Revision as of 00:29, 16 December 2020 by imported>Monkbot
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Copper, 29Cu |
Copper |
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Appearance | red-orange metallic luster |
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Standard atomic weight Ar, std(Cu) | Template:Val[1] |
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Copper in the periodic table |
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Atomic number (Z) | 29 |
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Group | group 11 |
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Period | period 4 |
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Block | d-block |
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Electron configuration | [Ar] 3d10 4s1 |
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Electrons per shell | 2, 8, 18, 1 |
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Physical properties |
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Phase at STP | solid |
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Melting point | 1357.77 K (1084.62 °C, 1984.32 °F) |
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Boiling point | 2835 K (2562 °C, 4643 °F) |
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Density (near r.t.) | 8.96 g/cm3 |
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when liquid (at m.p.) | 8.02 g/cm3 |
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Heat of fusion | 13.26 kJ/mol |
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Heat of vaporization | 300.4 kJ/mol |
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Molar heat capacity | 24.440 J/(mol·K) |
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Vapor pressure
P (Pa)
|
1
|
10
|
100
|
1 k
|
10 k
|
100 k
|
at T (K)
|
1509
|
1661
|
1850
|
2089
|
2404
|
2834
|
|
Atomic properties |
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Oxidation states | −2, 0,[2] +1, +2, +3, +4 (a mildly basic oxide) |
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Electronegativity | Pauling scale: 1.90 |
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Ionization energies | - 1st: 745.5 kJ/mol
- 2nd: 1957.9 kJ/mol
- 3rd: 3555 kJ/mol
- (more)
|
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Atomic radius | empirical: 128 pm |
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Covalent radius | 132±4 pm |
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Van der Waals radius | 140 pm |
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Spectral lines of copper |
Other properties |
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Natural occurrence | primordial |
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Crystal structure | face-centered cubic (fcc) |
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Speed of sound thin rod | (annealed) 3810 m/s (at r.t.) |
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Thermal expansion | 16.5 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C) |
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Thermal conductivity | 401 W/(m·K) |
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Electrical resistivity | 16.78 nΩ·m (at 20 °C) |
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Magnetic ordering | diamagnetic[3] |
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Magnetic susceptibility | −5.46·10−6 cm3/mol[4] |
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Young's modulus | 110–128 GPa |
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Shear modulus | 48 GPa |
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Bulk modulus | 140 GPa |
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Poisson ratio | 0.34 |
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Mohs hardness | 3.0 |
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Vickers hardness | 343–369 MPa |
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Brinell hardness | 235–878 MPa |
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CAS Number | 7440-50-8 |
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History |
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Naming | after Cyprus, principal mining place in Roman era (Cyprium) |
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Discovery | Middle East (9000 BC) |
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Main isotopes of copper |
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Category: Copper | references |
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References
These references will appear in the article, but this list appears only on this page.
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