Difference between revisions of "Template:IPAc-mh common doc"

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imported>Gilgamesh~enwiki
(The (never-used) audio file feature needs to be rewritten, but I don't think I was the one who wrote it. (Not finished rewriting yet.))
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Three templates &mdash; [[Template:IPAc-mh]], [[Template:IPAc1-mh]] and [[Template:IPAc2-mh]] &mdash; are used to produce a phonetic or phonemic representation (using the [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] system) of [[Marshallese language|Marshallese]] words or sounds, using natural spelling to avoid the need to search for the correct phonetic symbols. The result is wikilinked to [[Help:IPA for Marshallese]]. Optionally, an audio file can also be specified.
+
The template [[Template:IPAc-mh]], backed by the Scribunto/Lua module [[Module:mh-pronunc]], is used to produce phonetic representation (using the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]], or IPA) of [[Marshallese language|Marshallese]] words or sounds. The result is wikilinked to [[Help:IPA/Marshallese]].
  
 
===Usage===
 
===Usage===
Of the three templates:
 
# [[Template:IPAc1-mh]] presents a morphophonemic IPA transcription without accounting for [[allophony]].  By default, this transcription is enclosed using /slashes/.
 
# [[Template:IPAc2-mh]] presents a more articulate IPA transcription where allophones may have different symbols.  It is not as briefly morphophonemic, but may be easier to read.  By default, this transcription is enclosed using [brackets].
 
# [[Template:IPAc-mh]] presents both IPA transcription schemes at once.
 
'''All three templates have exactly the same argument syntax, and are interchangeable.'''  The code format is designed to accommodate the interests of both IPA transcription schemes.  The number of parameters is always limited to 50.
 
 
 
Normal usage:
 
Normal usage:
* <code><nowiki>{{IPAc-mh|mh|hah|ah|J|yeh|lh}}</nowiki></code> produces {{IPAc-mh|mh|hah|ah|J|yeh|lh}}
+
* <code><nowiki>{{IPAc-mh|mhahjelh}}</nowiki></code> produces {{IPAc-mh|mhahjelh}}
* <code><nowiki>{{IPAc-mh|m|yay|J|^yeh|r|how|ow}}</nowiki></code> produces {{IPAc-mh|m|yay|J|^yeh|r|how|ow}}
+
* <code><nowiki>{{IPAc-mh|majr&w}}</nowiki></code> produces {{IPAc-mh|majr&w}}
  
With an audio file:
+
The template uses, as its first parameter, a special notation describing all the Marshallese [[phoneme]]s that make up a particular word or phrase.  The notation is a modified [[ASCII]]-only variation of [[Marshallese language#Bender's orthography|Bender's orthography]].  The notation is case-insensitive, but fairly strict in its formatting, and the template will display an error if the notation is malformed.  The notation may consist of:
* <code><nowiki>{{IPAc-mh|AUD|Mājro.ogg|m|yay|J|^yeh|r|how|ow}}</nowiki></code> produces {{IPAc-mh|//AUD|Mājro.ogg|m|yay|J|^yeh|r|how|ow}}
+
* ASCII [[whitespace character]]s and [[hyphen]]s (<code>-</code>), which are also ignored.
 
+
* ASCII [[apostrophe]]s (<code>'</code>), which are ''mostly'' ignored.
To change the delimiters (for example, if several instances of the template need to be strung together because of the limit on the number of parameters):
+
* Any of the following ASCII character sequences, representing [[consonant]] and [[vowel]] phonemes:
* <code><nowiki>{{IPAc2-mh|[-|n|yuh|mh|huw|rw}}</nowiki></code> produces {{IPAc2-mh|[-|n|yuh|mh|huw|rw}}
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** <code>a b d e & h i 'i j k kw l lh lw m mh n ng ngw nh nw p r rw t w y 'yiy yi'y</code>
The full range of special values for the first parameter (changing the delimiters and/or specifying that the next parameter is an audio file) is as follows:
+
* Multiple separate pronunciation samples may be separated by an ASCII [[comma]] (<code>,</code>), but duplicate results will not be displayed.
* <tt>-- [- -] // /- -/ AUD -]AUD //AUD -/AUD</tt>
+
An ASCII apostrophe may be placed between two sequences disambiguate them, for example <code>l'w</code> to separate <code>l</code> and <code>w</code> so as not to be mistaken for <code>lw</code>.
  
