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Lead, 82 Pb Lead Pronunciation (Template:Respell ) Appearance metallic gray Standard atomic weight A r, std (Pb) Template:Val [1] Lead in the periodic table
Atomic number (Z ) 82 Group group 14 (carbon group) Period period 6 Block p-block Electron configuration [Xe ] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2 Electrons per shell 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 4 Physical properties Phase at STP solid Melting point 600.61 K (327.46 °C, 621.43 °F) Boiling point 2022 K (1749 °C, 3180 °F) Density (near r.t. ) 11.34 g/cm3 when liquid (at m.p. ) 10.66 g/cm3 Heat of fusion 4.77 kJ/mol Heat of vaporization 179.5 kJ/mol Molar heat capacity 26.650 J/(mol·K) Vapor pressure
P (Pa)
1
10
100
1 k
10 k
100 k
at T (K)
978
1088
1229
1412
1660
2027
Atomic properties Oxidation states −4, −2, −1, +1, +2 , +3, +4 (an amphoteric oxide) Electronegativity Pauling scale: 1.87 (+2) Ionization energies 1st: 715.6 kJ/mol 2nd: 1450.5 kJ/mol 3rd: 3081.5 kJ/mol Atomic radius empirical: 175 pm Covalent radius 146±5 pm Van der Waals radius 202 pm Spectral lines of leadOther properties Natural occurrence primordial Crystal structure face-centered cubic (fcc) Speed of sound thin rod 1190 m/s (at r.t. ) (annealed) Thermal expansion 28.9 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C) Thermal conductivity 35.3 W/(m·K) Electrical resistivity 208 nΩ·m (at 20 °C) Magnetic ordering diamagnetic Magnetic susceptibility −23.0×10−6 cm3 /mol (at 298 K) Young's modulus 16 GPa Shear modulus 5.6 GPa Bulk modulus 46 GPa Poisson ratio 0.44 Mohs hardness 1.5 Brinell hardness 38–50 MPa CAS Number 7439-92-1 History Discovery in the Middle East (7000 BCE ) Main isotopes of lead
Isotopic abundances vary greatly by sample Category: Lead | references
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References
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