Difference between revisions of "Template:Geologic time scale"

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imported>Necessary Evil
m (Undid revision 567854343 by 24.218.110.195, "Upper Cretaceous" isn't an epoch, it's a chronostratigraphic unit.)
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|rowspan="30" style="background:{{period color|Mesozoic}}"| [[Mesozoic]]
 
|rowspan="30" style="background:{{period color|Mesozoic}}"| [[Mesozoic]]
 
|rowspan="12" style="background:{{period color|Cretaceous}}" | [[Cretaceous]]
 
|rowspan="12" style="background:{{period color|Cretaceous}}" | [[Cretaceous]]
|rowspan="6" style="background:{{period color|Late Cretaceous}}"| [[Late Cretaceous|Late]]
+
|rowspan="6" style="background:{{period color|Late Cretaceous}}"| [[Upper Cretaceous|Late]]
 
|style="background:{{period color|Maastrichtian}}"| [[Maastrichtian]]
 
|style="background:{{period color|Maastrichtian}}"| [[Maastrichtian]]
 
|rowspan="12"| [[Flowering plant]]s proliferate, along with new types of [[insect]]s. More modern [[teleost]] fish begin to appear. [[Ammonoidea]], [[Belemnoidea|belemnites]], [[rudist]] [[Bivalvia|bivalve]]s, [[Echinoidea|echinoid]]s and [[Porifera|sponges]] all common. Many new types of [[dinosaur]]s (e.g. [[Tyrannosauridae|Tyrannosaurs]], [[Titanosauridae|Titanosaurs]], [[Hadrosauridae|duck bills]], and [[Ceratopsidae|horned dinosaurs]]) evolve on land, as do [[Eusuchia]] ([[Crocodilia|modern crocodilians]]); and [[mosasaur]]s and modern [[shark]]s appear in the sea. Primitive [[bird]]s gradually replace [[pterosaurs]]. [[Monotremes]], [[marsupial]]s and [[Eutheria|placental]] mammals appear. Break up of [[Gondwana]]. Beginning of [[Laramide Orogeny|Laramide]] and [[Sevier Orogeny|Sevier Orogenies]] of the [[Rocky Mountains]]. [[Earth's atmosphere|Atmospheric]] CO<sub>2</sub> close to present-day levels.
 
|rowspan="12"| [[Flowering plant]]s proliferate, along with new types of [[insect]]s. More modern [[teleost]] fish begin to appear. [[Ammonoidea]], [[Belemnoidea|belemnites]], [[rudist]] [[Bivalvia|bivalve]]s, [[Echinoidea|echinoid]]s and [[Porifera|sponges]] all common. Many new types of [[dinosaur]]s (e.g. [[Tyrannosauridae|Tyrannosaurs]], [[Titanosauridae|Titanosaurs]], [[Hadrosauridae|duck bills]], and [[Ceratopsidae|horned dinosaurs]]) evolve on land, as do [[Eusuchia]] ([[Crocodilia|modern crocodilians]]); and [[mosasaur]]s and modern [[shark]]s appear in the sea. Primitive [[bird]]s gradually replace [[pterosaurs]]. [[Monotremes]], [[marsupial]]s and [[Eutheria|placental]] mammals appear. Break up of [[Gondwana]]. Beginning of [[Laramide Orogeny|Laramide]] and [[Sevier Orogeny|Sevier Orogenies]] of the [[Rocky Mountains]]. [[Earth's atmosphere|Atmospheric]] CO<sub>2</sub> close to present-day levels.
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|style="background:{{period color|Cenomanian}}"| 100.5<sup>*</sup>
 
|style="background:{{period color|Cenomanian}}"| 100.5<sup>*</sup>
 
|-
 
|-
|rowspan="6" style="background:{{period color|Early Cretaceous}}"| [[Early Cretaceous|Early]]
+
|rowspan="6" style="background:{{period color|Early Cretaceous}}"| [[Lower Cretaceous|Early]]
 
|style="background:{{period color|Albian}}"| [[Albian]]
 
|style="background:{{period color|Albian}}"| [[Albian]]
 
|style="background:{{period color|Albian}}"| c. 113.0
 
|style="background:{{period color|Albian}}"| c. 113.0
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|-
 
|-
 
|rowspan="11" style="background:{{period color|Jurassic}}"| [[Jurassic]]
 
|rowspan="11" style="background:{{period color|Jurassic}}"| [[Jurassic]]
|rowspan="3" style="background:{{period color|Late Jurassic}}"| [[Late Jurassic|Late]]
+
|rowspan="3" style="background:{{period color|Late Jurassic}}"| [[Upper Jurassic|Late]]
 
|style="background:{{period color|Tithonian}}"| [[Tithonian]]
 
