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Latest revision as of 20:58, 4 February 2021
- Oxidation state data ()
- Standard comments e.g., predicted ()
- Technical: /overview-oxidation-state/row, /sandbox
- See also: Template:List of oxidation states of the elements/datacheck (compare with {{List of oxidation states of the elements}} data)
| Editors can experiment in this template's sandbox (create | mirror) and testcases (create) pages. Subpages of this template. |
Oxidation states data sets (WP:ELEMENTS talk)
| |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Z | Name | Symbol | complete | main | group | val | note | ||
| 1 | hydrogen | H | −1, +1 (an amphoteric oxide) | −1, +1 | 1 | I | |||
| 2 | helium | He | 0 | 0 | 18 | 0 | |||
| 3 | lithium | Li | +1 (a strongly basic oxide) | +1 | 1 | I | |||
| 4 | beryllium | Be | 0,[1] +1,[2] +2 (an amphoteric oxide) | +2 | 2 | II | |||
| 5 | boron | B | −5, −1, 0,[3] +1, +2, +3[4][5] (a mildly acidic oxide) | +3 | 13 | III | |||
| 6 | carbon | C | −4, −3, −2, −1, 0, +1,[6] +2, +3,[7] +4[8] (a mildly acidic oxide) | −4, −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4 | 14 | IV | |||
| 7 | nitrogen | N | −3, −2, −1, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 (a strongly acidic oxide) | −3, +3, +5 | 15 | V | |||
| 8 | oxygen | O | −2, −1, 0, +1, +2 | −2 | 16 | VI | |||
| 9 | fluorine | F | −1 (oxidizes oxygen) | −1 | 17 | VII | |||
| 10 | neon | Ne | 0 | 0 | 18 | 0 | |||
| 11 | sodium | Na | −1, +1 (a strongly basic oxide) | +1 | 1 | I | |||
| 12 | magnesium | Mg | +1,[9] +2 (a strongly basic oxide) | +2 | 2 | II | |||
| 13 | aluminium | Al | −2, −1, +1,[10] +2,[11] +3 (an amphoteric oxide) | +3 | 13 | III | |||
| 14 | silicon | Si | −4, −3, −2, −1, 0,[12] +1,[13] +2, +3, +4 (an amphoteric oxide) | −4, +4 | 14 | IV | |||
| 15 | phosphorus | P | −3, −2, −1, 0,[14] +1,[15] +2, +3, +4, +5 (a mildly acidic oxide) | −3, +3, +5 | 15 | V | |||
| 16 | sulfur | S | −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 (a strongly acidic oxide) | −2, +2, +4, +6 | 16 | VI | |||
| 17 | chlorine | Cl | −1, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7 (a strongly acidic oxide) | −1, +1, +3, +5, +7 | 17 | VII | |||
| 18 | argon | Ar | 0 | 0 | 18 | 0 | |||
| 19 | potassium | K | −1, +1 (a strongly basic oxide) | +1 | 1 | I | |||
| 20 | calcium | Ca | +1,[16] +2 (a strongly basic oxide) | +2 | 2 | II | |||
| 21 | scandium | Sc | 0,[17] +1,[18] +2,[19] +3 (an amphoteric oxide) | +3 | 3 | III | |||
| 22 | titanium | Ti | −2, −1, 0,[20] +1, +2, +3, +4[21] (an amphoteric oxide) | +4 | 4 | IV | |||
| 23 | vanadium | V | −3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 (an amphoteric oxide) | +5 | 5 | V | |||
| 24 | chromium | Cr | −4, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 (depending on the oxidation state, an acidic, basic, or amphoteric oxide) | +2, +3, +6 | 6 | VI | |||
| 25 | manganese | Mn | −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7 (depending on the oxidation state, an acidic, basic, or amphoteric oxide) | +2, +4, +7 | 7 | VII | |||
| 26 | iron | Fe | −4, −2, −1, 0, +1,[22] +2, +3, +4, +5,[23] +6, +7[24] (an amphoteric oxide) | +2, +3, +6 | 8 | VIII | |||
| 27 | cobalt | Co | −3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5[25] (an amphoteric oxide) | +2, +3 | 9 | VIII | |||
