Template:Decay modes
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Decay modes
| |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Mode of decay | Participating particles | Daughter nucleus | |
| Decays with emission of nucleons | |||
| α | Alpha decay | An alpha particle (A = 4, Z = 2) emitted from nucleus | (A − 4, Z − 2) |
| p | Proton emission | A proton ejected from nucleus | (A − 1, Z − 1) |
| 2p | Double proton emission | Two protons ejected from nucleus simultaneously | (A − 2, Z − 2) |
| n | Neutron emission | A neutron ejected from nucleus | (A − 1, Z) |
| 2n | Double neutron emission | Two neutrons ejected from nucleus simultaneously | (A − 2, Z) |
| SF | Spontaneous fission | Nucleus disintegrates into two or more smaller nuclei and other particles | — |
| CD | Cluster decay | Nucleus emits a specific type of smaller nucleus (A1, Z1) which is larger than an alpha particle | (A − A1, Z − Z1) + (A1, Z1) |
| Different modes of beta decay | |||
| β− | Beta minus decay | A nucleus emits an electron and an electron antineutrino | (A, Z + 1) |
| β+ | Beta plus decay | A nucleus emits a positron and an electron neutrino | (A, Z − 1) |
| ε (EC) | Electron capture | A nucleus captures an orbiting electron and emits a neutrino; the daughter nucleus is left in an excited unstable state | (A, Z − 1) |
| Bound-state beta decay | A free neutron or nucleus beta decays to electron and antineutrino, but the electron is not emitted, as it is captured into an empty K-shell; the daughter nucleus is left in an excited and unstable state. This process is a minority of free neutron decays (0.0004%) due to the low energy of hydrogen ionization, and is suppressed except in ionized atoms that have K-shell vacancies. | (A, Z + 1) | |
| β−β− | Double beta decay | A nucleus emits two electrons and two antineutrinos | (A, Z + 2) |
| εε | Double electron capture | A nucleus absorbs two orbital electrons and emits two neutrinos – the daughter nucleus is left in an excited and unstable state | (A, Z − 2) |
| Electron capture with positron emission | A nucleus absorbs one orbital electron, emits one positron and two neutrinos | (A, Z − 2) | |
| β+β+ | Double positron decay | A nucleus emits two positrons and two neutrinos | (A, Z − 2) |
| Transitions between states of the same nucleus | |||
| IT | Isomeric transition | Excited nucleus releases a high-energy photon (gamma ray) | (A, Z) |
| Internal conversion | Excited nucleus transfers energy to an orbital electron, which is subsequently ejected from the atom | (A, Z) | |
Usage
Decay modes per {{NUBASE2016}}
- α =α emission
- p, 2p =proton emission; 2-proton emission
- n, 2n =neutron emission; 2-neutron emission
- ε =electron capture
- e+ =positron emission
- β+ =β+ decay (β+=ε+e+)
- β− =β− decay
- 2β− =double β− decay
- 2β+ =double β+ decay
- β−n =β−delayed neutron emission
- β−2n =β−delayed 2-neutron emission
- β+p =β+ delayed proton emission
- β+2p =β+ delayed 2-proton emission
- β−α =β− delayed α emission
- β+α =β+ delayed α emission
- β−d =β− delayed deuteron emission
- IT =internal transition
- SF =spontaneous fission
- β+SF =β+delayed fission
- β−SF =β−delayed fission
- ...list is continued in a remark, at the end of the A-group
- For long-lived nuclides:
- IS Isotopic abundance (from [2011Be53]) [i.e. from AME2011, replaced by {{AME2016 II}}, DePiep)
refs
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