 
====Consonants====
 
====Consonants====
Spellings similar to Marshallese orthography are used for consonants.  Velarized consonants (with [[cedilla]] below) are joined with ‹h›, and labio-velarized consonants are joined with ‹w› instead of ‹h›.  The [[velar nasal]] '''n̄''' is represented with ‹ng›, or if labialized, ‹ngw›.  The approximants are represented with ‹h w y›.  Marshallese words must have a consonant at the beginning and the end of a word and between two vowels, even if it is an approximant not indicated in writing.
+
The consonant sequences represent the following phonemes:
* <tt>b d j k kw l lh lw m mh n nh nw ng ngw p r rw t</tt>
+
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
 +
|- style="font-size: smaller;"
 +
! Sequence
 +
! Phoneme
 +
! Allophones
 +
! Writing
 +
! Bender
 +
! rowspan="12" | &nbsp;
 +
! Sequence
 +
! Phoneme
 +
! Allophones
 +
! Writing
 +
! Bender
 +
! rowspan="12" | &nbsp;
 +
! Sequence
 +
! Phoneme
 +
! Allophones
 +
! Writing
 +
! Bender
 +
|-
 +
| <code>p</code>
 +
| {{IPA|/pʲ/}}
 +
| {{IPA|[pʲ, bʲ]}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|p}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|p}}
 +
| <code>b</code>
 +
| {{IPA|/pˠ/}}
 +
| {{IPA|[pˠ, bˠ]}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|b, bw}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|b}}
 +
! colspan="5" | &nbsp;
 +
|-
 +
| <code>j</code>
 +
| {{IPA|/tʲ/}}
 +
| {{IPA|[tʲ, dʲ, t͡sʲ, d͡zʲ, sʲ, zʲ]}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|j}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|j}}
 +
| <code>t</code>
 +
| {{IPA|/tˠ/}}
 +
| {{IPA|[tˠ, dˠ]}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|t}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|t}}
 +
! colspan="5" | &nbsp;
 +
|-
 +
! colspan="4" | &nbsp;
 +
| <code>k</code>
 +
| {{IPA|/k/}}
 +
| {{IPA|[k, ɡ]}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|k}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|k}}
 +
| <code>kw</code>
 +
| {{IPA|/kʷ/}}
 +
| {{IPA|[kʷ, ɡʷ]}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|kw, k}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|kʷ, q}}
 +
|-
 +
| <code>m</code>
 +
| {{IPA|/mʲ/}}
 +
| {{IPA|[mʲ]}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|m}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|m}}
 +
| <code>mh</code>
 +
| {{IPA|/mˠ/}}
 +
| {{IPA|[mˠ]}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|m̧, m̧w}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|m̧, , ṁ}}
 +
! colspan="5" | &nbsp;
 +
|-
 +
| <code>n</code>
 +
| {{IPA|/nʲ/}}
 +
| {{IPA|[nʲ]}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|n}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|n}}
 +
| <code>nh</code>
 +
| {{IPA|/nˠ/}}
 +
| {{IPA|[nˠ]}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|ņ}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|ņ, ṇ, ṅ}}
 +
| <code>nw</code>
 +
| {{IPA|/nʷ/}}
 +
| {{IPA|[nʷ]}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|ņw, ņ}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|ņʷ, ņ°, ṇʷ, ņ°, n̈}}
 +
|-
 +
! colspan="4" | &nbsp;
 +
| <code>ng</code>
 +
| {{IPA|/ŋ/}}
 +
| {{IPA|[ŋ]}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|n̄}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|g}}
 +
| <code>ngw</code>
 +
| {{IPA|/ŋʷ/}}
 +
| {{IPA|[ŋʷ]}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|n̄w, n̄}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|gʷ, g°, g̈}}
 +
|-
 +
| <code>d</code>
 +
| {{IPA|/rʲ/}}
 +
| {{IPA|[rʲ]}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|d}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|d}}
 +
| <code>r</code>
 +
| {{IPA|/rˠ/}}
 +
| {{IPA|[rˠ]}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|r}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|r}}
 +
| <code>rw</code>
 +
| {{IPA|/rʷ/}}
 +
| {{IPA|[rʷ]}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|rw, r}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|rʷ, r°, r̈}}
 +
|-
 +
| <code>l</code>
 +
| {{IPA|/lʲ/}}
 +
| {{IPA|[lʲ]}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|l}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|l}}
 +
| <code>lh</code>
 +
| {{IPA|/lˠ/}}
 +
| {{IPA|[lˠ]}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|ļ}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|ļ, ḷ, ł}}
 +
| <code>lw</code>
 +
| {{IPA|/lʷ/}}
 +
| {{IPA|[lʷ]}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|ļw, ļ}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|ļʷ, ļ°, ḷʷ, ḷ°, l̈}}
 +
|-
 +
| <code>y</code>
 +
| {{IPA|/j/}}
 +
| {{IPA|[-, ɛ̯, e̯, i̯]}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|-, e, i}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|y}}
 +
| <code>h</code>
 +
| {{IPA|/ɰ/}}
 +
| {{IPA|[-]}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|-}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|h}}
 +
| <code>w</code>
 +
| {{IPA|/w/}}
 +
| {{IPA|[-, w]}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|-, w}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|w}}
 +
|}
  
