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Gallium, 31Ga |
| Gallium |
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| Pronunciation | (Template:Respell) |
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| Appearance | silvery blue |
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| Standard atomic weight Ar, std(Ga) | Template:Val[1] |
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| Gallium in the periodic table |
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|
|
| Atomic number (Z) | 31 |
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| Group | group 13 (boron group) |
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| Period | period 4 |
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| Block | p-block |
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| Electron configuration | [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1 |
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| Electrons per shell | 2, 8, 18, 3 |
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| Physical properties |
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| Phase at STP | solid |
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| Melting point | 302.9146 K (29.7646 °C, 85.5763 °F) |
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| Boiling point | 2673 K (2400 °C, 4352 °F)[2] |
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| Density (near r.t.) | 5.91 g/cm3 |
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| when liquid (at m.p.) | 6.095 g/cm3 |
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| Heat of fusion | 5.59 kJ/mol |
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| Heat of vaporization | 256 kJ/mol[2] |
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| Molar heat capacity | 25.86 J/(mol·K) |
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Vapor pressure
| P (Pa)
|
1
|
10
|
100
|
1 k
|
10 k
|
100 k
|
| at T (K)
|
1310
|
1448
|
1620
|
1838
|
2125
|
2518
|
|
| Atomic properties |
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| Oxidation states | −5, −4, −3,[3] −2, −1, +1, +2, +3[4] (an amphoteric oxide) |
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| Electronegativity | Pauling scale: 1.81 |
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| Ionization energies | - 1st: 578.8 kJ/mol
- 2nd: 1979.3 kJ/mol
- 3rd: 2963 kJ/mol
- (more)
|
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| Atomic radius | empirical: 135 pm |
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| Covalent radius | 122±3 pm |
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| Van der Waals radius | 187 pm |
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| Spectral lines of gallium |
| Other properties |
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| Natural occurrence | primordial |
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| Crystal structure | orthorhombic |
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| Speed of sound thin rod | 2740 m/s (at 20 °C) |
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| Thermal expansion | 18 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C) |
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| Thermal conductivity | 40.6 W/(m·K) |
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| Electrical resistivity | 270 nΩ·m (at 20 °C) |
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| Magnetic ordering | diamagnetic |
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| Magnetic susceptibility | −21.6·10−6 cm3/mol (at 290 K)[5] |
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| Young's modulus | 9.8 GPa |
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| Poisson ratio | 0.47 |
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| Mohs hardness | 1.5 |
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| Brinell hardness | 56.8–68.7 MPa |
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| CAS Number | 7440-55-3 |
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| History |
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| Naming | after Gallia (Latin for: France), homeland of the discoverer |
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| Prediction | Dmitri Mendeleev (1871) |
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| Discovery and first isolation | Lecoq de Boisbaudran (1875) |
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| Main isotopes of gallium |
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|
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Category: Gallium | references |
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References
These references will appear in the article, but this list appears only on this page.
- ↑ Meija, Juris; et al. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Zhang Y; Evans JRG; Zhang S (2011). "Corrected Values for Boiling Points and Enthalpies of Vaporization of Elements in Handbooks". J. Chem. Eng. Data. 56 (2): 328–337. doi:10.1021/je1011086.
- ↑ Ga(−3) has been observed in LaGa, see Dürr, Ines; Bauer, Britta; Röhr, Caroline (2011). "Lanthan-Triel/Tetrel-ide La(Al,Ga)x(Si,Ge)1-x. Experimentelle und theoretische Studien zur Stabilität intermetallischer 1:1-Phasen" (PDF). Z. Naturforsch. (in German). 66b: 1107–1121.
- ↑ Hofmann, Patrick (1997). Colture. Ein Programm zur interaktiven Visualisierung von Festkörperstrukturen sowie Synthese, Struktur und Eigenschaften von binären und ternären Alkali- und Erdalkalimetallgalliden (PDF) (Thesis) (in German). PhD Thesis, ETH Zurich. p. 72. doi:10.3929/ethz-a-001859893. hdl:20.500.11850/143357. ISBN 978-3728125972.
- ↑ Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.
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