| [[Furongian]]
| [[Cambrian#Subdivisions|Stage 10]]
+
|style="background:#fdcdb8"| [[Cambrian#Subdivisions|Stage 10]]
 
|rowspan="10"| Major diversification of life in the [[Cambrian Explosion]]. Numerous fossils; most modern [[Animalia|animal]][[Phylum|phyla]] appear. First [[chordates]] appear, along with a number of extinct, problematic phyla. Reef-building [[Archaeocyatha]] abundant; then vanish. [[Trilobite]]s, [[priapulid]] worms, [[Porifera|sponges]], inarticulate [[brachiopod]]s (unhinged lampshells), and many other animals numerous. [[Anomalocarid]]s are giant predators, while many Ediacaran fauna die out. [[Prokaryote]]s, [[protist]]s (e.g., [[foram]]s), [[fungus|fungi]] and [[algae]] continue to present day. [[Gondwana]] emerges. [[Petermann Orogeny]] on the [[Australia (Continent)|Australian Continent]] tapers off (550&ndash;535 [[Year#SI_prefix_multipliers|Ma]]). Ross Orogeny in Antarctica. [[Adelaide Geosyncline|Adelaide Geosyncline (Delamerian Orogeny)]], majority of orogenic activity from 514&ndash;500[[Year#SI_prefix_multipliers|Ma]]. [[Lachlan Orogeny]] on [[Australia (Continent)|Australian Continent]], c. 540&ndash;440[[Year#SI_prefix_multipliers|Ma]]. [[Earth's atmosphere|Atmospheric]] CO<sub>2</sub> content roughly 20&ndash;35 times present-day ([[Holocene]]) levels (6000 ppmv compared to today's 385 ppmv)<ref name="atmospheric-carbon-dioxide" />
 
|rowspan="10"| Major diversification of life in the [[Cambrian Explosion]]. Numerous fossils; most modern [[Animalia|animal]][[Phylum|phyla]] appear. First [[chordates]] appear, along with a number of extinct, problematic phyla. Reef-building [[Archaeocyatha]] abundant; then vanish. [[Trilobite]]s, [[priapulid]] worms, [[Porifera|sponges]], inarticulate [[brachiopod]]s (unhinged lampshells), and many other animals numerous. [[Anomalocarid]]s are giant predators, while many Ediacaran fauna die out. [[Prokaryote]]s, [[protist]]s (e.g., [[foram]]s), [[fungus|fungi]] and [[algae]] continue to present day. [[Gondwana]] emerges. [[Petermann Orogeny]] on the [[Australia (Continent)|Australian Continent]] tapers off (550&ndash;535 [[Year#SI_prefix_multipliers|Ma]]). Ross Orogeny in Antarctica. [[Adelaide Geosyncline|Adelaide Geosyncline (Delamerian Orogeny)]], majority of orogenic activity from 514&ndash;500[[Year#SI_prefix_multipliers|Ma]]. [[Lachlan Orogeny]] on [[Australia (Continent)|Australian Continent]], c. 540&ndash;440[[Year#SI_prefix_multipliers|Ma]]. [[Earth's atmosphere|Atmospheric]] CO<sub>2</sub> content roughly 20&ndash;35 times present-day ([[Holocene]]) levels (6000 ppmv compared to today's 385 ppmv)<ref name="atmospheric-carbon-dioxide" />
 
|style="background:#fdcdb8"| c. 489.5
 
|style="background:#fdcdb8"| c. 489.5
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Jiangshanian]]
+
|style="background:#fdcdb8"| [[Jiangshanian]]
 
|style="background:#fdcdb8"| c. 494<sup>*</sup>
 
|style="background:#fdcdb8"| c. 494<sup>*</sup>
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Paibian]]
+
|style="background:#fdcdb8"| [[Paibian]]
 
|style="background:#fdcdb8"| c. 497<sup>*</sup>
 
|style="background:#fdcdb8"| c. 497<sup>*</sup>
 
|-
 
|-
 
|rowspan="3" style="background:#e8ae97"| [[Middle Cambrian|Series 3]]
 
|rowspan="3" style="background:#e8ae97"| [[Middle Cambrian|Series 3]]
| [[Guzhangian]]
+
|style="background:#e8ae97"| [[Guzhangian]]
 
|style="background:#e8ae97"| c. 500.5<sup>*</sup>
 
|style="background:#e8ae97"| c. 500.5<sup>*</sup>
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Drumian]]
+
|style="background:#e8ae97"| [[Drumian]]
 
|style="background:#e8ae97"| c. 504.5<sup>*</sup>
 
|style="background:#e8ae97"| c. 504.5<sup>*</sup>
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Cambrian#Subdivisions|Stage 5]]
+
|style="background:#e8ae97"| [[Cambrian#Subdivisions|Stage 5]]
 
|style="background:#e8ae97"| c. 509
 
|style="background:#e8ae97"| c. 509
 
|-
 
|-
 
|rowspan="2" style="background:#e77c72"| [[Middle Cambrian|Series 2]]
 
|rowspan="2" style="background:#e77c72"| [[Middle Cambrian|Series 2]]
| [[Cambrian#Subdivisions|Stage 4]]
+
|style="background:#e77c72"| [[Cambrian#Subdivisions|Stage 4]]
 
|style="background:#e77c72"| c. 514
 
|style="background:#e77c72"| c. 514
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Cambrian#Subdivisions|Stage 3]]
+
|style="background:#e77c72"| [[Cambrian#Subdivisions|Stage 3]]
 
|style="background:#e77c72"| c. 521
 
|style="background:#e77c72"| c. 521
 
|-
 
|-
 
|rowspan="2" style="background:#e77c72"| [[Terreneuvian]]
 
|rowspan="2" style="background:#e77c72"| [[Terreneuvian]]
| [[Cambrian Stage 2|Stage 2]]
+
|style="background:#e77c72"| [[Cambrian Stage 2|Stage 2]]
 
|style="background:#e77c72"| c. 529
 
|style="background:#e77c72"| c. 529
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Fortunian]]
+
|style="background:#e77c72"| [[Fortunian]]
 
|style="background:#e77c72"| 541.0&nbsp;±&nbsp;1.0<sup>*</sup>
 
|style="background:#e77c72"| 541.0&nbsp;±&nbsp;1.0<sup>*</sup>
 
|-
 
|-

Revision as of 03:22, 24 March 2013

hi:भूवैज्ञानिक समय-मान