=====Voiced obstruent allophones=====
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====Vowels====
The obstruents have voiced allophones word-internally when not geminated.
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There are only four primary vowel sequences:
* <tt>B J K KW P T</tt>
+
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
 
+
|- style="font-size: smaller;"
=====Unreleased obstruent allophones=====
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! Sequence
When geminating an obstruent, use these codes for the unreleased first half of the cluster.
+
! Phoneme
* <tt>b' j' k' kw' p' t'</tt>
+
! Allophones
 +
! Writing
 +
! Bender
 +
|-
 +
| <code>a</code>
 +
| {{IPA|/æ/}}
 +
| {{IPA|[æ, ɑ, ɒ]}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|ā, a, o̧}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|a}}
 +
|-
 +
| <code>e</code>
 +
| {{IPA|/ɛ/}}
 +
| {{IPA|[ɛ, ʌ, ɔ]}}
 +
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|mh|e, ō, o}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|e}}
 +
|-
 +
| <code>&</code>
 +
| {{IPA|/e/}}
 +
| {{IPA|[e, ɤ, o]}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|ȩ, ẹ, &}}
 +
|-
 +
| <code>a</code>
 +
| {{IPA|/i/}}
 +
| {{IPA|[i, ɯ, u]}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|i, ū, u}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|i}}
 +
|}
 +
In addition, [[epenthesis|epenthetic]] vowels are automatically generated between two consonants in an unstable consonant cluster.  The vowel automatically chosen depends on the consonants involved and the nearest other neighboring vowels.  These epenthetic vowels are marked short: {{IPA|[æ̆ ɛ̆ ĕ ĭ ɑ̆ ʌ̆ ɤ̆ ɯ̆ ɒ̆ ɔ̆ ŏ ŭ]}}
  
=====Plain approximants=====
+
====Special sequences====
The articulation of the plain approximants varies depending on neighboring vowels, so there are a variety of symbols for them. See the [[#Vowels|vowels section]] to see the corresponding vowel codes.
+
These sequences take effect at the beginning of a word or after a consonant.
* <tt>ha he ho hu wa we wo wu ya ye yo yu</tt>
+
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
These alternative codes are equivalent to those above.
+
|- style="font-size: smaller;"
* <tt>ah eh oh uh aw ew ow uw ay ey oy uy</tt>
+
! Sequence
 +
! Phoneme
 +
! Allophones
 +
! Writing
 +
! Bender
 +
! Notes
 +
|-
 +
| <code>yiw</code>
 +
| {{IPA|/jiw/}}
 +
| {{IPA|[i̯uːw]}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|iuw}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|yiw}}
 +
| Use <code>y'iw</code> to avoid this special sequence.
 +
|-
 +
| <code>yi'y</code>
 +
| {{IPA|/ji̯j/}}
 +
| {{IPA|[i̯]}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|i}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|yi'y}}
 +
|-
 +
| <code>'yiy</code>
 +
| {{IPA|/jijj/}}
 +
| {{IPA|[iː]}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|ii}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|'yiy}}
 +
|}
  
