Difference between revisions of "Template:/æ/ raising in North American English"

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blackwiki>Nardog
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blackwiki>Wolfdog
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| Non-prevocalic <br />{{IPA|/m, n/}}
 
| Non-prevocalic <br />{{IPA|/m, n/}}
 
| ''fan, lamb, stand''
 
| ''fan, lamb, stand''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|[ɛə]}}{{sfnp|Duncan|2016|pp=1–2}}{{efn-ua|name=split-a|In New York City, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, most function words (''am, can, had'', etc.) and some learned or less common words (''Afghan, alas, asterisk'', etc.) have {{IPA|[æ]}}.}}{{efn-ua|In Philadelphia, the irregular verbs ''began, ran, swam'', and ''wan'' (a local variant of ''won'') have {{IPA|[æ]}}.{{sfnp|Labov|Ash|Boberg|2006|p=238}}}}
+
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|[ɛə]}}{{sfnp|Duncan|2016|pp=1–2}}{{efn-ua|name=split-a|In New York City, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, most function words (''am, can, had'', etc.) and some learned or less common words (''alas, carafe, lad'', etc.) have {{IPA|[æ]}}.}}{{efn-ua|In Philadelphia, the irregular verbs ''began, ran, swam'', and ''wan'' (a local variant of ''won'') have {{IPA|[æ]}}.{{sfnp|Labov|Ash|Boberg|2006|p=238}}}}
 
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ɛə]}}{{sfnp|Duncan|2016|pp=1–2}}
 
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ɛə]}}{{sfnp|Duncan|2016|pp=1–2}}
 
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ɛə]}}
 
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ɛə]}}
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| Otherwise
 
| Otherwise
 
| ''as, back, happy, <br />locality''
 
| ''as, back, happy, <br />locality''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|[æ]}}{{efn-ua|In New York City, exceptional {{IPA|[ɛə]}} is found notably in ''avenue'' and variably before {{IPA|/dʒ/}} as in ''imagine'' and ''magic''.{{sfnp|Labov|2007|p=359}}}}
+
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|[æ]}}{{efn-ua|In New York City, certain lexical exceptions exist (like ''avenue'' being tense) and variability is common before {{IPA|/dʒ/}} and {{IPA|/z/}} as in ''imagine'', ''magic'', and ''jazz''.{{sfnp|Labov|2007|p=359}} </br>In New Orleans, {{IPA|[ɛə]}} additionally occurs before {{IPA|/v/}} and {{IPA|/z/}}.{{sfnp|Labov|2007|p=373}}}}
 
|-
 
|-
 
| colspan="10" class="wrap" style="width: 0; text-align: left; font-size: 85%;" | {{notelist-ua}}
 
| colspan="10" class="wrap" style="width: 0; text-align: left; font-size: 85%;" | {{notelist-ua}}

Revision as of 13:13, 13 August 2020

/æ/ raising in North American English[1]

Following
consonant
Example
words[2]
New York
City
,[2] New
Orleans
[3]
Baltimore,
Philadel-
phia
[2][4]
General
American
,
New England,
Western US
Midland US,
Pittsburgh
Southern
US
Canada,
Northern
Mountain
US
Minnesota,
Wisconsin
Great
Lakes
US
Non-prevocalic
/m, n/
fan, lamb, stand [ɛə][5][upper-alpha 1][upper-alpha 2] [ɛə][5] [ɛə] [ɛə~ɛjə][7] [ɛə][8] [ɛə][9][5]
Prevocalic
/m, n/
animal, planet,
Spanish
[æ]
/ŋ/[10] frank, language [eɪ][11] [æ][10] [æ~æɛə][7] [ɛː~ɛj][8] [eː~ej][12]
Non-prevocalic
/ɡ/
bag, drag [ɛə][upper-alpha 1] [æ][upper-alpha 3] [æ][5]
Prevocalic /ɡ/ dragon, magazine [æ]
Non-prevocalic
/b, d, ʃ/
grab, flash, sad [ɛə][upper-alpha 1] [æ][13] [ɛə][13]
Non-prevocalic
/f, θ, s/
ask, bath, half,
glass
[ɛə][upper-alpha 1]
Otherwise as, back, happy,
locality
[æ][upper-alpha 4]
Template:Notelist-ua
Template documentation

Required references

This template requires the following works be cited elsewhere in the article using {{cite xxx}} or {{citation}}.

  • Baker, Adam; Mielke, Jeff; Archangeli, Diana (2008). "More velar than /g/: Consonant Coarticulation as a Cause of Diphthongization" (PDF). In Chang, Charles B.; Haynie, Hannah J. (eds.). Proceedings of the 26th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics. Somerville, Massachusetts: Cascadilla Proceedings Project. pp. 60–68. ISBN 978-1-57473-423-2.
  • Boberg, Charles (2008). "Regional phonetic differentiation in Standard Canadian English". Journal of English Linguistics. 36 (2): 129–154. doi:10.1177/0075424208316648.
  • Duncan, Daniel (2016). "'Tense' /æ/ is still lax: A phonotactics study" (PDF). In Hansson, Gunnar Ólafur; Farris-Trimble, Ashley; McMullin, Kevin; Pulleyblank, Douglas (eds.). Supplemental Proceedings of the 2015 Annual Meeting on Phonology. Washington, D.C.: Linguistic Society of America. doi:10.3765/amp.v3i0.3653.
  • Labov, William (2007). "Transmission and Diffusion" (PDF). Language. 83 (2): 344–387. doi:10.1353/lan.2007.0082. JSTOR 40070845.
  • Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (2006). The Atlas of North American English. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-016746-7.


Cite error: <ref> tags exist for a group named "upper-alpha", but no corresponding <references group="upper-alpha"/> tag was found, or a closing </ref> is missing