|style="background:{{period color|Tithonian}}"| [[Tithonian]]
 
|rowspan="11"| [[Gymnosperm]]s (especially [[conifer]]s, [[Bennettitales]] and [[cycad]]s) and [[fern]]s common. Many types of [[dinosaur]]s, such as [[sauropod]]s, [[carnosaur]]s, and [[stegosaur]]s. Mammals common but small. First [[bird]]s and [[Squamata|lizards]]. [[Ichthyosaur]]s and [[plesiosaur]]s diverse. [[Bivalvia|Bivalve]]s, [[Ammonite]]s and [[Belemnoidea|belemnites]] abundant. [[Sea urchin]]s very common, along with [[crinoid]]s, starfish, [[Porifera|sponges]], and [[Terebratulida|terebratulid]] and [[Rhynchonellida|rhynchonellid]] [[brachiopod]]s. Breakup of [[Pangaea]] into [[Gondwana]] and [[Laurasia]]. [[Nevadan orogeny]] in North America. [[Rangitata Orogeny|Rantigata]] and [[Cimmerian Orogeny|Cimmerian Orogenies]] taper off. Atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> levels 4&ndash;5 times the present day levels (1200&ndash;1500 ppmv, compared to today's 385 ppmv<ref name="atmospheric-carbon-dioxide" />).
 
|rowspan="11"| [[Gymnosperm]]s (especially [[conifer]]s, [[Bennettitales]] and [[cycad]]s) and [[fern]]s common. Many types of [[dinosaur]]s, such as [[sauropod]]s, [[carnosaur]]s, and [[stegosaur]]s. Mammals common but small. First [[bird]]s and [[Squamata|lizards]]. [[Ichthyosaur]]s and [[plesiosaur]]s diverse. [[Bivalvia|Bivalve]]s, [[Ammonite]]s and [[Belemnoidea|belemnites]] abundant. [[Sea urchin]]s very common, along with [[crinoid]]s, starfish, [[Porifera|sponges]], and [[Terebratulida|terebratulid]] and [[Rhynchonellida|rhynchonellid]] [[brachiopod]]s. Breakup of [[Pangaea]] into [[Gondwana]] and [[Laurasia]]. [[Nevadan orogeny]] in North America. [[Rangitata Orogeny|Rantigata]] and [[Cimmerian Orogeny|Cimmerian Orogenies]] taper off. Atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> levels 4&ndash;5 times the present day levels (1200&ndash;1500 ppmv, compared to today's 385 ppmv<ref name="atmospheric-carbon-dioxide" />).
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|style="background:{{period color|Aalenian}}"| 174.1 ±&nbsp;1.0<sup>*</sup>
 
|style="background:{{period color|Aalenian}}"| 174.1 ±&nbsp;1.0<sup>*</sup>
 
|-
 
|-
|rowspan="4" style="background:{{period color|Early Jurassic}}"| [[Early Jurassic|Early]]
+
|rowspan="4" style="background:{{period color|Early Jurassic}}"| [[Lower Jurassic|Early]]
 
|style="background:{{period color|Toarcian}}"| [[Toarcian]]
 
|style="background:{{period color|Toarcian}}"| [[Toarcian]]
 
|style="background:{{period color|Toarcian}}"| 182.7 ±&nbsp;0.7
 
|style="background:{{period color|Toarcian}}"| 182.7 ±&nbsp;0.7
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|-
 
|-
 
|rowspan="7" style="background:{{period color|Triassic}}"| [[Triassic]]
 
|rowspan="7" style="background:{{period color|Triassic}}"| [[Triassic]]
|rowspan="3" style="background:{{period color|Late Triassic}}"| [[Late Triassic|Late]]
+
|rowspan="3" style="background:{{period color|Late Triassic}}"| [[Upper Triassic|Late]]
 
|style="background:{{period color|Rhaetian}}"| [[Rhaetian]]
 
|style="background:{{period color|Rhaetian}}"| [[Rhaetian]]
 
|rowspan="7"| [[Archosaur]]s dominant on land as [[dinosaur]]s, in the oceans as [[Ichthyosaur]]s and [[nothosaur]]s, and in the air as [[pterosaur]]s. [[Cynodont]]s become smaller and more mammal-like, while first [[mammal]]s and [[crocodilia]] appear. ''[[Dicroidium]]''flora common on land. Many large aquatic [[temnospondyli|temnospondyl]] amphibians. [[Ammonite|Ceratitic ammonoids]] extremely common. [[Scleractinia|Modern corals]] and [[teleost]] fish appear, as do many modern [[insect]] clades. [[Andes Mountains|Andean Orogeny]] in South America. [[Cimmerian Orogeny]] in Asia. [[Rangitata Orogeny]] begins in New Zealand. [[Hunter-Bowen Orogeny]] in [[Northern Australia]], Queensland and [[New South Wales]] ends, (c. 260&ndash;225 [[Year#SI_prefix_multipliers|Ma]])
 