=====Morphophonemic but not articulated=====
+
====Dialect variation====
When a consonant exists in the morphophonemic transcription but is not articulated in speech, use parentheses around the symbol in question.
+
These sequences produce different results depending on Marshallese dialect, and take effect at the beginning of a word or after a consonant.  If a IPA pronunciation varies between the western [[Rālik Chain]] dialect and the eastern [[Ratak Chain]] dialect, both pronunciations will be displayed.
* <tt>(b) (d) (j) (k) (kw) (l) (lh) (lw) (m) (mh) (n) (nh) (nw) (ng) (ngw) (p) (r) (rw) (t)</tt>
+
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
For unarticulated plain approximants, use these:
+
|- style="font-size: smaller;"
* <tt>(h) (w) (y)</tt>
+
! Sequence
 +
! Phoneme
 +
! Rālik
 +
! Ratak
 +
! Writing
 +
! Bender
 +
! Notes
 +
|-
 +
| <code>hha</code>
 +
| {{IPA|/ɰɰæ/}}
 +
| {{IPA|[ɑː]}}
 +
| {{IPA|[ɑ]}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|a, aa}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|hha}}
 +
|-
 +
| <code>wiw</code>
 +
| {{IPA|/wiw/}}
 +
| {{IPA|[i̯uːw]}}
 +
| {{IPA|[uːw]}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|uw, iuw}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|wiw}}
 +
| Use <code>w'iw</code> to avoid this special sequence.
 +
|-
 +
| <code>yiy</code>
 +
| {{IPA|/jij/}}
 +
| {{IPA|[iː]}}
 +
| {{IPA|[i̯]}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|i, ii}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|yiy}}
 +
| Use <code>y'iy</code> to avoid this special sequence.
 +
|}
 +
In addition, if the notation begins with two of the same consonant (other than <code>hh</code>), a [[prothesis (linguistics)|prothetic]] vowel will automatically be added in a different fashion depending on the dialect.  For example:
 +
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
 +
|- style="font-size: smaller;"
 +
! Sequence
 +
! Phoneme
 +
! Rālik
 +
! Ratak
 +
! Writing
 +
! Bender
 +
|-
 +
| <code>mhmhan</code>
 +
| {{IPA|/mˠmˠænʲ/}}
 +
| {{IPA|[ɛmˠːɑnʲ]}}
 +
| {{IPA|[mˠʌmˠɑnʲ]}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|m̧m̧an, em̧m̧an, m̧ōm̧an}}
 +
| {{lang|mh|m̧m̧an, ṃṃan, ṁṁan}}
 +
|}
  
=====Articulated but not morphophonemic=====
+
====Initial and final vowels====
When a morphophonemic consonant ends up being pronounced a different wayThis can be used in combination with the above symbols.
+
Spoken Marshallese words must always begin or end with a consonant.  But because some Marshallese [[affix]]es begin or end with a bare vowel that fuses to the consonant of an attached [[morpheme]], the template does not prohibit notations beginning or ending with vowels. In such circumstances, it will display three separate possible pronunciations for each bare vowel, depending on the variable [[secondary articulation]]s of the consonants which may be attached.
* <tt>^b ^d ^j ^k ^kw ^KW ^l ^lh ^lw ^m ^mh ^n ^nh ^nw ^ng ^ngw ^p ^r ^rw ^t</tt>
+
* <code><nowiki>{{IPAc-mh|ri-}}</nowiki></code> produces {{IPAc-mh|ri-}}
 
+
* <code><nowiki>{{IPAc-mh|-in}}</nowiki></code> produces {{IPAc-mh|-in}}
====Vowels====
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Unlike other vowels the template may display, bare vowels are shown as tied diphthongs, with the implication that the vowel may be pronounced as a diphthong or as one of the two possible surface vowels, in [[free variation]].  This is also true of all other vowels in Marshallese, but the most likely pronunciations are simpler for the module to predict when the neighboring consonants and nearest vowels are already known.
These are the main vowel codes.
 
* <tt>hah haw hay wah waw way yah yaw yay</tt>
 
* <tt>heh hew hey weh wew wey yeh yew yey</tt>
 
* <tt>hoh how hoy woh wow woy yoh yow yoy</tt>
 
* <tt>huh huw huy wuh wuw wuy yuh yuw yuy</tt>
 
Each of these codes is structured with any combination of ‹h w y› on both sides, and any combination of ‹a e o u› as the middle letter.
 