| 28 | nickel | Ni | −2, −1, 0, +1,[26] +2, +3, +4[27] (a mildly basic oxide) | +2 | 10 | VIII | |||
| 29 | copper | Cu | −2, 0,[28] +1, +2, +3, +4 (a mildly basic oxide) | +1, +2 | 11 | I | |||
| 30 | zinc | Zn | −2, 0, +1, +2 (an amphoteric oxide) | +2 | 12 | II | |||
| 31 | gallium | Ga | −5, −4, −3,[29] −2, −1, +1, +2, +3[30] (an amphoteric oxide) | +3 | 13 | III | |||
| 32 | germanium | Ge | −4 −3, −2, −1, 0,[31] +1, +2, +3, +4 (an amphoteric oxide) | −4, +2, +4 | 14 | IV | |||
| 33 | arsenic | As | −3, −2, −1, 0,[32] +1,[33] +2, +3, +4, +5 (a mildly acidic oxide) | −3, +3, +5 | 15 | V | |||
| 34 | selenium | Se | −2, −1, +1,[34] +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 (a strongly acidic oxide) | −2, +2, +4, +6 | 16 | VI | |||
| 35 | bromine | Br | −1, +1, +3, +4, +5, +7 (a strongly acidic oxide) | −1, +1, +3, +5 | 17 | VII | |||
| 36 | krypton | Kr | 0, +1, +2 (rarely more than 0; oxide is unknown) | 0 | 18 | 0 | |||
| 37 | rubidium | Rb | −1, +1 (a strongly basic oxide) | +1 | 1 | I | |||
| 38 | strontium | Sr | +1,[35] +2 (a strongly basic oxide) | +2 | 2 | II | |||
| 39 | yttrium | Y | 0,[36] +1, +2, +3 (a weakly basic oxide) | +3 | 3 | III | |||
| 40 | zirconium | Zr | −2, 0, +1,[37] +2, +3, +4 (an amphoteric oxide) | +4 | 4 | IV | |||
| 41 | niobium | Nb | −3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 (a mildly acidic oxide) | +5 | 5 | V | |||
| 42 | molybdenum | Mo | −4, −2, −1, 0, +1,[38] +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 (a strongly acidic oxide) | +4, +6 | 6 | VI | |||
| 43 | technetium | Tc | −3, −1, 0, +1,[39] +2, +3,[39] +4, +5, +6, +7 (a strongly acidic oxide) | +4, +7 | 7 | VII | |||
| 44 | ruthenium | Ru | −4, −2, 0, +1,[40] +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7, +8 (a mildly acidic oxide) | +3, +4 | 8 | VIII | |||
| 45 | rhodium | Rh | −3[41], −1, 0, +1,[42] +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 (an amphoteric oxide) | +3 | 9 | VIII | |||
| 46 | palladium | Pd | 0, +1, +2, +3, +4 (a mildly basic oxide) | 0, +2, +4 | 10 | VIII | |||
| 47 | silver | Ag | −2, −1, +1, +2, +3 (an amphoteric oxide) | +1 | 11 | I | |||
| 48 | cadmium | Cd | −2, +1, +2 (a mildly basic oxide) | +2 | 12 | II | |||
| 49 | indium | In | −5, −2, −1, +1, +2, +3[43] (an amphoteric oxide) | +3 | 13 | III | |||
| 50 | tin | Sn | −4, −3, −2, −1, 0,[44] +1,[45] +2, +3,[46] +4 (an amphoteric oxide) | −4, +2, +4 | 14 | IV | |||
| 51 | antimony | Sb | −3, −2, −1, 0,[47] +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 (an amphoteric oxide) | −3, +3, +5 | 15 | V | |||
| 52 | tellurium | Te | −2, −1, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 (a mildly acidic oxide) | −2, +2, +4, +6 | 16 | VI | |||
| 53 | iodine | I | −1, +1, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7 (a strongly acidic oxide) | −1, +1, +3, +5, +7 | 17 | VII | |||
| 54 | xenon | Xe | 0, +1, +2, +4, +6, +8 (rarely more than 0; a weakly acidic oxide) | 0 | 18 | 0 | |||
| 55 | caesium | Cs | −1, +1[48] (a strongly basic oxide) | +1 | 1 | I | |||
| 56 | barium | Ba | +1, +2 (a strongly basic oxide) | +2 | 2 | II | |||
| 57 | lanthanum | La | 0,[36] +1, +2, +3 (a strongly basic oxide) | +3 | n/a | III | |||
| 58 | cerium | Ce | +1, +2, +3, +4 (a mildly basic oxide) | +3, +4 | n/a | - | |||