|rowspan="7"| [[Archosaur]]s dominant on land as [[dinosaur]]s, in the oceans as [[Ichthyosaur]]s and [[nothosaur]]s, and in the air as [[pterosaur]]s. [[Cynodont]]s become smaller and more mammal-like, while first [[mammal]]s and [[crocodilia]] appear. ''[[Dicroidium]]''flora common on land. Many large aquatic [[temnospondyli|temnospondyl]] amphibians. [[Ammonite|Ceratitic ammonoids]] extremely common. [[Scleractinia|Modern corals]] and [[teleost]] fish appear, as do many modern [[insect]] clades. [[Andes Mountains|Andean Orogeny]] in South America. [[Cimmerian Orogeny]] in Asia. [[Rangitata Orogeny]] begins in New Zealand. [[Hunter-Bowen Orogeny]] in [[Northern Australia]], Queensland and [[New South Wales]] ends, (c. 260&ndash;225 [[Year#SI_prefix_multipliers|Ma]])
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|style="background:{{period color|Anisian}}"| 247.2
 
|style="background:{{period color|Anisian}}"| 247.2
 
|-
 
|-
|rowspan="2" style="background:{{period color|Early Triassic}}"| [[Early Triassic|Early]]
+
|rowspan="2" style="background:{{period color|Early Triassic}}"| [[Lower Triassic|Early]]
 
|style="background:{{period color|Olenekian}}"| [[Olenekian]]
 
|style="background:{{period color|Olenekian}}"| [[Olenekian]]
 
|style="background:{{period color|Olenekian}}"| 251.2
 
|style="background:{{period color|Olenekian}}"| 251.2
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|-
 
|-
 
|rowspan="7" style="background:{{period color|Devonian}}"| [[Devonian]]
 
|rowspan="7" style="background:{{period color|Devonian}}"| [[Devonian]]
|rowspan="2" style="background:{{period color|Late Devonian}}"| [[Late Devonian|Late]]
+
|rowspan="2" style="background:{{period color|Late Devonian}}"| [[Upper Devonian|Late]]
 
|style="background:{{period color|Frasnian}}"| [[Famennian]]
 
|style="background:{{period color|Frasnian}}"| [[Famennian]]
 
|rowspan="7"| First [[Lycopodiopsida|clubmoss]]es, [[Equisetophyta|horsetail]]s and [[fern]]s appear, as do the first [[seed]]-bearing plants ([[progymnosperm]]s), first [[tree]]s (the progymnosperm ''[[Archaeopteris]]''), and first (wingless) [[Insecta|insect]]s. [[Strophomenida|Strophomenid]] and [[Atrypida|atrypid]] [[brachiopod]]s, [[Rugosa|rugose]] and [[Tabulata|tabulate]] corals, and [[crinoid]]s are all abundant in the oceans. [[Goniatite]] [[Ammonite|ammonoids]] are plentiful, while squid-like [[Coleoidea|coleoids]] arise. Trilobites and armoured agnaths decline, while jawed fishes ([[Placodermi|placoderm]]s, [[Sarcopterygii|lobe-finned]] and [[Osteichthyes|ray-finned]] fish, and early [[Chondrichthyes|sharks]]) rule the seas. First [[amphibian]]s still aquatic. "Old Red Continent" of [[Euramerica]]. Beginning of [[Acadian Orogeny]] for [[Atlas Mountains|Anti-Atlas Mountains]] of [[North Africa]], and [[Appalachian Mountains]] of North America, also the [[Antler Orogeny|Antler]], [[Variscan Orogeny|Variscan]], and [[Mayor Island/Tuhua|Tuhua Orogeny]] in New Zealand.
 
|rowspan="7"| First [[Lycopodiopsida|clubmoss]]es, [[Equisetophyta|horsetail]]s and [[fern]]s appear, as do the first [[seed]]-bearing plants ([[progymnosperm]]s), first [[tree]]s (the progymnosperm ''[[Archaeopteris]]''), and first (wingless) [[Insecta|insect]]s. [[Strophomenida|Strophomenid]] and [[Atrypida|atrypid]] [[brachiopod]]s, [[Rugosa|rugose]] and [[Tabulata|tabulate]] corals, and [[crinoid]]s are all abundant in the oceans. [[Goniatite]] [[Ammonite|ammonoids]] are plentiful, while squid-like [[Coleoidea|coleoids]] arise. Trilobites and armoured agnaths decline, while jawed fishes ([[Placodermi|placoderm]]s, [[Sarcopterygii|lobe-finned]] and [[Osteichthyes|ray-finned]] fish, and early [[Chondrichthyes|sharks]]) rule the seas. First [[amphibian]]s still aquatic. "Old Red Continent" of [[Euramerica]]. Beginning of [[Acadian Orogeny]] for [[Atlas Mountains|Anti-Atlas Mountains]] of [[North Africa]], and [[Appalachian Mountains]] of North America, also the [[Antler Orogeny|Antler]], [[Variscan Orogeny|Variscan]], and [[Mayor Island/Tuhua|Tuhua Orogeny]] in New Zealand.
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|style="background:{{period color|Eifelian}}"| 393.3 ±&nbsp;1.2<sup>*</sup>
 