  
The ‹h w y› components represent the secondary articulation of the consonant on each side of the vowel.
+
To display only one specific reflex instead of all three, any of the special "pseudo-glide" sequences <code>y_ h_ w_ _y _h _w</code> may come at the beginning or end of the notation.
* For the consonants ‹d j l m n p y›, use ‹y›.
+
* <code><nowiki>{{IPAc-mh|ri_y}}</nowiki></code> produces {{IPAc-mh|ri_y}}
* For the consonants ‹b h k lh mh nh ng r t›, use ‹h›.
+
* <code><nowiki>{{IPAc-mh|w_in}}</nowiki></code> produces {{IPAc-mh|w_in}}
* For the consonants ‹kw lw nw ngw rw w›, use ‹w›.
 
  
The ‹a e o u› components only represent vowel height, regardless of backness or roundedness.
+
====Additional parameters====
* ‹u› is the close vowel.
+
Additional named parameters may be supplied to alter some of the display aspects of the IPA pronunciation.
* ‹o› is the close-mid vowel.
 
* ‹e› is the open-mid vowel.
 
* ‹a› is the open vowel.
 
The letter ‹i› is not used in this system.
 
  
=====Asyllabic vowels=====
+
=====<code>careful</code>=====
When a vowel phoneme must be pronounced asyllabically, add an apostrophe after the code.
+
Normally, if a Marshallese word or phrase can be pronounced more than one different way depending on how it is (or is not) [[enunciation|enunciated]], more than one pronunciation may be displayed:
* <tt>hah' haw' hay' wah' waw' way' yah' yaw' yay'</tt>
+
* <code><nowiki>{{IPAc-mh|harnhew}}</nowiki></code> produces {{IPAc-mh|harnhew}}
* <tt>heh' hew' hey' weh' wew' wey' yeh' yew' yey'</tt>
+
But if <code>|careful=false</code> or <code>|careful=true</code> are supplied, only one of the two modes is displayed:
* <tt>hoh' how' hoy' woh' wow' woy' yoh' yow' yoy'</tt>
+
* <code><nowiki>{{IPAc-mh|harnhew|careful=true}}</nowiki></code> produces {{IPAc-mh|harnhew|careful=true}}
* <tt>huh' huw' huy' wuh' wuw' wuy' yuh' yuw' yuy'</tt>
+
* <code><nowiki>{{IPAc-mh|harnhew|careful=false}}</nowiki></code> produces {{IPAc-mh|harnhew|careful=false}}
If the consonant neighboring either side of the asyllabic vowel is a plain approximant, replace each neighboring approximant with parenthetical versions.
+
Neither pronunciation is "wrong," but a more careful pronunciation may be considered clearer, while a less careful pronunciation is more organically occurring.
* ‹ha ah he eh ho oh hu uh› should become ‹(h)›.
 
* ‹wa aw we ew wo ow wu uw› should become ‹(w)›.
 
* ‹ya ay ye ey yo oy yu uy› should become ‹(y)›.
 
  
=====Epenthetic vowels=====
+
=====<code>nobrackets</code>=====
For non-morphophonemic vowels that appear in articulation, prefix a vowel code with a carat.
+
If <code>|nobrackets=true</code> is supplied, the IPA pronunciation will be displayed without brackets.
* <tt>^hah ^haw ^hay ^wah ^waw ^way ^yah ^yaw ^yay</tt>
+
* <code><nowiki>{{IPAc-mh|yi'yakwey|nobrackets=true}}</nowiki></code> produces {{IPAc-mh|yi'yakwey|nobrackets=true}}
* <tt>^heh ^hew ^hey ^weh ^wew ^wey ^yeh ^yew ^yey</tt>
 
* <tt>^hoh ^how ^hoy ^woh ^wow ^woy ^yoh ^yow ^yoy</tt>
 
* <tt>^huh ^huw ^huy ^wuh ^wuw ^wuy ^yuh ^yuw ^yuy</tt>
 
  
====Other====
+
WIP
The following parameters have special meanings:
 
* <tt>_</tt> (underscore) for a space between words
 
* <tt>-</tt> (dash) is just a dash.
 
* <tt>.</tt> (period) is just a syllable break.
 
  
The conversion system for the morphophonic transcription system is coded in [[Template:c1-mh]]. The conversion system for the articulate transcription system is coded in [[Template:c2-mh]]. Most codes are supported by both templates, but some codes will be ignored by one template or the other.
+
====Limitations====
 +
The template will display an error message under certain circumstances:
 +
* Words may not begin with more than one consonant sequence, unless they are two of the same consonant.
 +
* Words may not contain sequences of three or more consonants.
 +
* The special sequences <code>yi'y</code> and <code>'yiy</code> must always occur directly before a vowel.
 +
* Pseudo-glides must come either at the beginning or end of a phrase, may not neighbor another consonant, and may not neighbor two vowels.
 +
* Two vowels may not directly neighbor each other, and must be separated by at least one consonant.
  