| 59 | praseodymium | Pr | 0,[36] +1,[49] +2, +3, +4, +5 (a mildly basic oxide) | +3 | n/a | - | |||
| 60 | neodymium | Nd | 0,[36] +2, +3, +4 (a mildly basic oxide) | +3 | n/a | - | |||
| 61 | promethium | Pm | +2, +3 (a mildly basic oxide) | +3 | n/a | - | |||
| 62 | samarium | Sm | 0,[36] +2, +3 (a mildly basic oxide) | +3 | n/a | - | |||
| 63 | europium | Eu | 0,[36] +2, +3 (a mildly basic oxide) | +2, +3 | n/a | - | |||
| 64 | gadolinium | Gd | 0,[36] +1, +2, +3 (a mildly basic oxide) | +3 | n/a | - | |||
| 65 | terbium | Tb | 0,[36] +1, +2, +3, +4 (a weakly basic oxide) | +3 | n/a | - | |||
| 66 | dysprosium | Dy | 0,[36] +1, +2, +3, +4 (a weakly basic oxide) | +3 | n/a | - | |||
| 67 | holmium | Ho | 0,[36] +1, +2, +3 (a basic oxide) | +3 | n/a | - | |||
| 68 | erbium | Er | 0,[36] +1, +2, +3 (a basic oxide) | +3 | n/a | - | |||
| 69 | thulium | Tm | 0,[36] +2, +3 (a basic oxide) | +3 | n/a | - | |||
| 70 | ytterbium | Yb | 0,[36] +1, +2, +3 (a basic oxide) | +3 | n/a | - | |||
| 71 | lutetium | Lu | 0,[36] +1, +2, +3 (a weakly basic oxide) | +3 | 3 | - | |||
| 72 | hafnium | Hf | −2, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4 (an amphoteric oxide) | +4 | 4 | IV | |||
| 73 | tantalum | Ta | −3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 (a mildly acidic oxide) | +5 | 5 | V | |||
| 74 | tungsten | W | −4, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 (a mildly acidic oxide) | +4, +6 | 6 | VI | |||
| 75 | rhenium | Re | −3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7 (a mildly acidic oxide) | +4 | 7 | VII | |||
| 76 | osmium | Os | −4, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7, +8 (a mildly acidic oxide) | +4 | 8 | VIII | |||
| 77 | iridium | Ir | −3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7, +8, +9[50] | +3, +4 | 9 | VIII | |||
| 78 | platinum | Pt | −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 (a mildly basic oxide) | +2, +4 | 10 | VIII | |||
| 79 | gold | Au | −3, −2, −1, 0,[51] +1, +2, +3, +5 (an amphoteric oxide) | +1, +3 | 11 | I | |||
| 80 | mercury | Hg | −2 , +1, +2 (a mildly basic oxide) | +1, +2 | 12 | II | |||
| 81 | thallium | Tl | −5,[52] −2, −1, +1, +2, +3 (a mildly basic oxide) | +1, +3 | 13 | III | |||
| 82 | lead | Pb | −4, −2, −1, +1, +2, +3, +4 (an amphoteric oxide) | +2, +4 | 14 | IV | |||
| 83 | bismuth | Bi | −3, −2, −1, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 (a mildly acidic oxide) | +3 | 15 | V | |||
| 84 | polonium | Po | −2, +2, +4, +5,[53] +6 (an amphoteric oxide) | −2, +2, +4 | 16 | VI | |||
| 85 | astatine | At | −1, +1, +3, +5, +7[54] | −1, +1 | 17 | VII | |||
| 86 | radon | Rn | 0, +2, +6 | 0 | 18 | 0 | |||
| 87 | francium | Fr | +1 (a strongly basic oxide) | +1 | 1 | I | |||
| 88 | radium | Ra | +2 (expected to have a strongly basic oxide) | +2 | 2 | II | |||
| 89 | actinium | Ac | +3 (a strongly basic oxide) | +3 | n/a | III | |||
| 90 | thorium | Th | +1, +2, +3, +4 (a weakly basic oxide) | +4 | n/a | - | |||
| 91 | protactinium | Pa | +2, +3, +4, +5 (a weakly basic oxide) | +5 | n/a | - | |||
| 92 | uranium | U | +1, +2, +3,[55] +4, +5, +6 (an amphoteric oxide) | +6 | n/a | - | |||
| 93 | neptunium | Np | +2, +3, +4,[56] +5, +6, +7 (an amphoteric oxide) | +5 | n/a | - | |||
