Revision as of 15:00, 16 December 2020 by imported>Monkbot
[[Category:Template:Pagetype with short description]]
Germanium, 32Ge |
| Germanium |
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| Pronunciation | (Template:Respell) |
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| Appearance | grayish-white |
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| Standard atomic weight Ar, std(Ge) | Template:Val[1] |
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| Germanium in the periodic table |
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|
|
| Atomic number (Z) | 32 |
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| Group | group 14 (carbon group) |
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| Period | period 4 |
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| Block | p-block |
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| Electron configuration | [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2 |
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| Electrons per shell | 2, 8, 18, 4 |
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| Physical properties |
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| Phase at STP | solid |
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| Melting point | 1211.40 K (938.25 °C, 1720.85 °F) |
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| Boiling point | 3106 K (2833 °C, 5131 °F) |
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| Density (near r.t.) | 5.323 g/cm3 |
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| when liquid (at m.p.) | 5.60 g/cm3 |
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| Heat of fusion | 36.94 kJ/mol |
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| Heat of vaporization | 334 kJ/mol |
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| Molar heat capacity | 23.222 J/(mol·K) |
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Vapor pressure
| P (Pa)
|
1
|
10
|
100
|
1 k
|
10 k
|
100 k
|
| at T (K)
|
1644
|
1814
|
2023
|
2287
|
2633
|
3104
|
|
| Atomic properties |
|---|
| Oxidation states | −4 −3, −2, −1, 0,[2] +1, +2, +3, +4 (an amphoteric oxide) |
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| Electronegativity | Pauling scale: 2.01 |
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| Ionization energies | - 1st: 762 kJ/mol
- 2nd: 1537.5 kJ/mol
- 3rd: 3302.1 kJ/mol
-
|
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| Atomic radius | empirical: 122 pm |
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| Covalent radius | 122 pm |
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| Van der Waals radius | 211 pm |
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| Spectral lines of germanium |
| Other properties |
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| Natural occurrence | primordial |
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| Crystal structure | face-centered diamond-cubic |
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| Speed of sound thin rod | 5400 m/s (at 20 °C) |
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| Thermal expansion | 6.0 µm/(m·K) |
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| Thermal conductivity | 60.2 W/(m·K) |
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| Electrical resistivity | 1 Ω·m (at 20 °C) |
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| Band gap | 0.67 eV (at 300 K) |
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| Magnetic ordering | diamagnetic[3] |
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| Magnetic susceptibility | −76.84·10−6 cm3/mol[4] |
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| Young's modulus | 103 GPa[5] |
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| Shear modulus | 41 GPa[5] |
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| Bulk modulus | 75 GPa[5] |
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| Poisson ratio | 0.26[5] |
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| Mohs hardness | 6.0 |
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| CAS Number | 7440-56-4 |
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| History |
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| Naming | after Germany, homeland of the discoverer |
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| Prediction | Dmitri Mendeleev (1869) |
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| Discovery | Clemens Winkler (1886) |
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| Main isotopes of germanium |
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|
|
Category: Germanium | references |
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References
These references will appear in the article, but this list appears only on this page.
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