 
==See also==
 
==See also==
 
*[[Template:Usage of IPA templates|Information on other IPA templates]]
 
*[[Template:Usage of IPA templates|Information on other IPA templates]]
*[[Wikipedia:IPA for Marshallese]]
+
*[[Help:IPA/Marshallese]]
*[[Marshallese language#Sounds]]
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*[[Marshallese phonology]]
  
 
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Revision as of 22:43, 10 December 2019

The template Template:IPAc-mh, backed by the Scribunto/Lua module Module:mh-pronunc, is used to produce phonetic representation (using the International Phonetic Alphabet, or IPA) of Marshallese words or sounds. The result is wikilinked to Help:IPA/Marshallese.

Usage

Normal usage:

  • {{IPAc-mh|mhahjelh}} produces
  1. REDIRECT Template:IPAc2-mh
  • {{IPAc-mh|majr&w}} produces
  1. REDIRECT Template:IPAc2-mh

The template uses, as its first parameter, a special notation describing all the Marshallese phonemes that make up a particular word or phrase. The notation is a modified ASCII-only variation of Bender's orthography. The notation is case-insensitive, but fairly strict in its formatting, and the template will display an error if the notation is malformed. The notation may consist of:

  • ASCII whitespace characters and hyphens (-), which are also ignored.
  • ASCII apostrophes ('), which are mostly ignored.
  • Any of the following ASCII character sequences, representing consonant and vowel phonemes:
    • a b d e & h i 'i j k kw l lh lw m mh n ng ngw nh nw p r rw t w y 'yiy yi'y
  • Multiple separate pronunciation samples may be separated by an ASCII comma (,), but duplicate results will not be displayed.

An ASCII apostrophe may be placed between two sequences disambiguate them, for example l'w to separate l and w so as not to be mistaken for lw.

Consonants

The consonant sequences represent the following phonemes:

Sequence Phoneme Allophones Writing Bender   Sequence Phoneme Allophones Writing Bender   Sequence Phoneme Allophones Writing Bender
p /pʲ/ [pʲ, bʲ] p p b /pˠ/ [pˠ, bˠ] b, bw b  
j /tʲ/ [tʲ, dʲ, t͡sʲ, d͡zʲ, sʲ, zʲ] j j t /tˠ/ [tˠ, dˠ] t t  
  k /k/ [k, ɡ] k k kw /kʷ/ [kʷ, ɡʷ] kw, k kʷ, q
m /mʲ/ [mʲ] m m mh /mˠ/ [mˠ] m̧, m̧w m̧, ṃ, ṁ  
n /nʲ/ [nʲ] n n nh /nˠ/ [nˠ] ņ ņ, ṇ, ṅ nw /nʷ/ [nʷ] ņw, ņ ņʷ, ņ°, ṇʷ, ņ°, n̈
  ng /ŋ/ [ŋ] g ngw /ŋʷ/ [ŋʷ] n̄w, n̄ gʷ, g°, g̈
d /rʲ/ [rʲ] d d r /rˠ/ [rˠ] r r rw /rʷ/ [rʷ] rw, r rʷ, r°, r̈
l /lʲ/ [lʲ] l l lh /lˠ/ [lˠ] ļ ļ, ḷ, ł lw /lʷ/ [lʷ] ļw, ļ ļʷ, ļ°, ḷʷ, ḷ°, l̈
y /j/ [-, ɛ̯, e̯, i̯] -, e, i y h /ɰ/ [-] - h w /w/ [-, w] -, w w

Vowels

There are only four primary vowel sequences:

Sequence Phoneme Allophones Writing Bender
a /æ/ [æ, ɑ, ɒ] ā, a, o̧ a
e /ɛ/ [ɛ, ʌ, ɔ] e, ō, o e
& /e/ [e, ɤ, o] ȩ, ẹ, &
a /i/ [i, ɯ, u] i, ū, u i

In addition, epenthetic vowels are automatically generated between two consonants in an unstable consonant cluster. The vowel automatically chosen depends on the consonants involved and the nearest other neighboring vowels. These epenthetic vowels are marked short: [æ̆ ɛ̆ ĕ ĭ ɑ̆ ʌ̆ ɤ̆ ɯ̆ ɒ̆ ɔ̆ ŏ ŭ]

Special sequences

These sequences take effect at the beginning of a word or after a consonant.