| 94 | plutonium | Pu | +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7, +8 (an amphoteric oxide) | +4 | n/a | - | |||
| 95 | americium | Am | +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7 (an amphoteric oxide) | +3 | n/a | - | |||
| 96 | curium | Cm | +3, +4, +5,[57] +6[58] (an amphoteric oxide) | +3 | n/a | - | |||
| 97 | berkelium | Bk | +2, +3, +4, +5[57] | +3 | n/a | - | |||
| 98 | californium | Cf | +2, +3, +4, +5[59][57] | +3 | n/a | - | |||
| 99 | einsteinium | Es | +2, +3, +4 | +3 | n/a | - | |||
| 100 | fermium | Fm | +2, +3 | +3 | n/a | - | |||
| 101 | mendelevium | Md | +2, +3 | +3 | n/a | - | |||
| 102 | nobelium | No | +2, +3 | +2 | n/a | - | |||
| 103 | lawrencium | Lr | +3 | +3 | 3 | - | |||
| 104 | rutherfordium | Rf | (+2), (+3), +4[60][61][62] (parenthesized: prediction) | (+3), +4 (parenthesized: prediction) | 4 | IV | |||
| 105 | dubnium | Db | (+3), (+4), +5[61][62] (parenthesized: prediction) | +5 | 5 | V | |||
| 106 | seaborgium | Sg | 0, (+3), (+4), (+5), +6[61][62] (parenthesized: prediction) | (+4), +6 (parenthesized: prediction) | 6 | VI | |||
| 107 | bohrium | Bh | (+3), (+4), (+5), +7[61][62] (parenthesized: prediction) | (+3), (+4), (+5), +7 (parenthesized: prediction) | 7 | VII | |||
| 108 | hassium | Hs | (+2), (+3), (+4), (+6), +8[63][62][64] (parenthesized: prediction) | (+3), (+4) (parenthesized: prediction) | 8 | VIII | |||
| 109 | meitnerium | Mt | (+1), (+3), (+4), (+6), (+8), (+9) (predicted)[61][65][66][62] | (+1), (+3), (+6) (predicted) | 9 | VIII | |||
| 110 | darmstadtium | Ds | (0), (+2), (+4), (+6), (+8) (predicted)[61][62] | (0), (+2), (+8) (predicted) | 10 | VIII | |||
| 111 | roentgenium | Rg | (−1), (+1), (+3), (+5), (+7) (predicted)[61][62][67] | (+3) (predicted) | 11 | I | |||
| 112 | copernicium | Cn | 0, (+1), +2, (+4) (parenthesized: prediction)[61][68][62] | 0, +2 | 12 | II | |||
| 113 | nihonium | Nh | (−1), (+1), (+3), (+5) (predicted)[61][62][69] | (+1), (+3) (predicted) | 13 | III | |||
| 114 | flerovium | Fl | (0), (+1), (+2), (+4), (+6) (predicted)[61][62][70] | (+2) (predicted) | 14 | IV | |||
| 115 | moscovium | Mc | (+1), (+3) (predicted)[61][62] | (+1), (+3) (predicted) | 15 | V | |||
| 116 | livermorium | Lv | (−2),[71] (+2), (+4) (predicted)[61] | (+2) (predicted) | 16 | VI | |||
| 117 | tennessine | Ts | (−1), (+1), (+3), (+5) (predicted)[62][61] | (+1), (+3) (predicted) | 17 | VII | |||
| 118 | oganesson | Og | (−1),[61] (0), (+1),[72] (+2),[73] (+4),[73] (+6)[61] (predicted) | (+2), (+4) (predicted) | 18 | 0 | |||
| 119 | ununennium | Uue | (+1), (+3) (predicted)[61] | (+1) (predicted) | 1 | I | |||
| 120 | unbinilium | Ubn | (+1),[74] (+2), (+4) (predicted)[61] | (+2) (predicted) | 2 | II | |||
| 121 | unbiunium | Ubu | (+1), (+3) (predicted)[61][75] | (+3) (predicted) | III | ||||
| 122 | unbibium | Ubb | (+4) (predicted)[76] | (+4) (predicted) | - | ||||
| 123 | unbitrium | Ubt | (+5) (predicted)[76] | (+5) (predicted) | |||||
| 124 | unbiquadium | Ubq | (+6) (predicted)[76] | (+6) (predicted) | |||||
| 125 | unbipentium | Ubp | (+1), (+6), (+7) (predicted)[76] | (+6), (+7) (predicted) | |||||
| 126 | unbihexium | Ubh | (+1), (+2), (+4), (+6), (+8) (predicted)[76] | (+4), (+6), (+8) (predicted) | |||||
References
- ↑ Be(0) has been observed; see "Beryllium(0) Complex Found". Chemistry Europe. 13 June 2016.