|style="background:{{period color|Eifelian}}"| 393.3 ±&nbsp;1.2<sup>*</sup>
 
|-
 
|-
|rowspan="3" style="background:{{period color|Early Devonian}}"| [[Early Devonian|Early]]
+
|rowspan="3" style="background:{{period color|Early Devonian}}"| [[Lower Devonian|Early]]
 
|style="background:{{period color|Emsian}}"| [[Emsian]]
 
|style="background:{{period color|Emsian}}"| [[Emsian]]
 
|style="background:{{period color|Emsian}}"| 407.6 ±&nbsp;2.6<sup>*</sup>
 
|style="background:{{period color|Emsian}}"| 407.6 ±&nbsp;2.6<sup>*</sup>
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|-
 
|-
 
|rowspan="7" style="background:{{period color|Ordovician}}"| [[Ordovician]]
 
|rowspan="7" style="background:{{period color|Ordovician}}"| [[Ordovician]]
|rowspan="3" style="background:{{period color|Late Ordovician}}"| [[Late Ordovician|Late]]
+
|rowspan="3" style="background:{{period color|Late Ordovician}}"| [[Upper Ordovician|Late]]
 
|style="background:{{period color|Hirnantian}}"| [[Hirnantian]]
 
|style="background:{{period color|Hirnantian}}"| [[Hirnantian]]
 
|rowspan="7"| [[Invertebrate]]s diversify into many new types (e.g., long [[orthoconic|straight-shelled]] [[orthocerida|cephalopods]]). Early [[coral]]s, articulate [[brachiopod]]s (''Orthida'', ''Strophomenida'', etc.), [[Bivalvia|bivalves]], [[nautiloid]]s, [[trilobite]]s, [[ostracod]]s, [[bryozoa]], many types of [[echinoderms]] ([[crinoid]]s, [[Cystoidea|cystoids]], [[Asteroidea|starfish]], etc.), branched [[graptolite]]s, and other taxa all common. [[Conodont]]s (early [[plankton]]ic [[vertebrate]]s) appear. First [[Embryophyte|green plant]]s and [[fungus|fungi]] on land. Ice age at end of period.
 
|rowspan="7"| [[Invertebrate]]s diversify into many new types (e.g., long [[orthoconic|straight-shelled]] [[orthocerida|cephalopods]]). Early [[coral]]s, articulate [[brachiopod]]s (''Orthida'', ''Strophomenida'', etc.), [[Bivalvia|bivalves]], [[nautiloid]]s, [[trilobite]]s, [[ostracod]]s, [[bryozoa]], many types of [[echinoderms]] ([[crinoid]]s, [[Cystoidea|cystoids]], [[Asteroidea|starfish]], etc.), branched [[graptolite]]s, and other taxa all common. [[Conodont]]s (early [[plankton]]ic [[vertebrate]]s) appear. First [[Embryophyte|green plant]]s and [[fungus|fungi]] on land. Ice age at end of period.
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|style="background:{{period color|Dapingian}}"| 470.0&nbsp;±&nbsp;1.4<sup>*</sup>
 
|style="background:{{period color|Dapingian}}"| 470.0&nbsp;±&nbsp;1.4<sup>*</sup>
 
|-
 
|-
|rowspan="2" style="background:{{period color|Early Ordovician}}"| [[Early Ordovician|Early]]
+
|rowspan="2" style="background:{{period color|Early Ordovician}}"| [[Lower Ordovician|Early]]
 
|style="background:{{period color|Floian}}"| [[Floian]]<br />(formerly [[Arenig]])
 
|style="background:{{period color|Floian}}"| [[Floian]]<br />(formerly [[Arenig]])
 
|style="background:{{period color|Floian}}"| 477.7&nbsp;±&nbsp;1.4<sup>*</sup>
 
|style="background:{{period color|Floian}}"| 477.7&nbsp;±&nbsp;1.4<sup>*</sup>

Revision as of 02:43, 11 August 2013