Sequence Phoneme Allophones Writing Bender Notes
yiw /jiw/ [i̯uːw] iuw yiw Use y'iw to avoid this special sequence.
yi'y /ji̯j/ [i̯] i yi'y
'yiy /jijj/ [iː] ii 'yiy

Dialect variation

These sequences produce different results depending on Marshallese dialect, and take effect at the beginning of a word or after a consonant. If a IPA pronunciation varies between the western Rālik Chain dialect and the eastern Ratak Chain dialect, both pronunciations will be displayed.

Sequence Phoneme Rālik Ratak Writing Bender Notes
hha /ɰɰæ/ [ɑː] [ɑ] a, aa hha
wiw /wiw/ [i̯uːw] [uːw] uw, iuw wiw Use w'iw to avoid this special sequence.
yiy /jij/ [iː] [i̯] i, ii yiy Use y'iy to avoid this special sequence.

In addition, if the notation begins with two of the same consonant (other than hh), a prothetic vowel will automatically be added in a different fashion depending on the dialect. For example:

Sequence Phoneme Rālik Ratak Writing Bender
mhmhan /mˠmˠænʲ/ [ɛmˠːɑnʲ] [mˠʌmˠɑnʲ] m̧m̧an, em̧m̧an, m̧ōm̧an m̧m̧an, ṃṃan, ṁṁan

Initial and final vowels

Spoken Marshallese words must always begin or end with a consonant. But because some Marshallese affixes begin or end with a bare vowel that fuses to the consonant of an attached morpheme, the template does not prohibit notations beginning or ending with vowels. In such circumstances, it will display three separate possible pronunciations for each bare vowel, depending on the variable secondary articulations of the consonants which may be attached.

  • {{IPAc-mh|ri-}} produces
  1. REDIRECT Template:IPAc2-mh
  • {{IPAc-mh|-in}} produces
  1. REDIRECT Template:IPAc2-mh

Unlike other vowels the template may display, bare vowels are shown as tied diphthongs, with the implication that the vowel may be pronounced as a diphthong or as one of the two possible surface vowels, in free variation. This is also true of all other vowels in Marshallese, but the most likely pronunciations are simpler for the module to predict when the neighboring consonants and nearest vowels are already known.

To display only one specific reflex instead of all three, any of the special "pseudo-glide" sequences y_ h_ w_ _y _h _w may come at the beginning or end of the notation.

  • {{IPAc-mh|ri_y}} produces
  1. REDIRECT Template:IPAc2-mh
  • {{IPAc-mh|w_in}} produces
  1. REDIRECT Template:IPAc2-mh

Additional parameters

Additional named parameters may be supplied to alter some of the display aspects of the IPA pronunciation.

careful

Normally, if a Marshallese word or phrase can be pronounced more than one different way depending on how it is (or is not) enunciated, more than one pronunciation may be displayed:

  • {{IPAc-mh|harnhew}} produces
  1. REDIRECT Template:IPAc2-mh

But if |careful=false or |careful=true are supplied, only one of the two modes is displayed:

  • {{IPAc-mh|harnhew|careful=true}} produces
  1. REDIRECT Template:IPAc2-mh
  • {{IPAc-mh|harnhew|careful=false}} produces
  1. REDIRECT Template:IPAc2-mh

Neither pronunciation is "wrong," but a more careful pronunciation may be considered clearer, while a less careful pronunciation is more organically occurring.

nobrackets

If |nobrackets=true is supplied, the IPA pronunciation will be displayed without brackets.

  • {{IPAc-mh|yi'yakwey|nobrackets=true}} produces
  1. REDIRECT Template:IPAc2-mh

WIP

Limitations

The template will display an error message under certain circumstances:

  • Words may not begin with more than one consonant sequence, unless they are two of the same consonant.
  • Words may not contain sequences of three or more consonants.
  • The special sequences yi'y and 'yiy must always occur directly before a vowel.
  • Pseudo-glides must come either at the beginning or end of a phrase, may not neighbor another consonant, and may not neighbor two vowels.
  • Two vowels may not directly neighbor each other, and must be separated by at least one consonant.

See also