- ↑ "Beryllium: Beryllium(I) Hydride compound data" (PDF). bernath.uwaterloo.ca. Retrieved 2007-12-10.
- ↑ Braunschweig, H.; Dewhurst, R. D.; Hammond, K.; Mies, J.; Radacki, K.; Vargas, A. (2012). "Ambient-Temperature Isolation of a Compound with a Boron-Boron Triple Bond". Science. 336 (6087): 1420–2. Bibcode:2012Sci...336.1420B. doi:10.1126/science.1221138. PMID 22700924. S2CID 206540959.
- ↑ Zhang, K.Q.; Guo, B.; Braun, V.; Dulick, M.; Bernath, P.F. (1995). "Infrared Emission Spectroscopy of BF and AIF" (PDF). J. Molecular Spectroscopy. 170 (1): 82. Bibcode:1995JMoSp.170...82Z. doi:10.1006/jmsp.1995.1058.
- ↑ Melanie Schroeder. Eigenschaften von borreichen Boriden und Scandium-Aluminium-Oxid-Carbiden (PDF) (in German). p. 139.
- ↑ "Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of the Electronic Transition of the Jet-Cooled CCI Free Radical" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-12-06.
- ↑ "Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of the System of CP" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-12-06.
- ↑ "Carbon: Binary compounds". Retrieved 2007-12-06.
- ↑ Bernath, P. F.; Black, J. H.; Brault, J. W. (1985). "The spectrum of magnesium hydride" (PDF). Astrophysical Journal. 298: 375. Bibcode:1985ApJ...298..375B. doi:10.1086/163620. Unknown parameter
|name-list-style=ignored (help) - ↑ Dohmeier, C.; Loos, D.; Schnöckel, H. (1996). "Aluminum(I) and Gallium(I) Compounds: Syntheses, Structures, and Reactions". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 35 (2): 129–149. doi:10.1002/anie.199601291.
- ↑ D. C. Tyte (1964). "Red (B2Π–A2σ) Band System of Aluminium Monoxide". Nature. 202 (4930): 383. Bibcode:1964Natur.202..383T. doi:10.1038/202383a0. S2CID 4163250.
- ↑ "New Type of Zero-Valent Tin Compound". Chemistry Europe. 27 August 2016.
- ↑ Ram, R. S.; et al. (1998). "Fourier Transform Emission Spectroscopy of the A2D–X2P Transition of SiH and SiD" (PDF). J. Mol. Spectr. 190 (2): 341–352. doi:10.1006/jmsp.1998.7582. PMID 9668026.
- ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
- ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
- ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
- ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
- ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
- ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
- ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
- ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
- ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
- ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
- ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
- ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
- ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
- ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
- ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
- ↑ Ga(−3) has been observed in LaGa, see Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
- ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
- ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
- ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
- ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
- ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
- ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
- ↑ 36.00 36.01 36.02 36.03 36.04 36.05 36.06 36.07 36.08 36.09 36.10 36.11 36.12 36.13 Yttrium and all lanthanides except Ce and Pm have been observed in the oxidation state 0 in bis(1,3,5-tri-t-butylbenzene) complexes, see Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". and Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
- ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
- ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
- ↑ 39.0 39.1 Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
- ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
- ↑ Ellis J E. Highly Reduced Metal Carbonyl Anions: Synthesis, Characterization, and Chemical Properties. Adv. Organomet. Chem, 1990, 31: 1-51.
- ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
- ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
- ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
- ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
- ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
- ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
- ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
- ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
- ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
- ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
- ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
- ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
- ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
- ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
- ↑ Np(II), (III) and (IV) have been observed, see Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
- ↑ 57.0 57.1 57.2 Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
- ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
- ↑ Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997, p. 1265.
- ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
- ↑ 61.00 61.01 61.02 61.03 61.04 61.05 61.06 61.07 61.08 61.09 61.10 61.11 61.12 61.13 61.14 61.15 61.16 61.17 Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
- ↑ 62.00 62.01 62.02 62.03 62.04 62.05 62.06 62.07 62.08 62.09 62.10 62.11 62.12 Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
- ↑ Hoffman 2006, p. 1691.
- ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
- ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
- ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
- ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
- ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
- ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
- ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
- ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
- ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
- ↑ 73.0 73.1 Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
- ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
- ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
- ↑ 76.0 76.1 76.2 76.3 76.4 Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
See also
- Oxidation state
- {{List of oxidation states of the elements/row}}
- {{List of oxidation states of the elements/datacheck}} -- compare values with element infobox values.