Template:Infobox boron
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[[Category:Template:Pagetype with short description]]
boron (β-rhombohedral)[1] | ||||||||||||||||
| Boron | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pronunciation | /ˈbɔːrɒn/ | |||||||||||||||
| Allotropes | α-, β-rhombohedral, β-tetragonal (and more) | |||||||||||||||
| Appearance | black-brown | |||||||||||||||
| Standard atomic weight Ar, std(B) | [[[:Template:Val]], Template:Val] conventional: Template:Val | |||||||||||||||
| Boron in the periodic table | ||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||
| Atomic number (Z) | 5 | |||||||||||||||
| Group | group 13 (boron group) | |||||||||||||||
| Period | period 2 | |||||||||||||||
| Block | p-block | |||||||||||||||
| Electron configuration | [He] 2s2 2p1 | |||||||||||||||
| Electrons per shell | 2, 3 | |||||||||||||||
| Physical properties | ||||||||||||||||
| Phase at STP | solid | |||||||||||||||
| Melting point | 2349 K (2076 °C, 3769 °F) | |||||||||||||||
| Boiling point | 4200 K (3927 °C, 7101 °F) | |||||||||||||||
| Density when liquid (at m.p.) | 2.08 g/cm3 | |||||||||||||||
| Heat of fusion | 50.2 kJ/mol | |||||||||||||||
| Heat of vaporization | 508 kJ/mol | |||||||||||||||
| Molar heat capacity | 11.087 J/(mol·K) | |||||||||||||||
Vapor pressure
| ||||||||||||||||
| Atomic properties | ||||||||||||||||
| Oxidation states | −5, −1, 0,[2] +1, +2, +3[3][4] (a mildly acidic oxide) | |||||||||||||||
| Electronegativity | Pauling scale: 2.04 | |||||||||||||||
| Ionization energies |
| |||||||||||||||
| Atomic radius | empirical: 90 pm | |||||||||||||||
| Covalent radius | 84±3 pm | |||||||||||||||
| Van der Waals radius | 192 pm | |||||||||||||||
| Spectral lines of boron | ||||||||||||||||
| Other properties | ||||||||||||||||
| Natural occurrence | primordial | |||||||||||||||
| Crystal structure | rhombohedral | |||||||||||||||
| Speed of sound thin rod | 16,200 m/s (at 20 °C) | |||||||||||||||
| Thermal expansion | β form: 5–7 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C)[5] | |||||||||||||||
| Thermal conductivity | 27.4 W/(m·K) | |||||||||||||||
| Electrical resistivity | ~106 Ω·m (at 20 °C) | |||||||||||||||
| Magnetic ordering | diamagnetic[6] | |||||||||||||||
| Magnetic susceptibility | −6.7·10−6 cm3/mol[6] | |||||||||||||||
| Mohs hardness | ~9.5 | |||||||||||||||
| CAS Number | 7440-42-8 | |||||||||||||||
| History | ||||||||||||||||
| Discovery | Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac and Louis Jacques Thénard[7] (30 June 1808) | |||||||||||||||
| First isolation | Humphry Davy[8] (9 July 1808) | |||||||||||||||
| Main isotopes of boron | ||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||
| 10B content is 19.1–20.3% in natural samples, with the remainder being 11B.[10] | ||||||||||||||||
[[Category:Infobox templates|Template:Remove first word]]
| data m.p. cat | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| in | calc from C | diff | report | ref | |
| C | 2076 | — | — | ||
| K | 2349 | 2349 | 0 | ||
| F | 3769 | 3769 | 0 | Template:Subpage other | |
| max precision | 0 | ||||
| WD | Template:Wikidata Script error: No such module "EditAtWikidata". | Template:Wikidata | |||
| input | C: 2076, K: 2349, F: 3769 | ||||
| comment | |||||
| data b.p. cat | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| in | calc from C | diff | report | ref | |
| C | 3927 | — | — | ||
| K | 4200 | 4200 | 0 | ||
| F | 7101 | 7101 | 0 | Template:Subpage other | |
| max precision | 0 | ||||
| WD | Template:Wikidata Script error: No such module "EditAtWikidata". | Template:Wikidata | |||
| input | C: 3927, K: 4200, F: 7101 | ||||
| comment | |||||
| Be ← |
→ C | |
| ||
| Data sets read by {{Infobox element}} | |
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| Name and identifiers | |
| Top image (caption, alt) | |
| Pronunciation | |
| Category (enwiki) | |
| Standard atomic weight | |
| most stable isotope | |
| Natural occurrence | |
| Phase at STP | |
| Oxidation states | |
| Spectral lines image | |
| Electron configuration (cmt, ref) | |
| Term symbol * (cmt, ref) | |
| Wikidata * | |
| * Not used in {{Infobox element}} (2019-02-03) See also {{Infobox element/symbol-to--navbox}} | |
References
- ↑ Van Setten et al. 2007, pp. 2460–1
- ↑ Braunschweig, H.; Dewhurst, R. D.; Hammond, K.; Mies, J.; Radacki, K.; Vargas, A. (2012). "Ambient-Temperature Isolation of a Compound with a Boron-Boron Triple Bond". Science. 336 (6087): 1420–2. Bibcode:2012Sci...336.1420B. doi:10.1126/science.1221138. PMID 22700924. S2CID 206540959.
- ↑ Zhang, K.Q.; Guo, B.; Braun, V.; Dulick, M.; Bernath, P.F. (1995). "Infrared Emission Spectroscopy of BF and AIF" (PDF). J. Molecular Spectroscopy. 170 (1): 82. Bibcode:1995JMoSp.170...82Z. doi:10.1006/jmsp.1995.1058.
- ↑ Melanie Schroeder. Eigenschaften von borreichen Boriden und Scandium-Aluminium-Oxid-Carbiden (PDF) (in German). p. 139.
- ↑ Holcombe Jr., C. E.; Smith, D. D.; Lorc, J. D.; Duerlesen, W. K.; Carpenter; D. A. (October 1973). "Physical-Chemical Properties of beta-Rhombohedral Boron". High Temp. Sci. 5 (5): 349–57.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Haynes, William M., ed. (2016). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (97th ed.). CRC Press. p. 4.127. ISBN 9781498754293.
- ↑ Gay Lussac, J.L.; Thenard, L.J. (1808). "Sur la décomposition et la recomposition de l'acide boracique". Annales de chimie. 68: 169–174. Unknown parameter
|name-list-style=ignored (help) - ↑ Davy H (1809). "An account of some new analytical researches on the nature of certain bodies, particularly the alkalies, phosphorus, sulphur, carbonaceous matter, and the acids hitherto undecomposed: with some general observations on chemical theory". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 99: 39–104. doi:10.1098/rstl.1809.0005.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 "Atomic Weights and Isotopic Compositions for All Elements". National Institute of Standards and Technology. Retrieved 2008-09-21.
- ↑ Szegedi, S.; Váradi, M.; Buczkó, Cs. M.; Várnagy, M.; Sztaricskai, T. (1990). "Determination of boron in glass by neutron transmission method". Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry Letters. 146 (3): 177. doi:10.1007/BF02165219.
Five of these are named references. They may be cited in the containing article as
- <ref name="v1" /> for the source Infrared Emission Spectroscopy of BF and AIF
- <ref name="magnet" /> for the source from Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
- <ref name="NISTic" /> for the source Atomic Weights and Isotopic Compositions for All Elements
- <ref name="Lussac" /> for the source by Gay-Lussac
- <ref name="Davy" /> for the source by Davy
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